Extraordinary Compatibility to Mass Loading and Rate Capability of Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanorods Electrode Derived from the Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil

The conversion of waste tire pyrolysis oil(WTPO)into S-doped porous carbon nanorods(labeled as WPCNs)with hierarchical pore structure is realized by a simple template-directed approach.The specific surface area of as-obtained porous carbon nanorods can reach up to 1448 m^(2) g^(−1) without the addition of any activating agent.As the capacitive electrode,WPCNs possess the extraordinary compatibility to capacitance,different electrolyte systems as well as long-term cycle life even at a commercial-level areal mass loading(10 mg cm^(−2)).Besides,only an extremely small capacitance fluctuation is observed under the extreme circumstance(−40 to 80℃),reflecting the excellent high-and low-temperature performance.The relationship between the pore structure and capacitive behavior is analyzed by comparing WPCNs with mesopores-dominated asphalt-derived porous carbon nanorods(APCNs)and micropores-dominated activated carbon.The molecular dynamics simulation further reveals the ion diffusion and transfer ability of the as-prepared carbon materials under different pore size distribution.The total ion flow(NT)of WPCNs calculated by the simulation is obviously larger than APCNs and the N_(T) ratio between them is similar with the experimental average capacitance ratio.Furthermore,this work also provides a valuable strategy to prepare the electrode material with high capacitive energy storage ability through the high value-added utilization of WTPO.

Atomization characteristics of pyrolysis oil derived from waste tires

The atomization characteristics play a key role in the highly efficient combustion of pyrolysis oil derived from waste tires.In this study,the fuel properties of tire pyrolysis oil(TPO)were initially studied,and then a high-speed camera and a phase Doppler particle analyzer were employed to characterize the atomization feature of TPO.The influence of pressure and nozzle orifice diameter on atomization characteristics such as spray angle,droplet velocity,and droplet size distribution was investigated.The results showed that TPO had a high calorific value of about 43.6 MJ/kg and a low viscosity of 3.84×10^(–6)m^(2)/s at 40℃,which made it have the potential to be used as an alternative fuel.Higher pressure expanded the spray angle and extended the spray in both the axial and radial directions.With increasing pressure,spray angle and droplet velocity raised,and the increase in crushing effect of air reduced the Sauter mean diameter(SMD)of the droplets.To obtain proper atomization quality for combustion,the pressure is expected to be higher than 1.25 MPa.With increasing nozzle orifice diameter,droplet velocity increased,and the SMD of the droplets increased as well due to weakened crushing effect of the orifice.Therefore,the pressure must be increased to maintain the atomization quality when using a nozzle with a larger orifice.Due to the lower viscosity,the velocity and particle size distribution of TPO droplets after atomization were smaller than those of diesel droplets.The extremely small carbon black contained in TPO also contributed to the breaking of droplets and played a certain role in the size reduction of the oil droplets,but it may cause the risk of nozzle blockage.In summary,TPO showed great atomization characteristics for alternative fuel applications.

Alternative wood treatment with blends of linseed oil,alcohols and pyrolysis oil

Linseed oil is a common wood treatment agent,which is often blended with naphthenic oil during its application.In this study,we developed new types of linseed oil blends,where the naphthenic oil was substituted with alcohols and pyrolysis oil.As miscibility tests revealed,linseed oil can be blended indefinitely with primary alcohols containing three carbon atoms or more.In addition,kinetic stability of three-component-mixtures was found,which comprised linseed oil,alcohol and pyrolysis oil.The developed blends were further tested for their viscosity and rate of solvent evaporation.At last,trial impregnations of wood were done to test this new treatment agent.The uptake of treatment oil and the effect on water repellency varied,and substituting white spirit with propanol and pyrolysis oil showed potential.The latter were miscible with 50%(wt)linseed oil at concentrations of 37.5%1-or 2-propanol and 12.5%pyrolysis oil.Compared with the reference case,treatment with this agent markedly decreased the water-uptake of the wood.Our study hence attributes great potential to the newly developed linseed oil blends,which may introduce additional product characteristics and generate value to byproducts via pyrolysis.

Characteristics of oil shale pyrolysis in a two-stage fluidized bed

Rapid pyrolysis of oil shale coupled with in-situ upgrading of pyrolysis volatiles over oil shale char was studied in a laboratory two-stage fluidized bed(TSFB) to clarify the shale oil yield and quality and their variations with operating conditions. Rapid pyrolysis of oil shale in fluidized bed(FB) obtained shale oil yield higher than the Fischer Assay oil yield at temperatures of 500-600 ℃. The highest yield was 12.7 wt% at 500 ℃ and was about1.3 times of the Fischer Assay oil yield. The heavy fraction(boiling point > 350 ℃) in shale oil at all temperatures from rapid pyrolysis was above 50%. Adding an upper FB of secondary cracking over oil shale char caused the loss of shale oil but improved its quality. Heavy fraction yield decreased significantly and almost disappeared at temperatures above 550 ℃, while the corresponding light fraction(boiling point < 350 ℃) yield dramatically increased. In terms of achieving high light fraction yield, the optimal pyrolysis and also secondary cracking temperatures in TSFB were 600 ℃, at which the shale oil yield decreased by 17.74% but its light fraction yield of 7.07 wt% increased by 86.11% in comparison with FB pyrolysis. The light fraction yield was higher than that of Fischer Assay at all cases in TSFB. Thus, a rapid pyrolysis of oil shale combined with volatile upgrading was important for producing high-quality shale oil with high yield as well.

Paleo-oil reservoir pyrolysis and gas release in the Yangtze Block imply an alternative mechanism for the Late Permian Crisis

The causes of the global mass extinction that occurred around the Permian-Triassic boundary have been widely studied through the geological record and in various locations.The results show that volcanic activity was a key factor in initiating the crisis during the Late Permian.Compared to other thermal events triggered by volcanic activity,pyrolysis of petroleum in Pre-Permian reservoirs has rarely been suggested as a significant source of the greenhouse gases that caused the mass extinction.In this study,geochemical analysis is carried out of a huge paleo-oil reservoir in the Yangtze Block(YB),South China.The detection of mineral inclusions and pyrobitumens is evidence of rapid pyrolysis of accumulated oil in the Ediacaran reservoir.New evidence from hydrothermal minerals and the presence of domain mesophase in the pyrobitumen suggest that the pyrolysis process occurred abruptly and that greenhouse gases were rapidly released through venting pipes.The dating of such a complex geological event in this old and deeply buried reservoir is inevitably difficult and potentially unreliable.However,cross-validation of the multiple evidence sources,including hydrothermal minerals and domain mesophase,indicates that the rapid oil pyrolysis must have been driven by a major thermal event.Reconstruction of burial and thermal histories suggests that the thermal event was most likely to have been triggered by the Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP),which was in a period of significant volcanic activity during the Late Permian.Massive volumes of gases,including methane,carbon dioxide,and possibly hydrogen sulfide,were released,causing a significant increase in greenhouse gases that may have contributed to global warming and the resulting mass extinction during the Late Permian Crisis(LPC).

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis bio-oil to jet fuel: A review

Bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis cannot directly substitute traditional fuel due to compositional deficiencies.Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation(HDO)is the critical and efficient step to upgrade crude bio-oil to high-quality bio-jet fuel by lowering the oxygen content and increasing the heating value.However,the hydrocracking reaction tends to reduce the liquid yield and increase the gas yield,causing carbon loss and producing hydrocarbons with a short carbon-chain.To obtain high-yield bio-jet fuel,the elucidation of the conversion process of biomass catalytic HDO is important in providing guidance for metal catalyst design and optimization of reaction conditions.Considering the complexity of crude bio-oil,this review aimed to investigate the catalytic HDO pathways with model compounds that present typical bio-oil components.First,it provided a comprehensive summary of the impact of physical and electronic structures of both noble and non-noble metals that include monometallic and bimetallic supported catalysts on regulating the conversion pathways and resulting product selectivity.The subsequent first principle calculations further corroborated reaction pathways of model compounds in atom-level on different catalyst surfaces with the experiments above and illustrated the favored C-O/C-O scission orders thermodynamically and kinetically.Then,it discussed hydrogenation effects of different H-donors(such as hydrogen and methane)and catalysts deactivation for economical and industrial consideration.Based on the descriptions above and recent researches,it also elaborated on catalytic HDO of biomass and bio-oil with multi-functional catalysts.Finally,it presented the challenges and future prospective of biomass catalytic HDO.

Molten waste plastic pyrolysis in a vertical falling film reactor and the influence of temperature on the pyrolysis products

Molten plastics are characterised with high viscosity and low thermal conductivity. Applying falling film pyrolysis reactor to deal with waste plastics can not only improve heat transfer efficiency, but also solve the flow problem. In this work, the pyrolysis process of molten polypropylene （PP） in a vertical falling film reactor is experimentally studied, and the influence of heating temperature on pyrolysis products is discussed. It has been found that with the temperature increases from 550 ℃ to 625 ℃, the yield of pyrolysis oil decreases from 74.4 wt% （ 4- 2.2 wt/%） to 53.5 wt% （± 1.3 wt%）. The major compositions of the pyrolysis oil are C9, C12 and C18, and β-scission reactions are predominant. The content of the light fraction C6-C12 of pyrolysis oil is 69.7 wt%. Compared with other pyrolysis reactors, the yield ofoil from vertical falling film pyrolysis reactor is slightly higher than that from tubular reactor, equal to that from rotary kiln reactor, and slightly lower than that in medium fluidised-bed reactor.

A Comparative Study on the Fixed Bed Pyrolysis of Different Biomass Solid Wastes

Biomass in the form of nutshell, hay of catkin, wheat straw and linseed residue in particles have been pyrolyzed in laboratory scale fixed bed reactor which yielded liquid oil, solid char and gas. The variation of oil yield for different biomass feedstock with reactor bed temperature and feed size is presented in this paper. A maximum liquid yield of 55 wt% of dry feedstock is obtained at an optimum temperature of 500℃ for a feed size of 300-600μm with a running time of 55 min for nutshell as the feedstock while the minimum liquid oil yield is found to be 30 wt% of feedstock at an optimum temperature of 400℃ for a feed size of 2.36 mm with a running time of 65 min for linseed residue as the feedstock. A comparison on the product yields is highlighted in this study. The pyrolysis liquid products are characterized and compared for some of the fuel properties like HHV （higher heating value）, viscosity, density and specific gravity.

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of vegetable oil soapstock:Comparative study of rapeseed,sunflower,corn,soybean,rice,and peanut oil soapstock

In this study,the effects of catalytic temperature and the type of soapstock on products from microwave-assisted pyrolysis were investigated.HZSM-5 was used as the catalyst to study the pyrolysis of six different soapstocks at 200℃,300℃,and 400℃ catalytic temperature.Results showed that the bio-oil yields initially increased and then decreased with the increase in catalytic temperature.When the catalytic temperature was 300℃,the bio-oil reached up to the maximum value(65.8 wt.%).Findings indicated that the composition of bio-oil was related to the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids sodium in the soapstocks.In the case of saturated fatty acid sodium,a series of alkanes was formed,whereas the pyrolysis of monounsaturated fatty acid sodium resulted mainly in cycloalkanes,the cycloalkenes obtained from bio-oil was produced by polyunsaturated fatty acid sodium.

Bionic Layout Optimization of Sensor Array in Electronic Nose for Oil Shale Pyrolysis Process Detection

In order to meet the requirements for miniaturization detection of oil shale pyrolysis process and solve the problem of low sensitivity of oil and gas detection devices,a small bionic electronic nose system was designed.Inspired by the working mode of the olfactory receptors in the mouse nasal cavity,the bionic spatial arrangement strategy of the sensor array in the electronic nose chamber was proposed and realized for the first time,the sensor array was used to simulate the distribution of mouse olfactory cells.Using 3D printing technology,a solid model of the electronic nose chamber was manufactured and a comparative test of oil shale pyrolysis gas detection was carried out.The results showed that the proposed spatial arrangement strategy of sensor array inside electronic nose chamber can realize the miniaturization of the electronic nose system,strengthen the detection sensitivity and weaken the mutual interference error.Moreover,it can enhance the recognition rate of the bionic spatial strategy layout,which is higher than the planar layout and spatial comparison layout.This bionic spatial strategy layout combining naive bayes algorithm achieves the highest recognition rate,which is 94.4%.Results obtained from the Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)analysis also indicate that the bionic spatial strategy layout can improve the responses of sensors.

Pyrolysis of WEEE plastics using catalysts produced from fly ash of coal gasification

Catalytic pyrolysis of thermoplastics extracted from waste electrical and electronic equipment （WEEE） was investigated using various fly ash-derived catalysts. The catalysts were prepared from fly ash by a simple method that basically includes a mechanical treatment followed by an acid or a basic activation. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using various analytical techniques. The results showed that not treated fly ash （FA） is characterized by good crystallinity, which in turn is lowered by mechanical and chemical treatment （fly ash after mechanical and acid activation, FAMA） and suppressed almost entirely down to let fly ash become completely amorphous （fly ash al^er mechanical and basic activation FAMB）. Simultaneously, the surface area resulted increased. Subsequently, FA, FAMB and FAMA were used in the pyrolysis of a WEEE plastic sample at 400~C and their performance were compared with thermal pyrolysis at the same temperature. The catalysts principally improve the light oil yield： from 59 wt.% with thermal pyrolysis to 83 wt.% using FAMB. The formation of styrene in the oil is also increased： from 243 mg/g with thermal pyrolysis to 453 mg/g using FAMB. As a result, FAMB proved to be the best catalyst, thus producing also the lowest and the highest amount of char and gas, respectively.