Application of the Industry-University-Research Education Model of“Works,Products,and Public Goods”in Design Majors Practical Courses in Colleges and Universities

One of the goals and requirements of China’s educational modernization includes prioritizing,guiding,and promoting the social service capabilities of universities.The teaching of practical courses in design majors in colleges and universities has long been plagued by problems such as being“out of touch with the market and social needs”and“ignoring the cultivation of creativity.”It fails to meet the goals and requirements of educational modernization.This article takes the“Fundamentals of Styling and Comprehensive Expression”course offered by the School of Design of Guangxi Normal University as an entry point to study the industry-university-research education method that combines“social service”with the teaching of design professional practical courses.It also attempts to improve“works,products,and public goods”through the establishment of the theoretical model of“product”and the analysis of practical application paths is carried out to solve the problems existing in the traditional teaching of the design major,enhance the social service capabilities of the design major,promote talent employment and industry and social development,and carry out teaching reform attempts.

The Publication and Distribution of Chinses Standards and Other Standards-related Products

Standards Press of China (SPC), founded in October 1963, is the onlypublication center in China licensed to publish national standards, trade standards, and booksconcerned with standardization, quality, and other science and technology. The main publications areas following: 1. National standards; 2. Trade standards; 3. Standards compilation booksand guides; 4. Books concerned with standardization; 5. Books of quality management andquality certification; 6. Books of environmental management and environmental certification.

Ideas and Countermeasures for Perfecting Rural Public Product Supply from the Perspective of Main Beneficiaries

On the basis of defining the concept of rural public product supply, the weaknesses of the supply mechanism of rural public product are analyzed. The shortages of rural public product supply lead to the difficult ties in developing agriculture and rural economy; enriching farmers and narrowing the urban and rural income gap. Problems in rural public product supply are further analyzed. Firstly, the national finance used in agriculture is low. Secondly, farmers are not separated from decision system and the beneficiaries separate from the decision-makers. Thirdly, farmers are not fully treated as civilians. Fourthly, rural areas lack the selection and supervision mechanism of public product. The ideas and countermeasures on perfecting rural public product are put forward from the perspective of main beneficiaries. The supply of rural public product should take intensifying the self development capability of farmers as core; farmers should actively participate in the making the rural public product decision and fight for their right to say. Farmers should unit together through organizations to improve the organizational level. Farmers should actively participate in trainings on them and try to get the updated information from the local government. The village collective should protect the supply of rural public product.

Crucial Elements for Understanding Democratization and Autocratization

Aristotle related both dependent variables:democratization and autocratization in his broader explanation of regime change.For him two factors were crucial,the number of rulers(one,a few,the masses)and their values and behavior in terms of normal times and in crises periods.Here we try to be as parsimonious as possible emphasizing the size of the selectorate,as Aristotle knew already.The selectorate comprises the people who have a say in selecting political leaders.In this respect selectorate theory(Bueno de Mesquita et al.)is purely formal and helps to explain both,the origins of democracy and autocracy as well as their dismissal.The size of the selectorate is the crucial intervening variable in linking more specific causes and circumstances for bringing about the respective states on the dependent variables.Other theoretical glimpses will be taken at crises of democracies and autocracies.The size of the electorate can be limited by(brute)force or even through abstaining from the right to vote or using it to abolish democracy for autocracy(Przeworski,Zimmermann,and Saalfeld).Here we emphasize four major blocs of variables:(1)economic success(Lipset,Huntington),(2)the relative size of the consenters,dissenters,and assenters(Easton,Wright,Linz)bolstering even badly performing democratic and autocratic regimes,(3)the exit options and alternatives created for and by political and economic elites,possibly tied to potential mass mobilization and protest action,and(4)democratic peace theory as to external challenges to regime change.A causal model will be developed around those factors hopefully bringing about a consistent understanding of the basic processes of democratization and autocratization.