Overview on Mangrove Forest Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Functions

This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protection function,including wave energy dissipation,storm surge damping,tsunami mitigation,adjustment to sea level rise and wind speed reduction,which are sys-tematically summarized in this study.Moreover,the study analyzes the extensive physical models,based on indoor flume experi-ments and numerical models,that consider the interaction between mangroves and hydrodynamics,to help our understanding of mangrove-hydrodynamic interactions.Additionally,quantitative approaches for valuing coastal protection services provided by man-groves,including index-based and process-resolving approaches,are introduced in detail.Finally,we point out the limitations of previous studies,indicating that efforts are still required for obtaining more long-term field observations during extreme weather events,to create more real mangrove models for physical experiments,and to develop numerical models that consider the flexible properties of mangroves to better predict wave propagation in mangroves having complex morphology and structures.

Application of IPv6 and NGN to the information network of earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation

下一代网络（next generation network，缩写为NGN）是以高性能、可扩展、可运营、可管理、更安全的下一代电信网络为基础，实现高质量流媒体应用、无线和移动应用、多样化终端设备、按需的传输质量控制和更高安全保障的新型网络，IPv6是下一代网络的关键支撑技术．IPv6网是下一代IP网，不等同于下一代网络，IPv6网只有在满足下一代网络的必要特征后才可成为下一代网络．

Information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City──Application of GIS

For meeting the need of rapid development of economy in Shanghai and the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the mega city, it is necessary to build a information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the city. In this paper, GIS is applied to 'the information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City (Baoshan experiment region)'. We introduce to the structure and effect of each functional module in this information system. This information system consists of 7 functional modules:background information of seismology and geology, subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake, subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence, information query, maintenance and management of system, help, quit. The key parts of this information system are the subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake and the subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence. Also, this paper introduces to the application of technology of color infra-red aerial photograph remote sensing to this information system.

Ideas of establishing the information system for emergence decisions on the protection against earthquakes and disaster reduction in cities (application of GIS)

ith urban reformation and opening becoming deeper,the work of protection against earthquake and disaster reduction would be more important.In this paper,some ideas are suggested about establishing the information system for emergency decisions on protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in cities .The information system mainly includes a subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake (which includes input of seismic information,distribution of earthquake intensity,evaluation of seismic fragility on all social factors and etc.) and a subsystem for the decisive information of seismic emergency(which mainly includes project of disaster relief,project of personnel evacuation,dangerous degree warning for the dangerous articlesstoring places and protection measures against them,assistant decision on fire due to earthquake,location of headquarter for providing disaster relief,and etc.). It is thought that the data investigation and collection about all kinds of buildings(including lifeline engineering)are the most important and difficult work as establishing this system.

Overview of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation in China1

As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.

The Characteristics of Earthquake Disasters and Countermeasures for Their Mitigation in Metropolitans

Metropolitans are a result of fast economic development in China. Many metropolitans have emerged in the eastern part of China. Earthquake disasters in metropolitans are more complicated and serious than those in a smaller city, and the impact of earthquake disaster on the economy and society is large. The characteristics of earthquake disasters and countermeasures to protect against and mitigate disaster in the metropolitan, as well as some key research fields in the earthquake disaster protection and mitigation, are discussed.

Fast and robust inversion of earthquake source rupture process and its application to earthquake emergency response

Fast inversion of source rupture process for significant earthquake is introduced and applied to earthquake emergency response. We retrieve and use the apparent source time functions （ASTFs） to stabilize the rupture process inversion, aiming to get the rupture process results correctly and quickly. The applications to 22 significant earthquakes occurred between January 2009 and July 2011 show an average inversion time consumed of about four hours, suggesting a high efficiency of this method, which much improves the inversion speed of the rupture process and is helpful in earthquake disaster mitigation and relief.

Large, moderate, small earthquakes and seismic fortification criterion

This paper discusses the relation between two-step seismic design and the standard of probability of exceedance, and the relation of three-levels seismic ground motion parameters given by probability method and comprehensive probability method. The relative size relations of the ground motions with 2%, 10%, 63% probability of exceedance in 50 years, namely large earthquake, moderate earthquake, and small earthquake, are discussed through a practical example of seismic hazard analysis. The methods to determine seismic fortification criterion are discussed.

Study on the Causes of Rural Lightning Disaster and Countermeasures of Lightning Protection and Disaster Reduction

With the development of the time and the progress of economy,great changes have taken place in the environment.In recent years,it is common to see bad weather,such as hurricane,drought,lightning and so on.The emergence of these weather has the greatest impact on farmers and crops,especially the lightning weather,not only that,but also sometimes cause personal injury.In face of the frequent occurrence of bad weather in recent years and its harm and threat to China's agriculture,rural areas,personnel,etc.,the author makes a detailed study on the causes of rural lightning weather,analyzes the lightning protection measures in rural areas and their shortcomings,and summarizes the relevant improvement measures.

融媒体背景下防震减灾新型科普模式探索与研究

随着互联网技术的提升,我国科普信息传播模式也随之发生改变。资源通融、内容兼融、宣传互融、利益共融的新型融媒体时代为防震减灾科普模式的发展提供了机遇,也提出了新的挑战。在互联网、大数据、云计算、人工智能等大环境下,大众对于地震科学普及的要求越来越高,防震减灾的科普工作日益受到重视。本文探讨了新媒体发挥各自的优势,加强公众的需求分析,利用信息技术促进地震科普传播的必然趋势,提高大众对防震减灾的认知,能够充分了解地震,具备避震和震后自救的能力,最大限度地减少地震造成的损失。通过不断更新的传播媒介,探索与研究防震减灾新型科普宣传模式。

甘肃积石山6.2级地震青海震区应急响应经验

2023年12月18日甘肃临夏回族自治州积石山县发生了6.2级地震,由于震中处在甘肃、青海两省交界处,造成青海省2个市(州)4个县(市)受灾。地震发生后短时间内,青海省各级部门迅速采取应急响应,体现了我国在应急管理体系的发展与进步。通过分析该地震的概况、对青海震区造成的破坏与影响以及应急响应工作过程,认为加强地震监测预警准确性、提升建筑物抗震标准、深化防震减灾教育是未来优化应急响应机制的关键。甘肃积石山6.2级地震青海震区的应急响应经验为提升我国地震灾害应对能力提供了宝贵借鉴。

日本地震预警系统研究综述

为深入了解日本地震预警系统在防震减灾中的有效应用,本文首先,介绍了日本地震预警系统的研究现状,包括铁路地震预警系统、陆域和海域地震预警系统以及长周期地震预警系统;其次,阐述了预警发布标准、发布方式和发布后的避险措施,总结了地震预警的特点、局限性和注意事项,讨论了我国在地震预警系统建设时遇到的问题。通过对日本地震预警系统的全面介绍和深入分析,有利于了解该系统的运行机制、应用效果以及面临的挑战,为我国地震预警事业的发展提供重要参考。

高校防震减灾教育课程效果定量分析--以内蒙古大学为例

以内蒙古大学通识选修课--“地震灾害与防灾教育”为例,对选修该课程的学生和未选该课程的道路桥梁与渡河工程专业的学生开展了一系列问卷调查。结果表明:通过本课程的学习,学生们对防震避险相关知识的掌握程度较开课前有明显提升,而未选该课程的大多数学生不具备基本的防震避险常识;参与问卷调查的极大多数大学生均渴望学习防震避险知识。具备相关知识的大学生群体,可以带动整个家庭防灾意识的提升,进而助力社区防灾,是实现全民防震减灾意识的最有效途径。

地震保险助力应县木塔古建筑保护

国务院于1961年公布应县木塔为全国重点文物保护单位,2016年9月被吉尼斯世界纪录认证为“世界上最高的木塔”。应县木塔结构虽然对于地震灾害有抗震效果,但是经过长年累月的冲击,部分组件已经开始有损坏的趋势,基于美国、日本、新西兰的地震灾害保险制度经验与启示,整合过去应县木塔受到地震灾害侵蚀损害的数据,提出六点建议:一是自我保险与商业保险分级抗灾;二是应用再保险与风险证券化产品预先筹措损失资金;三是充分融合风险承担和社会参与促使应县木塔加入地震保险;四是解决古建筑地震保险在产品设计和开发方面不足的问题;五是解决应县木塔因应地震的损失压力测试与损失情况不同产生的风险差异化问题;六是解决应县木塔在地震保险实践方面的问题。指出应县木塔可以通过分材料、分层设计分项保险金额与保险费率进行投保,增加商业保险公司承保意愿。

Research status of earthquake forecasting in hydraulicfracturing induced earthquakes

In the new types of industrial activities including unconventional energy extraction associated with shale gas and hot dry rock,gas reservoir operations,CO2 geological storage,undergoing research on induced earthquake forecasting has become one of the forward positions of current seismology.As for the intense actual demand,the immature research on induced earthquake forecasting has already been applied in pre-assessment of site safety and seismic hazard and risk management.This work will review systematically recent advances in earthquake forecasting induced by hydraulic fracturing during industrial production from four aspects:earthquake occurrence probability,maximum expected magnitude forecasting,seismic risk analysis for engineering and social applications and key scientific problems.In terms of earthquake occurrence probability,we introduce statistical forecasting models such as an improved ETAS and non-stationary ETAS and physical forecasting models such as Seismogenic Index(SI)and hydro-mechanism nucleation.Research on maximum expected magnitude forecasting has experienced four stages of linear relationship with net injection volume of fluid,power exponential relationship and physical forecasting regarding fault parameters.For seismic risk analysis,we focus on probabilistic seismic hazard assessment and quantitative geological susceptibility model.Furthermore,this review is extended to key scientific problems that contain obtaining accurate fault scale and environmental stress state of reservoir,critical physical process of runaway rupture,complex mechanism of fault activation as well as physical mechanism and modeling of trailing effect.This work in understanding induced earthquake forecasting may contribute to unconventional energy development and production,seismic hazard mitigation,emergency management and scientific research as a reference.

An Introductory Overview of Earthquake Early Warning

Earthquake early warning(EEW)is discriminated from earthquake prediction by using initial seismic waves to predict the severity of ground motion and issue the warning information to potential affected area.The warning information is useful to mitigate the disaster and decrease the losses of life and economy.We reviewed the development history of EEW worldwide and summarized the methodologies using in different systems.Some new sensors came and are coming into EEW giving more developing potential to future implementation.The success of earthquake disaster mitigation relies on the cooperation of the whole society.

Conclusions on the Implementation of Regulation of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions from 1996 to 2012 in the Chinese Mainland

The regulation of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions(NSSMPR for short) is defined by the Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters.The first stage of implementation of the regulation of NSSMPR in the Chinese mainland was finished from 1996 to 2005.The second stage is being carried on from 2006 to 2020.With the support of the National Social Science Foundation,this paper follows up and evaluates the implementation of the regulation of NSSMPR from 1996 to 2012 in the Chinese mainland.Based on analysis of earthquake examples and investigation data,we find that the effect of disaster mitigation is good,and on this basis,some suggestions are proposed to improve the regulation of NSSMPR.

四川芦山6.1级地震灾害特点与减灾对策分析

2022年6月1日17时00分四川省雅安市芦山县发生6.1级地震,结合震区地质构造背景和现场调查结果,详细阐述了此次地震人员伤亡、房屋震害、生命线工程震害、地质灾害情况及致灾原因。分析认为,本次地震出现灾害的原因与当地次生地质灾害严重、部分附属房屋或构件抗震能力较弱、居民科学避震知识欠缺等因素有关。芦山县经过地震恢复重建、脱贫攻坚及农村危房改造工程等,地方整体抗震能力较好。为持续降低地震灾害风险,应提高区域建筑物抗震能力,加强地质灾害监测防治,普及科学避震知识,提升地震预警能力。

防震减灾科普场馆运维现状及对策探析

防震减灾科普场馆作为科普宣传公共场所,是防震减灾科普宣传的重要窗口,承担着科普知识传播、科学思想传播、科技成果推广和科学方法普及的职能。本文通过探讨防震减灾科普场馆运维意义和现状,分析了当前防震减灾科普场馆现阶段发展中存在的问题,提出了通过转变管理模式、创新经营机制、提高服务质量等方式促进高效发展的策略,以期为其他地区防震减灾科普场馆的发展提供借鉴和参考。

红树林防灾减灾功能研究进展及保护修复建议

本文全面总结分析了国内外关于红树林在消浪(波)弱(缓)流、抵御风暴潮灾害、防风,以及减轻海啸灾害和适应海平面上升等领域的研究进展。结果表明,100 m宽度的红树林带可消减13%~66%的海浪波高,每千米宽度的红树林带可将风暴潮最高水位消减4~48 cm,数百米宽度的红树林可以使海啸引起的淹没深度降低5%~30%。红树林植被密度、植被带的宽度、植被形态特征、地形与高程等因素是影响其减灾功能的关键因素。红树林减灾作用机理研究和定量评估方法主要包括基于现场观测数据分析、物理模型试验和数值模拟3类方法。众多学者开展了红树林对水体流动的拖曳力系数研究,模拟了红树林中的水体运动的波流运动模型。然而,目前红树林减灾功能的现场观测数据仍然偏少,物理模型试验和数值模型中采用的红树模型较为简单,对不同种类红树林的复杂特征以及植被柔性作用的考虑尚显不足,需要进一步研究。此外,红树林保护修复应该充分考虑生态和减灾协同增效的因素,构建基于自然解决方案的海岸综合防护体系,提出红树林生态系统修复的优化布局。