Primary pulmonary meningioma and minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules: Rare pulmonary nodular lesions requiring more awareness in clinical practice

In this editorial,we comment on an article by Ruan et al published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Case.Pulmonary meningothelial proliferative lesions,including primary pulmonary meningiomas,minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules,and metastatic pulmonary meningiomas are rare pulmonary lesions.These lesions are difficult to differentiate from lung cancers based on clinical and imaging manifestations.Herein,we briefly introduce the clinical,imaging,and pathological characteristics of these lesions and discuss their pathogenesis to strengthen the current understanding of pulmonary meningothelial proliferative lesions in clinical diagnosis and therapy.

Pathological diagnosis and immunohistochemical analysis of minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules:A case report

BACKGROUND Minute Pulmonary Meningothelial-like Nodules(MPMNs)are rare benign pulmonary nodules,which are more common in elderly women and have a higher detection rate in lung tissues of patients with lung malignant diseases.Its origin is not yet clear.At present,there are few reports on the diagnostic methods such as imaging and pathological manifestations of MPMNs.This article reports a 70-year-old female patient with pulmonary adenocarcinoma combined with MPMNs and reviews of the relevant literature.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old women was admitted to our institution with feeling sour in her back and occasional cough for more than 2 mo.Computerized electronic scanning scan and 3D reconstruction images in our institution showed there were multiple ground-glass nodules in both of her two lungs.The biggest one was in the apicoposterior segment of left upper lobe,about 2.5 mm×9 mm in size.We performed thoracoscopic resection of the left upper lung apicoposterior segment of the patient,and the final pathological report was minimally invasive adenocarcinoma.Re-examination of high resolution computed tomography 21 mo after surgery showed multiple ground-glass nodules in both lungs,and a new groundglass nodule was found in the superior segment of the right lower lobe.We took pathological biopsy of the right upper lung and right lower lung nodules for the patient under thoracoscopy.The histomorphology of the right lower lobe nodule showed multiple lesions in the lung tissue,and the small foci in the alveolar septum were distributed in mild form of the aggregation of short spindle cells.The immunohistochemistry showed that the lesion was epithelial membrane antigen(EMA)(+),somatostatin receptor 2a(SSTR2a)(+),S-100(-),chromogranin A(-),Syn(-),cytokeratin(-)and HMB-45(-).The final diagnosis was minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,accompanied by MPMNs.We recommend that patients continue to receive treatment after surgery and to do regular follow-up observations.CONCLUSION The imaging manifestations of MPMNs are atypical,histomorphology and immunohistochemistry can assist in its diagnosis.This article reviews the relevant literature of MPMNs immunohistochemistry and shows that MPMNs are positive for EMA,SSTR2a,and progesterone receptor.

Nonintubated thoracoscopic lobectomy plus lymph node dissection following segmentectomy for central type pulmonary masses

Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. In the United States, it causes more cancer-related deaths than the next four causes （breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and pancreatic cancer） of cancer-related mortality combined （1）. About 30% of people have already progressed to stage III lung cancer and 40% to stage IV at the time they are diagnosed （2）. Although chest X-ray and sputum cytology, when applied in health check-ups, can identify some relatively small tumors, they are not able to lower the overall mortality （3）. More recently,

Simultaneous Paragonimus infection involving the breast and lung:A case report

BACKGROUND Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic infection caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Although the most common site of infection is the pleuropulmonary area, the parasite can also reach other parts of the body on its journey from the intestines to the lungs, ending up in locations such as the brain,abdomen, skin, and subcutaneous tissues. Ectopic paragonimiasis is difficult to diagnose due to the rarity of this disease.CASE SUMMARY Here, we report a rare case of simultaneous breast and pulmonary paragonimiasis in a woman presenting painless breast mass and lung nodule with a history of eating raw trout. To confirm the diagnosis, serologic testing and tissue confirmation of the breast mass were performed. The patient was treated with surgical resection of the mass and praziquantel medication.CONCLUSION Ectopic paragonimiasis is difficult to diagnose due to the rarity of this disease.Thus, thorough history-taking and clinical suspicion of parasitic infection are important.

Pulmonary benign metastasizing leiomyoma: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Pulmonary benign metastatic leiomyoma(PBML),which is very rare,is a type of benign metastatic leiomyoma(BML).Here,we report a case of PBML,finally diagnosed through multidisciplinary team(MDT)discussions,and provide a literature review of the disease.CASE SUMMARY A 55-year old asymptomatic woman was found to have bilateral multiple lung nodules on a chest high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT)scan.Her medical history included total hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma.The patient was diagnosed with PBML,on the basis of her clinical history,imaging manifestations,and computed tomography(CT)-guided percutaneous lung puncture biopsy,via MDT discussions.As the patient was asymptomatic,she received long-term monitoring without treatment.A follow-up of chest HRCT after 6 mo showed that the PBML lung nodules were stable and there was no progression.CONCLUSION For patients with a medical history of hysterectomy and uterine leiomyoma with lung nodules on chest CT,PBML should be considered during diagnosis based on the clinical history,imaging manifestations,CT-guided percutaneous lung puncture biopsy,and MDT discussions.

Prospective Study of Low-and Standard-dose Chest CT for Pulmonary Nodule Detection:A Comparison of Image Quality,Size Measurements and Radiation Exposure

Objective:To comprehensively and accurately analyze the out-performance of low-dose chest CT(LDCT)vs.standard-dose CT(SDCT).Methods:The image quality,size measurements and radiation exposure for LDCT and SDCT protocols were evaluated.A total of 117 patients with extra-thoracic malignancies were prospectively enrolled for non-enhanced CT scanning using LDCT and SDCT protocols.Three experienced radiologists evaluated subjective image quality independently using a 5-point score system.Nodule detection efficiency was compared between LDCT and SDCT based on nodule characteristics(size and volume).Radiation metrics and organ doses were analyzed using Radimetrics.Results:The images acquired with the LDCT protocol yielded comparable quality to those acquired with the SDCT protocol.The sensitivity of LDCT for the detection of pulmonary nodules(n=650)was lower than that of SDCT(n=660).There was no significant difference in the diameter and volume of pulmonary nodules between LDCT and SDCT(for BMI<22 kg/m^(2),4.37 vs.4.46 mm,and 43.66 vs.46.36 mm^(3);for BMI>22 kg/m^(2),4.3 vs.4.41 mm,and 41.66 vs.44.86 mm^(3))(P>0.05).The individualized volume CT dose index(CTDI_(vol)),the size specific dose estimate and effective dose were significantly reduced in the LDCT group compared with the SDCT group(all P<0.0001).This was especially true for dose-sensitive organs such as the lung(for BMI<22 kg/m^(2),2.62 vs.12.54 mSV,and for BMI>22 kg/m^(2),1.62 vs.9.79 mSV)and the breast(for BMI<22 kg/m^(2),2.52 vs.10.93 mSV,and for BMI>22 kg/m^(2),1.53 vs.9.01 mSV)(P<0.0001).Conclusion:These results suggest that with the increases in image noise,LDCT and SDCT exhibited a comparable image quality and sensitivity.The LDCT protocol for chest scans may reduce radiation exposure by about 80% compared to the SDCT protocol.

INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULES

Objective The purpose of this study is to appraise the value of incremental dynamic enhanced computed tomography in surgical treatment of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs).Methods The data of 42 cases with solitary pulmonary nodules who underwent surgical treatment from May 2002 to June 2003 in our hospital were collected to find the relationship between preoperative dynamic enhanced CT image and postoperative pathology.Result All bronchogenic carcinoma showed significant enhancement after intravenous 100 mL iodinated contrast material.The average degree of enhancement of bronchogenic carcinoma was significantly different from that of tuberculoma and other benign lesions.Conclusion Dynamic enhanced computed tomography is very valuable in distinguishing between malignant nodules and benign ones.Emphasis should be paid to lymph nodes in the dynamic enhanced computed tomography,which is useful both to the diagnosis of SPN and for surgical treatment.

Enhanced characterization of solid solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis-based computer-aided diagnosis

The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the accuracy gain of Bayesian analysis-based computeraided diagnosis(CAD) vs human judgment alone in characterizing solitary pulmonary nodules(SPNs) at computed tomography(CT). The study included 100 randomly selected SPNs with a definitive diagnosis. Nodule features at first and follow-up CT scans as well as clinical data were evaluated individually on a 1 to 5 points risk chart by 7 radiologists, firstly blinded then aware of Bayesian Inference Malignancy Calculator(BIMC) model predictions. Raters' predictions were evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis and decision analysis. Overall ROC area under the curve was 0.758 before and 0.803 after the disclosure of CAD predictions(P = 0.003). A net gain in diagnostic accuracy was found in 6 out of 7 readers. Mean risk class of benign nodules dropped from 2.48 to 2.29, while mean risk class of malignancies rose from 3.66 to 3.92. Awareness of CAD predictions also determined a significant drop on mean indeterminate SPNs(15 vs 23.86 SPNs) and raised the mean number of correct and confident diagnoses(mean 39.57 vs 25.71 SPNs). This study provides evidence supporting the integration of the Bayesian analysis-based BIMC model in SPN characterization.

Inter-Observer Variability in the Detection and Interpretation of Chest X-Ray Anomalies in Adults in an Endemic Tuberculosis Area

Purpose: To assess the inter-observer agreement in reading adults chest radiographs (CXR) and determine the effectiveness of observers in radiographic diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a tuberculosis endemic area. Methods: A quasi-observational study was conducted in the Pneumology Department of Yaounde Jamot Hospital (Cameroon) from January to March 2014. This included six observers (two chest physicians, two radiologists, two end-training residents in medical imaging) and 47 frontal CXRs (4 of diffuse interstitial lung disease, 6 normal, 7 of lung cancers, 7 of bacterial pneumonia, 23 of PTB). The sample size was calculated on the basis of an expected 0.47 Kappa with a spread of 0.13 (α = 5%, CI = 95%) for six observers and five diagnostic items. The analysis of concordance was focused on the detection of nodules, cavitary lesions, pleural effusion, adenomegaly and diagnosis of PTB and lung cancer. These intervals of kappa coefficient were considered: discordance (0.81). Results: The average score for the detection of caverns was the highest (58.3%) followed by that of the correct diagnosis of tuberculosis (49.3%). Pneumologists had the highest proportions of correct diagnosis of tuberculosis (69.6% and 73.9%) and better inter-observer agreement (k = 0.71) for PTB diagnosis. Observers were more in agreement for the detection of nodules (0.32 - 0.74), adenomegalies (0.43 - 0.69), and for the diagnosis of cancer (0.22 - 1) than for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (0.19 - 0.71). Disagreements were more frequent for the detection of pleural effusions (-0.08 - 0.73). Conclusion: The inter-observer agreement varies with the type of lesions and diagnosis. Pneumologists were most effective for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Observers were more in agreement for the detection of nodules and the diagnosis of cancer than for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Training benefits of virtual bronchoscopy prior to Endobronchial Ultrasound Guide sheath

Research questions. How does a virtual bronchoscopy navigation system (VBNS) improve prediction of candidate bronchus across a range of doctors investigating a range of lesions with Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guide sheath? To what extent do benefits of virtual bronchoscopic pre-procedure navigation apply to experienced versus inexperienced bron- choscopists? Methods: Using archived EBUS Guide sheath cases, a comparison was made between identified candidate 4th order bronchus by Computerised tomography (CT) evaluation versus that identified after virtual path creation. Results: From 7 archived cases, 14 doctors identified the correct bronchus in 94 of 98 assessments (95%). Percentage of cases where there was an improvement in localisation by 2 or more 4th order bronchi was 39.8% overall (28.6% – 51.0%), 26.6 for experienced and 53.1 for inexperienced bronchoscopists (p < 0.02). The absolute mean number of 4th order bronchi different between CT and VBNS was 2.0 ± 2.6 overall, 1.2 (range 0-6) for experienced, and 2.8 (range 0-11) for inexperienced bronchoscopists. Virtual Path software calculation time was 8.1 ± 2.7 minutes, compared to 3.6 ± 2.1 minutes by CT. Conclusion: VBNS allowed rapid accurate assessment with minimal software training. Greatest benefits in reduction of procedure time were obtained in inexperienced bronchoscopists, and VBNS could allow more rapid skill development in EBUS GS in these doctors.

Lung Cancer Segmentation with Three-Parameter Logistic Type Distribution Model

Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality in the world affectingboth men and women equally.When a radiologist just focuses on the patient’sbody, it increases the amount of strain on the radiologist and the likelihoodof missing pathological information such as abnormalities are increased.One of the primary objectives of this research work is to develop computerassisteddiagnosis and detection of lung cancer. It also intends to make iteasier for radiologists to identify and diagnose lung cancer accurately. Theproposed strategy which was based on a unique image feature, took intoconsideration the spatial interaction of voxels that were next to one another.Using the U-NET+Three parameter logistic distribution-based technique, wewere able to replicate the situation. The proposed technique had an averageDice co-efficient (DSC) of 97.3%, a sensitivity of 96.5% and a specificity of94.1% when tested on the Luna-16 dataset. This research investigates howdiverse lung segmentation, juxta pleural nodule inclusion, and pulmonarynodule segmentation approaches may be applied to create Computer AidedDiagnosis (CAD) systems. When we compared our approach to four otherlung segmentation methods, we discovered that ours was the most successful.We employed 40 patients from Luna-16 datasets to evaluate this. In termsof DSC performance, the findings demonstrate that the suggested techniqueoutperforms the other strategies by a significant margin.

肺实性结节半自动体积测量提高观察者间Lung-RADS评分一致性

目的:研究3D-Slicer软件实性肺结节体积测量对不同观察者在肺部影像报告数据系统(lung CT screening reporting and data system,Lung-RADS)分类一致性中的影响。方法:纳入76例患者中的76个实性结节。由3位放射科医师分别采用手动和3D-Slicer软件半自动体积测量方法获得结节的直径与体积,并转化为相应的Lung-RADS评分,其中2分为阴性,3分及以上为阳性。采用同类相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)及Bland-Altman指数来评价观察者间直径与体积测量的一致性,Kappa分析评价观察者间Lung-RADS评分及阳性/阴性组间的一致性。结果:ICC分析结果显示手动直径测量的一致性(0.994~0.996)明显低于半自动体积测量的一致性(0.997~0.998),同时Bland-Altman指数分析结果显示手动直径测量的偏倚高于半自动体积测量。采用半自动体积测量,能够比手动直径测量明显提高观察者间Lung-RADS评分及阳性/阴性之间的一致性(0.963~0.975及0.957~0.977 vs.0.833~0.866及0.863~0.892)。结论:3D-Slicer半自动体积测量能够提高实性肺结节观察者间大小测量的一致性,相应的Lung-RADS分类一致性也随之提高。

吕晓东论治肺结节经验撷菁

总结吕晓东教授运用中医药治疗肺结节的临床经验和学术思想。吕晓东教授基于阳化气,阴成形的两个基本生理功能观,考察肺结节的发生、发展的病理环节,认为肺结节形成之机理复杂,病因纷繁,为阴分邪气积聚为肺,但病性基础变化总体以阳虚为关键,病理以气滞痰瘀胶着于肺络为核心。在肺络病的指导原则下,运用扶阳抑阴、通补肺络的手段,恢复阳主阴从,一气周流,肺络调和的生理状态,从而调复肺脏的异常功能状态、消弭肺结节的病理改变,恢复身心健康的目的,临床每获良效,具有推广应用的价值。

机器人支气管镜在周围型肺结节活检中的临床应用

随着胸部电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)肺癌筛查的普及,周围型肺结节的检出率日益提高。部分患者通过获取活检标本明确诊断并及早治疗。经支气管肺活检是周围型肺结节非手术活检的方式之一,相较于经皮肺穿刺活检创伤小、并发症发生率低。然而,经支气管肺活检的诊断率约为70%,与经皮肺穿刺活检约90%的诊断率相比仍显逊色。2018年以来,机器人辅助支气管镜系统相继应用于临床,本文对其进一步提高周围型肺结节经支气管肺活检的诊断率加以综述。

Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌患者肺穿刺活检是否增加胸膜复发和气腔播散的风险

近年来,随着肺结节的比例升高,术前经皮肺穿刺活检或经支气管镜活检越来越受到重视。大量临床证据也证实,Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的肺穿刺活检是安全可行的。但是,由于肺磨玻璃结节的组织学特点,与实性结节相比穿刺时更容易发生出血或咳嗽,肿瘤细胞在血流或气流冲击下可能会沿着肺泡壁或针道种植,导致胸膜复发和气腔播散(spread through air spaces,STAS),尤其是胸膜下结节合并有脏层胸膜侵犯和淋巴细胞浸润时需要慎重选择。

单中心2058例肺癌手术患者的临床信息、病理及影像学特征

目的:肺癌的发病率和病死率高、生存率低,与癌症预防政策和人口构成相关的因素会影响癌症的发病率和诊疗方式。本研究旨在分析肺癌手术患者的临床信息、病理及影像特征,以期为肺癌的早期诊疗提供依据。方法:回顾性收集2016年至2019年在中南大学湘雅医院胸外科进行肺癌手术的2058例患者的临床资料,分析患者临床信息、病理及影像学特征的变化。结果:从2016年到2019年,每年患者数分别为280、376、524和878例;腺癌是最常见(68.1%)的病理类型,占比从2016年的55.5%增加至2019年的74.1%;ⅠA期肺癌占比从2016年的38.9%上升至2019年的62.3%;亚肺叶切除手术占比由2016年的1.8%增加至2019年的8.6%。2019年的淋巴结采样比例增加。与2016年相比,2019年术前CT发现的直径≤1 cm的结节发现率明显提高(2.0%vs 18.2%),直径>3 cm的肿块发现率降低(34.7%vs 18.3%);CT表现为纯磨玻璃密度及部分实性密度的病变比例由2.0%和16.6%上升至20.0%和37.3%,实性密度比例由81.4%下降至42.7%。结论:肺癌手术患者数量逐年增加,CT发现的纯磨玻璃密度及部分实性密度病变的比例增高,腺癌患者比例逐年上升,早期肺癌的比例越来越高,发现的肺癌更小、临床分期更早,从而使手术方式更趋向于微创。

范伏元教授从“络脉不和”论治肺结节经验

范伏元教授基于络脉沟通内外、渗灌气血、联系脏腑的生理特点,从肺痹、肺积认识肺结节,以络脉不和为肺结节根本病机,从伏邪凝痰痹络、胃络不和痰瘀结为窠囊进行阐发,以“通络开痹,和荣散结”“和胃逐瘀,安神化浊”为核心治法,分别以疏风宣肺汤、加味温胆汤处方辨治,将宏观脏腑辨证调和诸脏与微观络脉辨证调和络脉营卫气血津液沟通渗灌相结合,临床疗效确切。

基于“结者散之”辨治肺结节痰瘀互结证

肺结节之病机为肺气亏虚,外邪入体,肺之气络、血络先后受邪,气络生痰,血络生瘀,气络之痰与血络之瘀搏结成块,发而为病。从《黄帝内经》“结者散之”理论入手,治以清肺通络、祛痰化瘀为主,佐以疏肝理气,健脾渗湿之法,为肺结节的中医辨证及组方思路提供一定的借鉴与参考。

胸部CT影像学特征对肺腺癌亚实性结节脏层胸膜侵犯的预测价值

目的:探讨胸部CT影像学特征在肺腺癌亚实性结节(SSN)脏层胸膜侵犯(VPI)中的临床预测价值。方法:回顾性收集2016年5月-2021年12月在本院经手术切除和病理确诊为肺腺癌SSN的患者103例。男34例,女69例,年龄25~82岁,平均(58.5±10.2)岁。病理组织学诊断结果VPI阳性组19例(18.45%),VPI阴性组84例(81.55%)。记录患者的年龄、性别等临床资料。所有患者术前均行胸部CT检查。阅读CT影像学征象,包括位置、径线、密度、分叶征、毛刺征及胸膜凹陷征等。结节与胸膜关系(NPR)分为四种亚型:Ⅰ型,1条线相连;Ⅱ型,多条线相连;Ⅲ型,窄基底相贴;Ⅳ型,宽基底相贴。单因素分析比较VPI阳性组和阴性组在临床和CT影像学特征间的差异,将单因素分析差异有统计学意义的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,通过受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线建立预测模型。结果:103例患者包括非实性结节49例(47.57%)和部分实性结节54例(52.43%)。VPI阳性组和阴性组的性别和年龄差异无统计学意义(P=0.883、0.151)。非实性结节VPI发生率为8.16%(4/49),低于部分实性结节27.78%(15/54),差异有统计学意义(P=0.01)。NPR四种亚型发生VPI的比例分别为Ⅰ型6.82%(3/44)、Ⅱ型15.00%(3/20)、Ⅲ型28.00%(7/25)和Ⅳ型42.86%(6/14),差异具有统计学意义(P=0.011)。结节密度和NPR分型是预测肺腺癌SSN的VPI状态的独立危险因素。ROC结果显示,结节密度诊断VPI的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.663,敏感度为78.9%,特异度为53.6%;NPR分型诊断VPI的AUC为0.726,敏感度为68.4%,特异度为69.0%;两者联合诊断VPI的AUC为0.804,敏感度为73.7%,特异度为70.2%。结论:肺腺癌亚实性结节的CT影像学特征有助于脏层胸膜侵犯的术前评估,结节密度和结节与胸膜关系分型是预测脏层胸膜侵犯的独立危险因素。

“宣威”多结节非小细胞肺癌驱动基因突变分析

目的:探讨多结节非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织中的驱动基因突变情况与临床病理特征的关系,为多结节NSCLC患者治疗提供分子诊断依据。方法:本研究共纳入2018年1月至2023年10月间云南省肿瘤医院分子诊断中心检测的121例多结节NSCLC患者的253个肺结节肿瘤组织标本,以第二代测序(NGS)技术或扩增阻滞突变系统PCR(ARMS-PCR)技术检测多结节NSCLC组织中驱动基因突变情况,分析其与患者临床病理特征的关系,比较不同结节间肺癌驱动基因的突变异质性。结果:与非“宣威”NSCLC相比,“宣威”多结节NSCLC患者驱动基因突变具有显著的地域特点,表现在“宣威”患者具有较低(20%)的EGFR敏感突变(L858R、19-del)及较高(27.26%)的EGFR少见突变(主要为G719/S768I、G719);“宣威”多结节NSCLC患者的KRAS突变率(27.27%)亦显著高于非“宣威”患者突变率(12.59%)(P<0.05)。此外,“宣威”多结节NSCLC患者驱动基因突变不一致率高达69.23%,远高于非“宣威”患者驱动基因突变不一致率(55.07%)(P<0.05)。结论:“宣威”多结节NSCLC患者具有较高的EGFR少见突变及KRAS突变率,同一患者不同病灶之间存在更高的驱动基因突变异质性,本研究将为“宣威”多结节NSCLC的诊疗策略提供更多的选择。