Effectiveness of Histopathological Examination of Ultrasound-guided Puncture Biopsy Samples for Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of histopathological examination of ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy samples in extrapulmonary tuberculosis(EPTB).Methods This study was conducted at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center.A total of 115patients underwent ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy,followed by MGIT 960 culture(culture),smear,Gene Xpert MTB/RIF(Xpert),and histopathological examination.These assays were performed to evaluate their effectiveness in diagnosing EPTB in comparison to two different diagnostic criteria:liquid culture and composite reference standard(CRS).Results When CRS was used as the reference standard,the sensitivity and specificity of culture,smear,Xpert,and histopathological examination were(44.83%,89.29%),(51.72%,89.29%),(70.11%,96.43%),and(85.06%,82.14%),respectively.Based on liquid culture tests,the sensitivity and specificity of smear,Xpert,and pathological examination were(66.67%,72.60%),(83.33%,63.01%),and(92.86%,45.21%),respectively.Histopathological examination showed the highest sensitivity but lowest specificity.Further,we found that the combination of Xpert and histopathological examination showed a sensitivity of 90.80%and a specificity of 89.29%.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided puncture sampling is safe and effective for the diagnosis of EPTB.Compared with culture,smear,and Xpert,histopathological examination showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity.The combination of histopathology with Xpert showed the best performance characteristics.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assessment facilitates precision medicine for lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant disease worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among tumor-related causes of death.Early diagnosis and precision medicine can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of lung cancer patients.At present,the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of effective non-invasive detection methods and biomarkers,and treatment is primarily hindered by drug resistance and high tumor heterogeneity.Liquid biopsy is a method for detecting circulating biomarkers in the blood and other body fluids containing genetic information from primary tumor tissues.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)is a potential liquid biopsy medium that is rich in a variety of bioactive substances and cell components.BALF contains information on the key characteristics of tumors,including the tumor subtype,gene mutation type,and tumor environment,thus BALF may be used as a diagnostic supplement to lung biopsy.In this review,the current research on BALF in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of lung cancer is summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of different components of BALF,including cells,cell-free DNA,extracellular vesicles,and micro RNA are introduced.In particular,the great potential of extracellular vesicles in precision diagnosis and detection of drug-resistant for lung cancer is highlighted.In addition,the performance of liquid biopsies with different body fluid sources in lung cancer detection are compared to facilitate more selective studies involving BALF,thereby promoting the application of BALF for precision medicine in lung cancer patients in the future.

LungPoint导航联合吲哚菁绿荧光成像在Ⅰa期非小细胞肺癌淋巴结采样中的应用价值

目的:寻找一种准确定位Ⅰa期非小细胞肺癌患者(NSCLC)前哨淋巴结(SLN)的方法,验证SLN作为淋巴结取样样本的合理性。方法:采用前瞻性研究方法,参照入组标准纳入2021年1月至2023年12月在山东省公共卫生临床中心胸外科临床分期为Ⅰa期NSCLC住院患者50例,术前借助LungPoint导航气管镜下肿瘤周围注射示踪剂吲哚菁绿,通过荧光胸腔镜成像完成SLN定位,并对包括SLN在内的区域淋巴结行病理学检查,使用该方法对SLN的识别率、准确率与假阴性率等验证其作为淋巴结取样样本的合理性。结果:50例患者中,41例检测到SLN,识别率为82.0%(41/50),经病理检测发现3例共计9枚SLN有淋巴结转移(阳性),其中1例亦检出非前哨淋巴结(N-SLN)阳性2枚。9例患者未检测到SLN,清扫淋巴结54枚,未发现转移淋巴结,故SLN准确率为100.0%(41/41),假阴性率为0(0/3)。结论:借助LungPoint气管镜在肿瘤周围注射示踪剂吲哚菁绿,通过荧光胸腔镜成像探寻SLN技术具有较高的区域淋巴结转移预测性,有望成为指导Ⅰa期NSCLC系统性淋巴结采样的依据。

Diagnosis based on electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopyguided biopsied peripheral lung lesions in a 10-year-old girl:A case report

BACKGROUND Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy(ENB)is an emerging diagnostic tool that enables practitioners to biopsy peripheral lung tissues that were previously only accessible under computed tomography(CT)guidance.However,few studies have investigated ENB use in children.Here,we report a case of a 10-yearold girl with peripheral lung lesions who complained of a 7-d persistent fever.She was diagnosed with Streptococcus parasanguinis infection based on findings obtained using ENB-guided transbronchial lung biopsy(TBLB).CASE SUMMARY A 10-year-old girl presented with constitutional symptoms of cough and fever of 7 days’duration.Chest CT scans detected peripheral lung lesions and no endobronchial lesions.TBLB performed under the guidance of an ENB Lungpro navigation system was safe,well-tolerated,and effective for biopsying peripheral lung lesions.Examination of biopsied samples indicated the patient had a pulmonary Streptococcus parasanguinis infection,which was treated with antibiotics instead of more invasive treatment interventions.The patient’s symptoms resolved after she received a 3-wk course of oral linezolid.Comparisons of pretreatment and post-treatment CT scans revealed absorption of some lung lesions within 7 mo of hospital discharge.CONCLUSION ENB-guided TBLB biopsying of peripheral lung lesions in this child is a safe,well-tolerated,and effective alternative to conventional interventions.

Systemic air embolism after transthoracic lung biopsy: A case report and review of literature

Computed tomography (CT)-guided lung biopsy is a common diagnostic procedure that is associated with various complications, including pneumothorax, hemoptysis and parenchymal hemorrhage. Systemic air embolism is a very rare (0.07%) but potentially lifethreatening complication. We report a fatal case of air embolism to the cerebral and coronary arteries confirmed by head and chest CT, followed by a review of the literature.

Diagnostic Accuracy and Complication Rates of Fusion Images Created Using Real-Time Ultrasound with CT for Identification of Peripheral Lung Lesions in Patients Undergoing Biopsy

Background: Fusion image improves lesion detectability and can be an effective tool for percutaneous ultrasound (US)-guide procedure. We describe the clinical benefit of US-guided lung biopsy using fusion image. Purpose: To retrospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy and complication rates of US-guided lung biopsy with B-mode alone and those of a fusion image created using real-time US and computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: Between September, 2013 and September, 2016, 50 peripheral lung lesions in 50 patients (40 males, 10 females;median, 74 years old) were performed by US-guided percutaneous cutting needle biopsy using the B-mode alone or fusion image. Final diagnoses were based on surgical outcomes or clinical follow-up results for at least 12 months after biopsy. To assess prebiopsy characteristics, all lesions were divided into two groups: group 1 (identification on B-mode) and group 2 (identification on fusion image). Results: Of 50 peripheral lesions, 40 lesions (80%) were detected by means of B-mode alone (group 1), and 10 lesions (20%) were identified by fusion image (group 2). The diagnostic accuracy of group 1 was 90% (36/40 lesions), and the diagnostic accuracy of group 2 was 100% (10/10 lesions). Nodule type and the size of the lesions showed significant group wise differences (p Conclusion: Fusion images created using real-time US and CT may be useful for identification of the minimal size of potential target lung lesions and may be more suitable for improved yields with US-guided lung biopsy.

Fatal left atrial air embolism as a complication of percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy:A case report

BACKGROUND Computed tomography(CT)-guided percutaneous lung biopsy is a common protocol in the context of diagnostic thoracic oncology,but entails a risk of complications including systematic air embolism(SAE).While SAE is often well tolerated,it can be difficult to treat and may result in rapid mortality in some cases.CASE SUMMARY We report a rare case of left atrial SAE in a 71-year-old woman who underwent a CT-guided lung biopsy of a pulmonary nodule in the posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe.Shortly following needle extraction,she experienced a mild cough,hemoptysis,rapid-onset unconsciousness,and cardiopulmonary arrest.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was immediately performed,but the patient died 40 min after the procedure.A closer review of collected CT scans revealed the presence of a large volume of air within the left atrium.CONCLUSION Although SAE is generally well tolerated and asymptomatic,interventional radiologists must be aware of the risk of fatal outcomes and establish appropriate emergency management protocols.In this report,the characteristics,mechanisms,and treatment recommendations associated with SAE are discussed in an effort to improve the survival of affected patients.

Diagnostic value of diffuse and peripheral lung lesions by transbronchial lung biopsy

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of transbronchial lung biopsy(TBLB)via bronchoscope for lung diffuse lesions and peripheral pulmonary lesions.Methods The results of TBLB were retrospectively analyzed from 256 diagnoses of unknown patients with lung diffuse lesions or peripheral lung lesions.Results Eighty-nine final diagnosis cases via TBLB only once,the diagnostic rate of double lung diffuse lesions was the highest,[51.06%(24/47)],local non-nodule lesions,nodule lesions,cavity lesions were 33.33%(23/69),29.91%(35/117),and 28.57%(4/14),respectively.Among 24 diagnostic cases of double lung diffuse lesions,there were 6 cases of pneumonia of pulmonary tuberculosis,9 cases of lung carcinoma,7 cases of adenocarcinoma;6 cases of pneumonia,2 cases of fungous infection,and 1 case of lung hemosiderosis.The diagnostic yield about 58 cases of local lesions was low,among which non-nodule lesions accounted for 33.33% and nodule lesions accounted for 29.91%.In 89 cases of peripheral lung lesions with histological diagnosis,lung carcinoma and pulmonary tuberculosis were frequent diseases,which accounted for 86.52%.Conclusion TBLB is a reliable,safe,effective and repeatable operation method in diagnosis of lung diffuse lesions and peripheral pulmonary lesions.

Right Hemisphere Cerebral Infarction Due to Air Embolism from Percutaneous Lung Biopsy: A Case Report

Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy is a common procedure in interventional radiology. Systemic arterial air embolism causing cerebral infarction is a rare but much feared complication of percutaneous lung biopsy. We present a comprehensive review of iatrogenic air embolism post-lung biopsy, a complication that is often sub optimally managed. Patho-physiology, clinical features, and risk factors and management are reviewed.

Two methods of lung biopsy for histological confirmation of acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia:A case report

BACKGROUND Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia(AFOP)is a rare,noninfective lung disease,histologically characterized by a patchy distribution of intra-alveolar fibrin“balls”and organizing pneumonia.The clinical manifestations of AFOP are nonspecific.Diagnosis depends on pathology.Surgical lung biopsy is optimal for tissue sampling to diagnose AFOP.However,many patients have no tolerance to the operation,including mentally and physically.There is still no standard therapy for AFOP and the methods remain controversial.Therefore,further clinical attention and discussion are warranted.CASE SUMMARY A 53-year-old woman presented with fever,cough and dyspnea for 15 d.Antiinfective therapy was ineffective.Chest computed tomography showed bilateral patchy consolidation,especially in the lower lobes.We performed both ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy and ultrasound-guided percutaneous fine needle puncture at different lung lesion locations.Both samples supported the diagnosis of AFOP.The patient had a good clinical course after treatment with methylprednisolone,and no side effects of steroids.CONCLUSION Percutaneous needle biopsy combined with transbronchial lung biopsies may be a good choice in the absence of surgical biopsy.Methylprednisolone alone is effective in the treatment of idiopathic AFOP.

Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy in the Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Diseases. Looking at the Holy Grail or Another Misleading Diagnostic Approach?

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD’s) are a group of heterogenous chronic, ferociously progressive lung diseases. The aetiology of the aforementioned diseases is not always recognisable. The diagnosis of these dismal diseases is a vivid challenge for the physicians. Through the intervening years different diagnostic algorithms have been implemented towards more accurate outcome. Different types of ILD’s demand diverse diagnostic approaches. In the latest years a novel diagnostic mini invasive approach seems to gain continuously terrain towards the diagnosis of ILD’s. Transbronchial cryobiopsy may be the Holy Grail in the diagnosis of these diseases or a misleading diagnostic tool in this challenging field.

Cerebral air embolism complicating transbronchial lung biopsy: A case report

BACKGROUND In this case report we describe an extremely rare case of cerebral air embolism following transbronchial lung biopsy(TBLB).Only a few cases of this rare complication were described previously.Every bronchologist should recognize this severe adverse event.Prompt recognition of this complication is mandatory in order to initiate supportive measures and consider hyperbaric oxygen therapy.CASE SUMMARY In this case report we describe an extremely rare case of cerebral air embolism following TBLB.Only a few cases of this rare complication were described previously.Our patient had an incidental finding of lung tumour and pulmonary emphysema.Cerebral air embolism developed during bronchoscopy procedure,immediately after the third trans-bronchial lung biopsy sample and caused cerebral ischaemia of the right hemisphere and severe left-sided hemiplegia.Despite timely initiation of hyperbaric oxygen therapy hemiplegia didn´t resolve and the patient died several weeks later.Cerebral air embolism is an extremely rare complication of TBLB.This condition should be considered in case the patient remains unresponsive or presents with acute neurological symptoms in the postintervention period since early recognition,diagnosis and hyperbaric oxygen therapy initiation are key factors determining the patient´s outcome.CONCLUSION Within this report,we conclude that air/gas embolism is an extremely rare complication after TBLB,which should be considered in case the patient remains unresponsive or presents with acute neurological symptoms in the postintervention period after bronchoscopy.The current gold standard for diagnosis is computed tomography scan of the head.After recognition of this complication we suggest immediate hyperbaric oxygen therapy,if available.

Analysis of tumor-draining vein secretome: A direct access to tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in surgical lung cancer patients

Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles(EVs)participate in the metastasis process through different mechanisms,including the preparation of the pre-metastatic niche to grant circulating tumor cells(CTCs)implantation and growth.The study of the metastasis process through the analysis of CTCs and tumor-derived EVs is difficult because of the dilution grade of these elements in peripheral blood.In early-stage lung cancer patients,the tumor-secreted products are even more diluted.An attractive strategy in surgical lung cancer patients is to purify them from a pulmonary tumor-draining vein where they are enriched.The information obtained from the analysis of EVs and CTCs purified from this source could give more accurate information about tumor biology and could be an important source of biomarkers to identify patients at high risk of relapse after curative surgery.

Computed tomography fluoroscopy guided percutaneous lung biopsy for ground-glass opacity pulmonary lesions:A meta-analysis

AIM:To obtain the diagnostic performance of percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy(PTNB) under Computed tomography(CT) fluoroscopy guidance for lung ground-glass opacity(GGO).METHODS:We searched for English- and Chineselanguage studies in Pub Med,EMBASE,EBSCO,OVID,and CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure) database.Data were calculated with Meta-Disc version 1.4 and Rev Man version 5.2 software.From the pooled data,we calculated sensitivity(Sen),specificity(Spe),positive likelihood ratio(+LR),negative likelihood ratio(-LR),and diagnostic odds ratio(DOR).Summary receiver operating characteristic(SROC) curves were constructed and incidence of complications was recorded.RESULTS:Four documents included in this present meta-analysis met the criteria for analysis.The pooled Sen,Spe,+LR,-LR and DOR with 95%CI were 0.91(0.86-0.95),1.0(0.91-1.0),18.64(4.83-71.93),0.11(0.05-0.26) and 153.17(30.78-762.33),respectively.The area under the SROC curve was 0.98.The incidence of pneumothorax and hemoptysis was 17.86%-51.80% and 10.50%-19.40%,respectively.CONCLUSION:CT fluoroscopy-guided PTNB,which has an acceptable incidence of complications,can be used as a primary examination method for lung GGO,with moderate sensitivity and specificity.

Bronchoscopic biopsy for diagnosis of lung cancer in the absence of visible endobronchial abnormalities

Objective Bronchoscopy has been extensively used in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases, and particularly, malignant diseases. However, endoscopists do not normally perform bronchoscopic biopsy in case lesions are undetected via bronchoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether performing bronchoscopic biopsy could be established in the diagnosis of lung cancer in case of endobronchial abnormalities undetectable to the naked eye. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 109 cases between January 2008 and December 2012. The inclusion criteria were confirmed lung cancer diagnosis, transbronchial biopsy performed in the absence of visible endobronchial manifestations, brushing, and bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) according to the images obtained from high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT). Data regarding age, sex, pathology, tumor stage; the method of diagnosis; location of primary lesion(central, peripheral, or intermediate); tumor size, mediastinal lymph node metastasis, and the serum carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) value were collected. The Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact and Mc Nemar tests were used in the univariate analysis.Results Among the 109 patients, the diagnosis of 37(33.9%) patients was confirmed through bronchoscopy. Brushing and BAL had higher positive detection rates than biopsy(P = 0.004). There were no differences in the positive detection rates between the sex, pathology, lesion location, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and the serum CEA value(P > 0.05 for all groups).Conclusion Despite the normal appearance of the endobronchial manifestations, lesions undetectable by bronchoscopy could be indicated. Therefore, we suggest performing bronchoscopic biopsy and that brushing and BAL might increase the positive detection rate of bronchoscopic examination.

Cryptococcal antigen testing of lung tissue homogenate improves pulmonary cryptococcosis diagnosis:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Pulmonary cryptococcosis(PC)is an opportunistic infectious disease of the respiratory system.Lung tissue biopsies,culture of respiratory samples(e.g.,sputum,lung tissue,pleural fluid,and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid),and cryptococcal antigen(CrAg)testing are helpful for a definitive diagnosis.However,these tests are sometimes falsely negative.PC is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed owing to the absence of obvert symptoms,poor imaging specificity,and false-negative laboratory tests.CASE SUMMARY We report two female patients who underwent computed tomography-guided percutaneous needle pulmonary biopsy of a lung nodule for a confirmed diagnosis.In both patients,the CrAg test on the lung biopsy tissue homogenate was positive,while the serum CrAg test was negative.Combined with the lung tissue pathology,we made the diagnosis of PC.Antifungal therapy was effective in both patients.CONCLUSION Given the findings of our cases and the literature review,lung tissue homogenate CrAg testing can be helpful in improving the diagnosis of PC.

Hypercalcemia-Leukocytosis syndrome and adenosquamous lung carcinoma:An overlooked conjugation

Hypercalcaemia and leukocytosis are two paraneoplastic conditions associated with poor prognosis.Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare and aggressive histological subtype of lung cancer consisting of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell components.We report the case of a 57-year-old male smoker who was admitted to the Emergency Room with skull and neck tumefactions,confusion and deteriorated general condition.The complementary study in the ER revealed severe hypercalcaemia(19.8 mg/dL),leukocytosis(18.7×10^(9)/L)and extensive osteolytic lesions of the skull on cranioencephalic computer tomography(CT).The patient was stabilized and admitted.Thoracoabdominopelvic CT showed lung parenchyma consolidation with necrotic areas,supra and infradiaphragmatic adenopathies and scattered osteolytic lesions.Percutaneous lymph node biopsy was consistent with metastasis of adenosquamous lung carcinoma.The patients’clinical situation evolved unfavourably after hospital-acquired infection.This case is characterized by a rare presentation of advanced stage adenosquamous lung carcinoma with scattered osteolytic lesions and severe hypercalcaemia-leukocytosis syndrome,an underrecognized marker of poor prognosis.