不同施肥措施对岩质坡面覆土平台区葛(Pueraria lobata)生长影响的综合评价

为获得一种有利于石灰岩矿岩质坡面覆土平台区葛[Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi]快速生长的土壤基质改良措施,以无为杨家岭石灰岩矿东采区第三阶平台区已实施表层覆土的岩质坡面作为试验区,评价不同施肥措施对葛在重构土壤上的生长状况。试验小区设置:A(100%复合肥)、B(75%复合肥+25%有机肥)、C(50%复合肥+50%有机肥)、D(25%复合肥+75%有机肥)、E(100%有机肥)、CK(对照,不施肥)。2022年8月,对葛的生理生化指标进行分析,并用熵权法对葛的生长状况进行综合评价。结果表明:与CK相比,施肥措施均增加了葛的株长及其叶片的干重,提高了含水率、叶绿素含量、氮磷钾含量、可溶性蛋白质含量以及3种抗氧化酶(POD、CAT、SOD)活性,同时均降低了叶片的MDA含量。综合评价结果表明,25%复合肥+75%有机肥的处理最利于葛的生长,可用于该岩质坡面植被重建的生产实践。

Chemical Constituents from Pueraria lobata

Pueraria lobata ( Wild. ) Ohwi ( Ye-Ge in Chinese ) is a perennial herb ofthe genus Pueraria, which belongs to the Leguminosae family. It is commonly employed to relievefever and dysentery, promote the production of body fluid, reduce stiffness and pain of the nape,and for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, e. g. hypertension, myocardial infarction, andarrhythmia. Previous phytochemical studies on P. lobata reported a number of bioactive isoflavones,e. g. daidzein, daidzin, and puerarin. Further investigation of its root has led to isolation offourteen compounds and their structures were identified as daidzein, ononin, daidzin, 3'' -methoxypuerarin, puerarin, pueroside B, daidzein-8-C-apiosyl- (1-6)-glucoside, 3''-hydroxy-puerarin,puerarinxyloside, daidzein-7, 4'' -O-glucoside, puerarin-4''-O-glucoside, mirificin-4''-O-glucoside,sissotorin, and pueroside C. Compounds 11 and 13 were isolated from the root of P. lobata for thefirst time.

野葛(Pueraria lobata)愈伤组织诱导及组织培养

以野葛茎尖分生组织为外植体,通过不同激素与MS培养基配比试验,筛选出野葛茎尖分生组织愈伤组织诱导与植株再生的最适培养基,建立野葛植株再生体系。试验结果表明:茎尖分生组织在MS+2,4-D 0.5 mg/L培养基上启动诱导愈伤组织,再转移到MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L继续诱导,愈伤组织诱导率高,繁殖能力旺盛。在MS+6-BA 1 mg/L培养基上愈伤组织分化率100%,生长能力较强。在MS+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基上,诱导生根率达到60%。

葛根全粉添加对重组米蒸煮特性的影响

为实现葛根的全质化利用,将葛根制成全粉并用于重组米的制备,评价葛根全粉对重组米蒸煮特性、质构特性和微观结构的影响。研究发现,随着葛根全粉添加量的增加重组米的L~*值降低,而ΔE值增加。重组米在葛根全粉添加量为0%时糊化度最低,为69.27%,但随着添加量的增加糊化度无显著性差异(p>0.05);而碘蓝值随着葛根全粉添加量的增加而呈减小的趋势,20%时最低,为15.55。不同葛根全粉添加量下重组米蒸煮吸水率无显著性差异,蒸煮吸水率范围为217.84%~235.17%,高于市售原米,但是低于市售重组米;蒸煮损失率和膨胀率都随着添加量的增加呈先减小后增加趋势。葛根全粉的添加显著增加重组米的黄酮和多酚含量,添加量20%时分别为3.80 mg/g和2.42 mg/g,相对于原米其含量增加2.62倍和3.56倍。与市售重组米和原米相比,添加葛根全粉后的重组米截面呈蜂窝状,有密集的微孔,重组米的硬度、黏性、弹性和咀嚼性增加。

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术与多元统计分析相结合的中药葛根快速定量研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合多元统计分析,建立中药葛根中有效物质快速检测的质量评价体系,以期为葛根的快速、精准含量测定提供新方法,推动其质量控制,缓解当前野葛的品质危机。分别利用烘干法、HPLC法和紫外分光光度法测定葛根中的水分、葛根素、总黄酮、葛根多糖的含量,并对其中红外光谱进行聚类分析和主成分分析,后运用化学计量学方法,建立关于目标组分的快速鉴别的红外预测模型。发现葛根各产地含量测定结果表明其含量差异明显,其中陕西咸阳产地葛根素、以及总黄酮含量均最多,广西南宁葛根多糖含量最高。聚类分析显示各产地葛根中红外光谱具有相似性和差异性,可作为产地鉴别的依据。主成分分析表明前三个主成分的累计方差贡献率为88.32%,湖北恩施产地葛根样品的综合得分最高。红外定量模型结果表明水分以PLS+CONSTANT+2ndDer+SG模型最优,葛根素以SmLR+MSC+2ndDer+ND模型最优,葛根总黄酮以PLS+SNV+2ndDer+SG模型最优,葛根多糖以PLS+MSC+2ndDer+SG模型最优,其红外预测模型相关系数均大于0.8,表明其预测模型精密度高,稳定性强。结论:通过傅里叶变换光谱技术建立的葛根有效成分的定量模型可以实现对未知葛根有效成分的含量测定,且该法方便快捷,定量预测模型能够准确预测目标组分的含量,为葛根有效成分的快速、无损测定提供了新的方法依据。

基于层次分析法(AHP)优化葛根乙醇提取物制备工艺及其抗氧化活性检测

基于层次分析法(AHP)计算综合评分,在单因素试验基础上采用正交试验设计,优化回流法制备葛根乙醇提取物的工艺,并测定葛根乙醇提取物的抗氧化能力。结果表明:葛根乙醇提取物的最佳制备工艺条件为乙醇体积分数50%、料液比1:15(g/mL)、提取时间45min、提取次数2次,在此条件下综合评分平均值为19.33。抗氧化试验测得葛根乙醇提取物对DPPH和羟基自由基清除率最大分别为55.56%和78.22%,具有一定的抗氧化活性。

基于网络药理学探讨葛根治疗肝损伤的作用机制

目的:探究葛根治疗肝损伤的有效成分、靶标和作用通路,为葛根用于肝损伤的治疗提供理论依据。方法:基于中医药整合药理学网络计算平台(TCMIP)、中药综合资源数据库(TCMID)、中药系统药理数据库和分析平台(TCMSP)、人类基因数据库(GeneCards)等公共数据库和KEGG通路分析等网络药理学基本方法预测葛根治疗肝损伤的作用机制。结果:葛根主要活性成分靶点与肝损伤靶点具有交集,功能分析、富集分析和分子对接发现,刺芒柄花素、β-谷甾醇与雌激素受体1(ESR1),香豆雌酚、3′-甲氧基大豆黄素与PPARG与之间对接具有良好的亲和力,其中刺芒柄花素与ESR1之间作用力最强(-8.04 kcal/mol)。推断葛根治疗肝损伤的机制与ESR1和PPARG介导的路径相关。结论:葛根治疗肝损伤可能通过ESR信号通路、PPAR-γ激活和调节靶基因转录等发挥调节肝细胞的生长、分化和生理功能,减轻氧化应激性肝损伤和肝细胞凋亡的作用。

Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction of Isoflavones from Stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi and Its Mathematical Model

Ultrasonically assisted extraction of isoflavones from the stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi has been carried out with an ultrasonic extracting apparatus （20kHz, electrical power input to the transducer in 0-650W）. The influence of the electrical power input and extraction time on the＇extraction yield is investigated in water, n-butanol, and 95% （by volume） and 50% （by volume） ethanol aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that the yields of total isoflavones are higher in ultrasonically assisted extraction than those obtained from con-ventional extraction.Moreover,a mathematical model is proposed,by introducing the electrical power input to index the ultrsound intensity,to describe the behavior of ultrasonically assisted extraction.It is found that the model calcuations are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Kinetics of Leaching Flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with Ethanol

The kinetics of leaching flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with ethanol was investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, mechanical agitation rate, concentration of ethanol and feed particle size on leaching kinetics were examined. It is found that the smaller the feed particle size or the higher the leaching temperature, the higher the leaching rate. The leaching process can be described by the shrinking-core model. The apparent activation energy is 10.8kJ·mol^-1, suggesting that the leaching process is controlled by the inner diffusion. An empirical equation relating the flavonoids leaching rate constant to the feed particle size and leaching temperature was expected.

Kinetics of Leaching Flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with Ethanol

The kinetics of leaching flavonoids from Pueraria Lobata with ethanol was investigated. The effects of leaching temperature, mechanical agitation rate,concentration of ethanol and feed particle size on leaching kinetics were examined.It is found that the smaller the feed particle size or the higher the leaching temperature,the higher the leaching rate. The leaching process can be described by the shrinking-core model. The apparent activation en- ergy is 10.8kJ·mol-1, suggesting that the leaching process is controlled by the inner diffusion. An empirical equa- tion relating the flavonoids leaching rate constant to the feed particle size and leaching temperature was expected.

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Promoting Isoflavonoid Production and Release of Pueraria Lobata Hairy Roots in Vitro

The effects of various rare earth elements on growth and isoflavonoid production in hairy root cultures of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (strain TR2) cultured in 500 ml flasks were studied. After 32 days of culture, the biomass of hairy roots increase 15 times and reach 3.2 g dry weight. Hairy root growth was inhibited by Y_2O_3, NaSeO_3 and Sm^(3+) because of brown formation. But significant promoting effect on root growth due to callus formation was observed in La^(3+) treatments. It is the most noteworthy that the production of total isoflavonoids and puerarin was enhanced greatly by La^(3+) treatment. A major portion of increased total isoflavonoids and puerarin was released into medium in La^(3+) treatment while the hairy root viabilities were preserved. Some specific secondary metabolite release processes could be induced by La^(3+) and their possible mechanism is discussed.

Study on the Production Technology of Pueraria lobata Jelly

An orthogonal experiment was carried out to investigate the optimal production formula of Pueraria lobata jelly combining P. lobata,red beans and sugar as the main raw materials. The isoflavone contents in P. lobata and the P. lobata jelly were determined by colorimetry and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the optimal formula for the product was: P. lobata paste 50%,red bean paste 60%,and white granular sugar and agar 20% and 3% of the total weight of P. lobata paste and bean paste,respectively. The development of this product is of great significance to the utilization of P. lobata.

Comparative molecular docking studies of lupeol and lupenone isolated from Pueraria lobata that inhibits BACE1: Probable remedies for Alzheimer's disease

Objective: To discover lead lupane triterpenoid's potential isolated from Pueraria lobata roots against b-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1), which serve as a rate limiting step in amyloid beta(Aβ) production altering the course of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, enzyme kinetics study and molecular docking were conducted to establish the inhibition type and structure activity relationship.Methods: A systematic study of 70% ethanolic P. lobata root extract was employed to identify its BACE1 inhibitory potential. Further, BACE1 inhibitory potential of two lupane terpenoids, yielded from ethanolic extract, was assessed. In order to determine their inhibition mode, Lineweaver–Burk plots and Michaelis–Menten model for BACE1 was performed. Auto Dock 4.2 program in addition determined the molecular interaction of BACE1 with isolated terpenoids.Results: Considering the inhibitory potential of 70% ethanolic extract of P. lobata against BACE1(IC_(50)= 80.35 mg/mL), lupeol and lupenone were subsequently isolated and exhibited notable or moderate BACE1 inhibitory activity with IC_(50) values of 5.12 and 62.98 mmol/L, respectively, as compared to the positive control quercetin(IC_(50)= 21.28 mmol/L). The enzyme kinetics study enabled us to identify both compounds as competitive inhibitors, where lupeol displayed a very potent inhibition against BACE1 with low inhibition constant(Ki) value of 1.43 mmol/L, signifying greater binding affinity.In order to understand the binding mechanism and structure–activity relationship of two triterpene-based BACE1 inhibitors, we employed computer aided docking studies which evidently revealed that hydroxyl group of lupeol formed two hydrogen bonds with the ASP32(catalytic aspartic residue) and SER35 residues of BACE1 with the binding energy of(-8.2 kcal/mol), while the ketone group of lupenone did not form any hydrogen bonds with BACE1 giving evidence for less binding affinity. These results in turn have predicted the dependence of the inhibitory activity in the presence of hydroxyl group which has provided a new basis for BACE1 blockade.Conclusions: Our results have successfully explored the molecular mechanism of lupane triterpenoids via BACE1 inhibition, suggesting that lupeol in particular could be utilized as a useful therapeutic and preventive agent to mitigate Alzheimer's disease.

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate of Pueraria lobataand its impact factors

In order to identify the relationship between diurnal changes in the net photosynthetic rate（Pn） of Pueraria lobata and environmental factors,diurnal changes in the Pn of leaves of two P.lobata cultivars were measured using a CIRAS-1 portable photosynthesis measurement system（PP-Systems,UK）.The results show that diurnal changes in Pn of both cultivars could be interpreted as double-peak curves,indicating the occurrence of an obvious midday depression.Further analyses indicate that the correlation between Pn and stomatal conductance was positive and extremely significant（p 〈 0.01）.The correlations of Pn with intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate were positive and significant（p 〈 0.05）,while the correlations of Pn with air and leaf temperatures were negative and significant（p 〈 0.05）.The results indicate that among the factors affecting photosynthetic properties,some can be grouped as stomatal limitations while others are non-stomatal limitations.

基于CiteSpace和文献计量分析平台的葛根研究可视化分析

基于CiteSpace软件和文献计量学方法,以Web of science核心数据库为采集对象,“Pueraria Lobata”等为主题词。将1995—2023年的1683篇文献作为研究对象,对文献的发文量、发文作者、发文国家(地区)、发文机构、出版物等进行数据挖掘。运用关键词共现图谱、关键词聚类图谱、关键词突现分析、关键词时区图等方法进行数据可视化分析。结果显示:(1)葛根研究发文量总体呈现上升趋势;葛根研究的核心作者主要来自于中国、美国、韩国等地;核心作者群与核心机构群逐渐形成;葛根投稿期刊呈现明显的层次划分格局。(2)中国的发文量占发文总量的50%,位居全球第一。中国科学院、中国香港中文大学等机构为世界的葛根研究做出了巨大贡献,但从篇被引频次上分析,仍与其他机构存在一定差距。(3)葛根的研究逐渐从理论走向实践,时区图结果显示,目前葛根淀粉、肠道微生物群、网络药理学等成为新兴研究热点。葛根素、异黄酮等关键词贯穿葛根研究整个发展阶段,逐渐形成以药理学为基础,食品科学、化学、植物科学等多学科综合发展的新模式。

中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展

糖尿病患病率高且并发症多,严重影响各种疾病的预后。在治疗上,降糖西药不良反应较多,限制临床治疗。中医药对于防治糖尿病经验丰富,可通过多靶点多通路降低患者血糖。中药葛根作为辛凉解表药,有清热、生津、止渴之效,药理学研究其具有抗氧化应激反应、减少炎症因子积聚、增强胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等作用。葛根治疗糖尿病的主要活性成分为葛根素,临床研究表明以葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方辨证论治各种糖尿病患者,疗效显著。近年来研究发现葛根素、葛根药对及葛根类方可以通过多靶点、多通路抑制氧化应激反应、调节体内炎症因子水平、减少AGEs的形成与累积、抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡、增加胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等多种途径达到降低血糖,控制并改善各种并发症。文章旨在通过梳理相关文献,从葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方3个方面总结归纳中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展。

葛根、粉葛炮制前后多糖和微量元素含量研究

目的:探讨不同的切制规格及炮制方法对葛根、粉葛所含多糖、微量元素含量的影响。方法:利用UV以及ICP-MS检测方法,对葛的不同品种(葛根、粉葛)、不同规格(片、丁)、不同炮制方法(煨制、醋制)中所含多糖和微量元素含量进行测定。结果:多糖类含量粉葛远高于葛根;丁块型葛基本高于片型葛;葛根丁经过煨制、醋制后没有显著变化,葛根片煨制提高、醋制降低,粉葛丁经过煨制、醋制后提高,粉葛片经煨制、醋制后降低。微量元素含量,葛根中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg、K、Mn含量均高于粉葛,但Ca含量明显低于粉葛;Fe的含量均是片大于丁,Zn、Ca含量则是丁大于片;葛根丁中微量元素含量经过煨制后变化较大、醋制变化较小,葛根片中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg、Mn含量煨制降低、醋制提高,粉葛丁中Fe、Zn、Mg、K、Ca含量经过煨制、醋制后降低,粉葛片中Fe、Zn、Ca含量经过煨制、醋制后降低。结论:葛根、粉葛不同的切制规格及炮制方法对其多糖和微量元素含量均可产生不同程度的影响,而该变化可为进一步深入探讨葛的炮制作用机理提供参考依据。

Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Content Determination of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi at Different Altitudes

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. [Methods]The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. With the puerarin as index,the reflux extraction and single factor test were employed to investigate the effects of temperature,time,ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio on the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi,respectively. Under the optimal extraction technology,the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi at different altitudes was determined.[Results] The optimum extraction process was as follows: 70%ethanol; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 30; 1 h reflux extraction. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi was 11. 48%,the total flavonoids content of different kudzu parts was in the order of roots > stems > leaves,and the total flavonoids content of the sample at about an altitude of 1000 m was significantly higher than at the altitudes of 1400 m and 1700 m.[Conclusions]It was suggested that the Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi should not be cultivated as medicinal plant in too high mountains,and the stems and leaves of Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi could be used as raw materials for extracting total flavonoids.

葛根蛋白及其酶解物的体外抗氧化活性和功能特性

以葛根为原料,采用碱提法提取葛根蛋白,对其进行酶解,研究不同蛋白酶(碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶)对葛根蛋白的酶解效果及其酶解物的抗氧化活性和功能特性,并与葛根蛋白进行对比。3种蛋白酶对葛根蛋白的酶解效果及其酶解物抗氧化特性研究结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解物水解度和蛋白回收率最佳,并具有良好的体外抗氧化活性。功能特性研究结果表明,与葛根蛋白相比,3种葛根蛋白酶解物的溶解性、持油性和起泡性均有不同程度提升,但持水性、起泡稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均有所下降。其中碱性蛋白酶酶解物的功能特性最优,pH值为5时,溶解度达98.43%;温度为60℃时,持油性达4.23%;pH值为6时,起泡性达106%。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解效率高,且适合用于提高葛根蛋白抗氧化活性及功能特性。

葛根主要成分、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

葛根属传统中草药,富含蛋白质、膳食纤维、氨基酸、矿物质等营养物质和多种生物活性成分,具有良好的抗炎、抗氧化和增强免疫等作用。饲粮中添加适量葛根可提升畜禽的生产性能及产品品质,调节胃肠道菌群稳态或增加有益菌丰度,促进畜禽机体健康。本文综述了葛根的主要成分、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中应用的研究进展,为其在动物生产中的应用提供参考。