Designing a Protection Scheme in Micro-Grid Systems with DG Using Central Protection Unite and Multiple Setting Group Protection Relays

Distributed generators now is widely used in electrical power networks, in some cases it works seasonally, and some types works at special weather conditions like photo voltaic systems and wind energy, and due to this continuous changes in generation condition, the fault current level in network will be affected, this changes in fault current level will affect in the coordination between protection relays and to keep the coordination at right way, an adaptive protection system is required that can adaptive its setting according to generation changes, the fault current level in each case is evaluated using ETAP software, and the required relay setting in each case is also evaluated using Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm, and to select suitable setting which required in each condition, to select the active setting group of protection relay according to generation capacity, central protection unite can be used, and to improve protection stability and minimizing relays tripping time, a proposed method for selecting suitable backup relay is used, which leads to decrease relays tripping time and increase system stability, output settings for relays in all cases achieved our constrains.

Serial Failure Diagnosis of a Transmission Line Protection Relaying System by Petri Nets

With the development of large-scale complicated modern power systems, the requirement for the associated protection scheme tends to be more stringent and its combination more complex. However, it is very difficult to figure out the factors of failure of such systems. This paper proposes a Petri net model of a transmission line protection relaying system, including three types of relays as well as an automatic reclosing device, and shows how to diagnose serial failure of the system by analyzing invariant sets of the model. Furthermore, it gives four basic types of failure sequences and its execution is much more intuitive and effective than the traditional method.

Comprehensive Automation of Microprocessor Protection Relay Terminals Operated on AC Railways

The article discusses the possibility of a potential reduction in the number of operations of microprocessor relay protection of feeders of the contact network of AC railways TsZA-27.5-FKS (FTS) for unknown reasons. Real statistics on the number of microprocessor relay protection operations at the Buryatskaya traction substation are presented, simulation of the real train situation (in accordance with the regime maps of the throughput capacity of the sections of the Trans-Baikal railway) was carried out in the specialized software complex “KORTES”. Based on the results of the analysis of simulation modeling, the process of forming a unified template of settings using neural network technologies is considered, which characterizes only this specific regular train situation. To protect objects in the event of pre-emergency and emergency modes of operation of the traction power supply system, a variant of changing the standard operation algorithm of the TsZA-27.5-FKS (FTS) terminal by introducing additional blocks for calculating the predictive functions of current and voltage has been proposed.

Operation Control Method of Relay Protection in Flexible DC Distribution Network Compatible with Distributed Power Supply

A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to poor performance.The method combines a fault-tolerant fault location method based on long-term and short-term memory networks to accurately locate the fault section.Then,an operation control method for relay protection based on adaptive weight and whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is used to construct an objective function considering the shortest relay protection action time and the smallest impulse current.The adaptive weight and WOA are employed to obtain the optimal strategy for relay protection operation control,reducing the action time and impulse current.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating faults and improving relay protection performance.The longest operation time is reduced by 4.7023 s,and the maximum impulse current is limited to 0.3 A,effectively controlling the impact of large impulse currents and enhancing control efficiency.

Influence of the Inverse-Time Protection Relays on the Voltage Dip Index

The probability-assessment analyses on the characteristic value of voltage dip by using Monte Carlo stochastic modeling method to stimulate the randomness of the short circuit fault are introduced. Using Matlab and Power Systems CAD(PSCAD), we design control interface which combines the electromagnetic transient simulation with the Monte Carlo method. Specifically, the designing of interface which is meant to employ the method of Matlab programming to control the electromagnetic transients including direct current(EMTDC)simulation is introduced. Furthermore, the influences of the protection devices on the voltage dip to ensure the authenticity and the referential reliability are simulated. A system with the inverse-time protection devices equipped on each line which can coordinate together is designed to cut off the short-circuit fault. The voltage dip of the designed system is assessed by the pre- and post-system average root mean square(RMS) variation frequency index, and the voltage dip index is compared with the Information Technology Industry Council(ITIC)curves. The simulation results demonstrate that the inverse-time relay protection equipments are well-coordinated,and the severity and the range of the voltage dip are influenced by the cooperation of the equipped inverse-time protection devices.

The Automated System of Unified Templates as an Element of Trainability of Microprocessor Relay Protection Devices

The article discusses the possibility of further modernization of the standard microprocessor relay protection of AC overhead system feeders DPA-27.5-TNF, which is operated on the Trans-Baikal Railway by creating an additional automated system of unified templates necessary for the occurrence of “trainability” elements. The templates will be formed via a separate dedicated channel for transmission, processing and storage of the necessary information, not related to the operation of the terminal, with its subsequent visualization at the workplace of the duty personnel of traction substations, together with information from the “GID” software received via another dedicated wired channel. With the help of such a base of unified preset templates, in the future, it will be possible not only to identify the specific causes of each emergency shutdown but also to reduce their number by dynamically adjusting the existing presets of the standard operation algorithm.

Reliability analysis for vertical integration of protection,measurement,merge unit,and intelligent terminal device

The reliability analysis of vertically integrated protection devices is crucial for designing International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)61850-based substations.This paper presents the hardware architecture of a four-inone vertically integrated device and the information transmission path of each function based on the functional information transmission chain of protection devices,measurement and control devices,merging units,and intelligent terminals.Additionally,a reliability analysis model of the protection device and its protection system is constructed using the fault tree analysis method while considering the characteristics of each module of the vertically integrated device.The stability probability of the protection system in each state is analyzed by combining the state-transfer equations of line and busbar protection with a Markov chain.Finally,the failure rate and availability of the protection device and its protection system are calculated under different ambient temperatures using a 110 kV intelligent substation as an example.The sensitivity of each device module is analyzed.

A Testing Method for Ratio Restraint Characteristics of Differential Relay Protection of Transformers

In this paper, a method to calculate the slope of the ratio restraint characteristic of a transformer differential relay protection is proposed. The method allows using some concise but effective means to get the slope. Modulating the argument of current output from ONLLY testing equipment can make the relay protection device operate, thus, the data used for calculation would be obtained naturally after several trails. In order to make sure how effective that method could be, some experiment data is given as well.

Fault Detection and Protection System of Electric Railway Substation

The industrial power systems are moving to digital networks,and unmanned systems are increasing recently with the technological development of information and communication technology.In particular,reliability of system operation is very important for stable power supply.Most industrial power distribution facilities use a 154 kV or 22.9 kV extra HV(high voltage)power system,and a special monitoring system is required because a large loss occurs when an error occurs in the power facility in the field.Although digital protection relay(IED;intelligent electronic device)and FR(fault recorder)are applied to the field to protect the power system,various improvement activities are still ongoing.In this paper,a 22.9 kV high-voltage panel and its test bed,which are widely used in railway stations,tunnels,substations and large plants,were tested as test subjects.The developed fault detection system automatically starts the AL(auto-lock)circuit or outputs an alarm signal to user by monitoring in real time problems such as CT(current transformer)-open and poor-contact that the existing digital protection relay cannot cover.In addition,it is intended to increase the safety and reliability of the power system by blocking various accidents in the system in advance and accurately analyzing the causes of faults with the developed fault detection system.

Reliability testing and reliability analysis of the over-load protective relay

The over-load protective relay is widely used directly affects the safe running of a motor. The reliability for motor protection. The reliability of the over-load protective relay testing and reliability analysis of the over-load protective relay is an important way to improve the reliability of products. In this paper, the reliability test method of the over-load protective relay is studied, and the reliability tests of the typical products are carried out on a reliability tester developed by authors. In terms of the testing results, the reliability analysis is finished. The failure reasons are found and the measures are put forward to improve the reliability of the products.

Application of double-layer Ether CAT and optical fiber interlock net in short circuit protection

The selectivity of short circuit protection of high voltage lines in coal mines cannot be realized by existing protection systems. To solve this problem, a scheme based on double layer Ether CAT and optical fiber interlock net was proposed. The system is mainly composed of double layer Ether CAT, optical fiber interlock net, ground monitoring station, underground control stations and integrated protection devices with Ether CAT communication interface and interlock interface. Double layer Ether CAT and optical fiber interlock net cooperate with each other, when one is interrupted, the other net carl realize selectivity of short circuit protection independently, Results of test show that the system can achieve selectivity of short circuit protection reliably, determine the fault location quickly, shorten troubleshooting time and improve safety and reliability of the power network in coal mines.

A Design of 220 kV Line Protection Action Deduction System Based on Numerical Simulation

Accurate conditions monitoring and early wrong action warnings of relay protection in the Smart Substation is the basic guarantee to realize the normal operation of primary and secondary system of the power grid.At present,the traditional operation and maintenance monitoring methods of relay protections have poor timeliness,while some automatic monitoring methods have insufficient early warning performance,and lack the online action deduction function independent of the actual device.In this paper,a design method of integrated action deduction system including protection logic reasoning and software and hardware operation condition is proposed.The system can receive real-time operation information of protection online,simulate different types of faults,and output the recording information of sub modules belongs to the action deduction system.It can realize the online monitoring of device faults such as deducing the correctness of setting values at a certain time in the future,giving the wrong action warnings and predicting the probability of them as well,which effectively improves the operation and maintenance efficiency of the secondary system in the intelligent substation.

A Portable Multi-functional Real-time Digital Simulator Dedicated to Protective Relay Testing

The paper intfoduces a PC-DSP based real-time digital simulator which is portable in size and aimed at the closed-loop testing of various types of protective relays for their design and application. The simulator can be widely used in not only concerning utilities but also manufacturers and research / certification institutes because of its many functions. The hardware architecture and software implementation of the simulator are described. The main features and functions of the simulator are also

Teaching Protective Relaying Design and Application Using New Modeling and Simulation Tools

As the smart grid concepts are emphasized lately, the need to modernize the power engineering education is also well recognized. This paper presents a set of newly developed modeling, simulation and testing tools aimed at better understanding of the design concept and related applications for protective relaying and substation automation solutions for the smart grid. Since the smart grid applications require integration of data from multiple IEDs （intelligent electronic devices）, understanding properties of each IED type in detail, as well as their responses to the power system events is needed. In addition, understanding the communication requirements to perform data integration is also important. To illustrate how the mentioned smart grid issues may be taught, the following advanced teaching approaches are presented： （1） Use of modeling and simulation means to better understand interaction between the relays and power system; （2） Use of IED test facilities to better understand performance of physical devices used for protection, monitoring and control; （3） Utilization of communication network modeling tools to simulate the communication network within SAS （substation automation system）. Examples showing the use of proposed techniques for teaching the fundamentals and applications are presented. The examples demonstrate the adequacy and efficiency of the proposed techniques.

Influence of DFIG Wind Turbine Protection and Control during Voltage Dip on Circuit Breaker Operation

This paper analyzes a DFIG （doubly fed induction generator） WT （wind turbine） fault current after a symmetrical network voltage dip. The goal is to identify the factors determining how fast the first zero crossings of the fault current occur. This is an important subject because the ftmdamental property of the CB （circuit breaker） is that it breaks the current when the current is very near zero. The study was conducted using a hardware-in-the-loop test environment constructed using two real time simulators （dSPACE and RTDS） and a commercial protection relay. It is found that the reactive current injection during a voltage dip demanded by the grid codes enhances the operation of the WT protection because the zero crossings of the currents through CB are attained earlier. In addition, the size of the crowbar resistance has a significant influence on the zero crossings.

New Principle for Grounding Fault Feeder Detection in MV Distributions with Neutral Ineffectively Earthed

A new principle for grounding fault feeder detection based on negative sequence current variation and energy dissipated in the fault point is presented. It has high precision in both isolated systems and resonance earthed systems, even in full compensated systems. And it can be installed at the local control unit of feeder in distribution automation systems, such as field terminal unit (FTU). This principle is verified by EMTP simulator and experimentation.

The research and the development of the wide area relaying protection based on fault element identification

The urgent problem of the relaying protection in the modern AC/DC hybrid connected grid and the development of the wide area communication,the information process and the intelligent technology powerfully promotes the development of the technology of the wide area relaying protection(WARP),which has become a research hotspot that attracts extensive attention.Originated from the basic concept of the wide area relaying protection,this paper analyses the advantages,the effects and the functions of the wide area relaying protection.The two main approaches to realize the wide area protection,which are on-line adaptive setting(OAS)principle and fault element identification(FEI),are introduced in this paper.Aimed at improving the performance of the backup protection,the research content and the technology demand of the wide area protection are proposed,meanwhile,the basic principle and the algorithm of the fault element identification are introduced.At last,the scheme of the limited wide area relaying protection based on the existing pilot channel of the main protection is discussed.

Research on Testing Technology of Relay Protection for Intelligent Substations

Intelligent substations adopt various kinds of new technologies, including information sharing technology based on IEC61850, digital sampling technology, synchronization technology, and network transmission technology. Relay protection equipment faces all the challenges brought by the application of these new technologies. After analyzing the demand for test, the authors propose testing methods and technical requirements targeting the test items in great need, including ICD model file test, digital interface performance test, coordination performance test with merging unit and smart terminal, network pressure test. And the problems occurring during the tests are summarized.

Microgrid Relay Protection Scheme Based on Harmonic Footprint of Short-Circuit Fault

Due to the low overcurrent capacity of the inverter-based microgrid,traditional overcurrent protect is not suitable for the entire power system including microgrid.A fast detecting method and a whole protection scheme is needed to identify the fault and keep the system stable.This paper proposes a microgrid relay protection scheme combining a fast fault detection algorithm and low voltage ride through(LVRT)strategy.The detection algorithm combines a new harmonic analysis method and impedance delay which can complete fault detection within several milliseconds.Under a fault condition,the LVRT strategy utilizes an enhanced phase-locked loop(EPLL)to allow the microgrid to operate under unbalanced conditions for a period of time.In addition,for the dispatch requirements of power system,it also has communication based power compensation functionality.The scheme given in this paper is verified by simulation,verifying feasibility of its application in practice.

Research on the Impact of Distributed Generation on Relay Protection and Its Standards

Distributed generation(DG) will change characteristics of power flow and faults of traditional distribution network as well as the network operation mode, especially the operation of relay protection and automatic circuit breaker re-closing. In this paper, the characteristics and influences of several types of distributed generation and connection pattern, relay protection and automatic circuit breaker re-closing are analyzed. Standards of relay protection when distributed generation access to distribution network are discussed as well.