Mitochondrial transplantation confers protection against the effects of ischemic stroke by repressing microglial pyroptosis and promoting neurogenesis

Transferring healthy and functional mitochondria to the lateral ventricles confers neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.Autologous mitochondrial transplantation is also beneficial in pediatric patients with cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.Thus,transplantation of functional exogenous mitochondria may be a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic disease.To explore the neuroprotective effect of mitochondria transplantation and determine the underlying mechanism in ischemic stroke,in this study we established a photo-thrombosis-induced mouse model of focal ischemia and administered freshly isolated mitochondria via the tail vein or to the injury site(in situ).Animal behavior tests,immunofluorescence staining,2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC)staining,mRNA-seq,and western blotting were used to assess mouse anxiety and memory,cortical infarct area,pyroptosis,and neurogenesis,respectively.Using bioinformatics analysis,western blotting,co-immunoprecipitation,and mass spectroscopy,we identified S100 calcium binding protein A9(S100A9)as a potential regulator of mitochondrial function and determined its possible interacting proteins.Interactions between exogenous and endogenous mitochondria,as well as the effect of exogenous mitochondria on recipient microglia,were assessed in vitro.Our data showed that:(1)mitochondrial transplantation markedly reduced mortality and improved emotional and cognitive function,as well as reducing infarct area,inhibiting pyroptosis,and promoting cortical neurogenesis;(2)microglial expression of S100A9 was markedly increased by ischemic injury and regulated mitochondrial function;(3)in vitro,exogenous mitochondria enhanced mitochondrial function,reduced redox stress,and regulated microglial polarization and pyroptosis by fusing with endogenous mitochondria;and(4)S100A9 promoted internalization of exogenous mitochondria by the microglia,thereby amplifying their pro-proliferation and anti-inflammatory effects.Taken together,our findings show that mitochondrial transplantation protects against the deleterious effects of ischemic stroke by suppressing pyroptosis and promoting neurogenesis,and that S100A9 plays a vital role in promoting internalization of exogenous mitochondria.

NLRP3/1-mediated pyroptosis:beneficial clues for the development of novel therapies for Alzheimer’s disease

The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex involved in innate immunity that mediates the inflammatory response leading to pyroptosis,which is a lytic,inflammatory form of cell death.There is accumulating evidence that nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflammasome-mediated microglial pyroptosis and NLRP1 inflammasome-mediated neuronal pyroptosis in the brain are closely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.In this review,we summarize the possible pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease,focusing on neuroinflammation.We also describe the structures of NLRP3 and NLRP1 and the role their activation plays in Alzheimer’s disease.Finally,we examine the neuroprotective activity of small-molecule inhibitors,endogenous inhibitor proteins,microRNAs,and natural bioactive molecules that target NLRP3 and NLRP1,based on the rationale that inhibiting NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis can be an effective therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease.

Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 ameliorates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by suppressing NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated astrocyte pyroptosis

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with high morbidity and mortality and lacks effective treatment.Pyroptosis is a crucial mechanism underlying early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.Previous studies have confirmed that tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6(TSG-6)can exert a neuroprotective effect by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis.However,no study to date has explored whether TSG-6 can alleviate pyroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.In this study,a C57BL/6J mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage was established using the endovascular perforation method.Our results indicated that TSG-6 expression was predominantly detected in astrocytes,along with NLRC4 and gasdermin-D(GSDMD).The expression of NLRC4,GSDMD and its N-terminal domain(GSDMD-N),and cleaved caspase-1 was significantly enhanced after subarachnoid hemorrhage and accompanied by brain edema and neurological impairment.To explore how TSG-6 affects pyroptosis during early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage,recombinant human TSG-6 or a siRNA targeting TSG-6 was injected into the cerebral ventricles.Exogenous TSG-6 administration downregulated the expression of NLRC4 and pyroptosis-associated proteins and alleviated brain edema and neurological deficits.Moreover,TSG-6 knockdown further increased the expression of NLRC4,which was accompanied by more severe astrocyte pyroptosis.In summary,our study revealed that TSG-6 provides neuroprotection against early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by suppressing NLRC4 inflammasome activation-induced astrocyte pyroptosis.

Lupenone improves motor dysfunction in spinal cord injury mice through inhibiting the inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in microglia via the nuclear factor kappa B pathway

Spinal cord injury-induced motor dysfunction is associated with neuroinflammation.Studies have shown that the triterpenoid lupenone,a natural product found in various plants,has a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect in the context of chronic inflammation.However,the effects of lupenone on acute inflammation induced by spinal cord injury remain unknown.In this study,we established an impact-induced mouse model of spinal cord injury,and then treated the injured mice with lupenone(8 mg/kg,twice a day)by intrape ritoneal injection.We also treated BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine5’-triphosphate to simulate the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury.Our res ults showed that lupenone reduced IKBa activation and p65 nuclear translocation,inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome function by modulating nuclear factor kappa B,and enhanced the conve rsion of proinflammatory M1 mic roglial cells into anti-inflammatory M2 microglial cells.Furthermore,lupenone decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation,NLRP3-induced mic roglial cell polarization,and microglia pyroptosis by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B pathway.These findings suggest that lupenone protects against spinal cord injury by inhibiting inflammasomes.

Crosstalk among mitophagy,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necroptosis in central nervous system injuries

Central nervous system injuries have a high rate of resulting in disability and mortality;however,at present,effective treatments are lacking.Programmed cell death,which is a genetically determined fo rm of active and ordered cell death with many types,has recently attra cted increasing attention due to its functions in determining the fate of cell survival.A growing number of studies have suggested that programmed cell death is involved in central nervous system injuries and plays an important role in the progression of brain damage.In this review,we provide an ove rview of the role of programmed cell death in central nervous system injuries,including the pathways involved in mitophagy,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necroptosis,and the underlying mechanisms by which mitophagy regulates pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necro ptosis.We also discuss the new direction of therapeutic strategies to rgeting mitophagy for the treatment of central nervous system injuries,with the aim to determine the connection between programmed cell death and central nervous system injuries and to identify new therapies to modulate programmed cell death following central nervous system injury.In conclusion,based on these properties and effects,interventions targeting programmed cell death could be developed as potential therapeutic agents for central nervous system injury patients.

Conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells treats spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglial pyroptosis

Human dental pulp stem cell transplantation has been shown to be an effective therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury.However,whether the human dental pulp stem cell secretome can contribute to functional recovery after spinal cord injury remains unclear.In the present study,we established a rat model of spinal cord injury based on impact injury from a dropped weight and then intraperitoneally injected the rats with conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells.We found that the conditioned medium effectively promoted the recovery of sensory and motor functions in rats with spinal cord injury,decreased expression of the microglial pyroptosis markers NLRP3,GSDMD,caspase-1,and interleukin-1β,promoted axonal and myelin regeneration,and inhibited the formation of glial scars.In addition,in a lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia model,conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells protected cells from pyroptosis by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway.These results indicate that conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells can reduce microglial pyroptosis by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway,thereby promoting the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury.Therefore,conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells may become an alternative therapy for spinal cord injury.

Identification and validation of a pyroptosis-related prognostic model for colorectal cancer based on bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data

BACKGROUND Pyroptosis impacts the development of malignant tumors,yet its role in colorectal cancer(CRC)prognosis remains uncertain.AIM To assess the prognostic significance of pyroptosis-related genes and their association with CRC immune infiltration.METHODS Gene expression data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and single-cell RNA sequencing dataset GSE178341 from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO).Pyroptosis-related gene expression in cell clusters was analyzed,and enrichment analysis was conducted.A pyroptosis-related risk model was developed using the LASSO regression algorithm,with prediction accuracy assessed through K-M and receiver operating characteristic analyses.A nomo-gram predicting survival was created,and the correlation between the risk model and immune infiltration was analyzed using CIBERSORTx calculations.Finally,the differential expression of the 8 prognostic genes between CRC and normal samples was verified by analyzing TCGA-COADREAD data from the UCSC database.RESULTS An effective pyroptosis-related risk model was constructed using 8 genes-CHMP2B,SDHB,BST2,UBE2D2,GJA1,AIM2,PDCD6IP,and SEZ6L2(P<0.05).Seven of these genes exhibited differential expression between CRC and normal samples based on TCGA database analysis(P<0.05).Patients with higher risk scores demonstrated increased death risk and reduced overall survival(P<0.05).Significant differences in immune infiltration were observed between low-and high-risk groups,correlating with pyroptosis-related gene expression.CONCLUSION We developed a pyroptosis-related prognostic model for CRC,affirming its correlation with immune infiltration.This model may prove useful for CRC prognostic evaluation.

Upregulation of circ0000381 atienuates microglial/macrophage pyroptosis after spinal cord injury

Neuroinflammation exacerbates secondary damage after spinal cord injury,while microglia/macrophage pyroptosis is important to neuroinflammation.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)play a role in the central nervous system.However,the functional role and mechanism of circRNAs in regulating microglia/macrophage pyroptosis after spinal cord injury are still poorly studied.In the present study,we detected microglia/macrophage pyroptosis in a female rat model of spinal cord injury,along with upregulated levels of circ0000381 in the spinal cord.Our further experimental results suggest that circ0000381 may function as a sponge to sequester endogenous microRNA423-3p(miR-423-3p),which can increase the expression of NOD-like receptor 3(NLRP3),a pyroptosis marker.Therefore,upregulation of circ0000381 may be a compensatory change after spinal cord injury to attenuate microglia/macrophage pyroptosis.Indeed,knockdown of circ0000381 expression exacerbated microglia/macrophage pyroptosis.Collectively,our findings provide novel evidence for the upregulation of circ0000381,which may serve as a neuroprotective mechanism to attenuate microglia/macrophage pyroptosis after spinal cord injury.Accordingly,circ0000381 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of spinal cord injury.

Membrane vesicles derived from Streptococcus suis serotype 2 induce cell pyroptosis in endothelial cells via the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway

Streptococcus suis serotype 2(S.suis 2)is a zoonotic pathogen that clinically causes severe swine and human infections(such as meningitis,endocarditis,and septicemia).In order to cause widespread diseases in different organs,S.suis 2 must colonize the host,break the blood barrier,and cause exaggerated inflammation.In the last few years,most studies have focused on a single virulence factor and its influences on the host.Membrane vesicles(MVs)can be actively secreted into the extracellular environment contributing to bacteria-host interactions.Gram-negative bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles(OMVs)were recently shown to activate host Caspase-11-mediated non-canonical inflammasome pathway via deliverance of OMV-bound lipopolysaccharide(LPS),causing host cell pyroptosis.However,little is known about the effect of the MVs from S.suis 2(Gram-positive bacteria without LPS)on cell pyroptosis.Thus,we investigated the molecular mechanism by which S.suis 2 MVs participate in endothelial cell pyroptosis.In this study,we used proteomics,electron scanning microscopy,fluorescence microscope,Western blotting,and bioassays,to investigate the MVs secreted by S.suis 2.First,we demonstrated that S.suis 2 secreted MVs with an average diameter of 72.04 nm,and 200 proteins in MVs were identified.Then,we showed that MVs were transported to cells via mainly dynamin-dependent endocytosis.The S.suis 2 MVs activated NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD canonical inflammasome signaling pathway,resulting in cell pyroptosis,but it did not activate the Caspase-4/-5 pathway.More importantly,endothelial cells produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and lost their mitochondrial membrane potential under induction by S.suis 2 MVs.The results in this study suggest for the first time that MVs from S.suis 2 were internalized by endothelial cells via mainly dynamin-dependent endocytosis and might promote NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway by mitochondrial damage,which produced mtDNA and ROS under induction,leading to the pyroptosis of endothelial cells.

Icariin plus curcumol enhances autophagy through the mTOR pathway and promotes cathepsin B-mediated pyroptosis of prostate cancer cells

Objective:To examine the effect of icariin plus curcumol on prostate cancer cells PC3 and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods:We employed the Cell Counting Kit 8 assay and colony formation assay to assess cell viability and proliferation.Autophagy expression was analyzed using monodansylcadaverine staining.Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate protein expressions related to autophagy,pyroptosis,and the mTOR pathway.Cellular damage was examined using the lactate dehydrogenase assay.Moreover,cathepsin B and NLRP3 were detected by co-immunoprecipitation.Results:Icariin plus curcumol led to a decrease in PC3 cell proliferation and an enhancement of autophagy.The levels of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰand beclin-1 were increased,while the levels of p62 and mTOR were decreased after treatment with icariin plus curcumol.These changes were reversed upon overexpression of mTOR.Furthermore,3-methyladenine resulted in a decrease in inflammatory cytokines,pyroptosis-related protein levels,and lactate dehydrogenase concentration,compared to the icariin plus curcumol group.Inhibiting cathepsin B reversed the regulatory effects of icariin plus curcumol.Conclusions:Icariin plus curcumol demonstrates great potential as a therapeutic agent for castration-resistant prostate cancer by enhancing autophagy via the mTOR pathway and promoting pyroptosis mediated by cathepsin B.These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of icariin and curcumol for prostate cancer treatment.

Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote intestinal injury in severe acute pancreatitis by mediating enteric pyroptosis

Background:Visceral adipose tissue(VAT)has been linked to the severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)prognosis,although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.It has been reported that pyroptosis worsens SAP.The present study aimed to verify whether mesenteric adipose tissue(MAT,a component of VAT)can cause secondary intestinal injury through the pyroptotic pathway.Methods:Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were divided into six different groups.Twelve rats were randomly divided into the SAP and control groups.We monitored the changes of MAT and B lymphocytes infiltration in MAT of SAP rats.Twelve SAP rats were injected with MAT B lymphocytes or phosphate buffer solution(PBS).The remaining twelve SAP rats were first injected with MAT B lymphocytes,and then with MCC950(NLRP3 inhibitor)or PBS.We collected blood and tissue samples from pancreas,gut and MAT for analysis.Results:Compared to the control rats,the SAP group showed inflammation in MAT,including higher expression of tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6),lower expression of IL-10,and histological changes.Flow cytometry analysis revealed B lymphocytes infiltration in MAT but not T lymphocytes and macrophages.The SAP rats also exhibited intestinal injury,characterized by lower expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin,higher levels of lipopolysaccharide and diamine oxidase,and pathological changes.The expression of NLRP3 and n-GSDMD,which are responsible for pyroptosis,was increased in the intestine of SAP rats.The injection of MAT B lymphocytes into SAP rats exacerbated the inflammation in MAT.The upregulation of pyroptosis reduced tight junction in the intestine,which contributed to the SAP progression,including higher inflammatory indicators and worse histological changes.The administration of MCC950 to SAP+MAT B rats downregulated pyroptosis,which subsequently improved the intestinal barrier and ameliorated inflammatory response of SAP.Conclusions:In SAP,MAT B lymphocytes aggravated local inflammation,and promoted the injury to the intestine through the enteric pyroptotic pathway.

Hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect neurons from cardiac arrest-induced pyroptosis

Cardiac arrest can lead to severe neurological impairment as a result of inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation neurological damage.Hypoxic preconditioning has been shown to improve migration and survival of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells and reduce pyroptosis after cardiac arrest,but the specific mechanisms by which hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against brain injury after cardiac arrest are unknown.To this end,we established an in vitro co-culture model of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells and oxygen–glucose deprived primary neurons and found that hypoxic preconditioning enhanced the protective effect of bone marrow stromal stem cells against neuronal pyroptosis,possibly through inhibition of the MAPK and nuclear factor κB pathways.Subsequently,we transplanted hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells into the lateral ventricle after the return of spontaneous circulation in an 8-minute cardiac arrest rat model induced by asphyxia.The results showed that hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells significantly reduced cardiac arrest–induced neuronal pyroptosis,oxidative stress,and mitochondrial damage,whereas knockdown of the liver isoform of phosphofructokinase in bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibited these effects.To conclude,hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells offer a promising therapeutic approach for neuronal injury following cardiac arrest,and their beneficial effects are potentially associated with increased expression of the liver isoform of phosphofructokinase following hypoxic preconditioning.

SLC6A14 promotes ulcerative colitis progression by facilitating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis

BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an inflammatory condition with frequent relapse and recurrence.Evidence suggests the involvement of SLC6A14 in UC pathogenesis,but the central regulator remains unknown.AIM To explore the role of SLC6A14 in UC-associated pyroptosis.METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),immunoblotting,and immunohistochemical were used to assess SLC6A14 in human UC tissues.Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)was used to induce inflammation in FHC and NCM460 cells and model enteritis,and SLC6A14 levels were assessed.Pyroptosis markers were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,Western blotting,and qRT-PCR,and EdU incubation,CCK-8 assays and flow cytometry were used to examine proliferation and apoptosis.Mouse models of UC were used for verification.RESULTS SLC6A14 was increased and correlated with NLRP3 in UC tissues.LPS-induced FHC and NCM460 cells showed increased SLC6A14 levels.Reducing SLC6A14 increased cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis.Reducing SLC6A14 decreased pyroptosis-associated proteins(ASC,IL-1β,IL-18,NLRP3).NLRP3 overexpression counteracted the effects of sh-SLC6A14 on LPS-induced FHC and NCM460 cell pyroptosis.SLC6A14 improved the mucosa in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.CONCLUSION SLC6A14 promotes UC pyroptosis by regulating NLRP3,suggesting the therapeutic potential of modulating the SLC6A14/NLRP3 axis.

Overview of ferroptosis and pyroptosis in acute liver failure

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhou et al published in a recent issue.We specifically focus on the crucial roles of ferroptosis and pyroptosis in acute liver failure(ALF),a disease with high mortality rates.Ferroptosis is the result of increased intracellular reactive oxygen species due to iron accumulation,glutathione(GSH)depletion,and decreased GSH peroxidase 4 activity,while pyroptosis is a procedural cell death mediated by gasdermin D which initiates a sustained inflammatory process.In this review,we describe the characteristics of ferroptosis and pyroptosis,and discuss the involvement of the two cell death modes in the onset and development of ALF.Furthermore,we summarize several interfering methods from the perspective of ferroptosis and pyroptosis for the alleviation of ALF.These observations might provide new targets and a theoretical basis for the treatment of ALF,which are also crucial for improving the prognosis of patients with ALF.

Targeting both ferroptosis and pyroptosis may represent potential therapies for acute liver failure

In this editorial,we comment on the article published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.Acute liver failure(ALF)is a fatal disease that causes uncontrolled massive hepatocyte death and rapid loss of liver function.Ferroptosis and pyroptosis,cell death forms that can be initiated or blocked concurrently,can play significant roles in developing inflammation and various malignancies.However,their roles in ALF remain unclear.The article discovered the positive feedback between ferroptosis and pyroptosis in the progression of ALF,and revealed that the silent information regulator sirtuin 1(SIRT1)inhibits both pathways through p53,dramatically reducing inflammation and protecting hepatocytes.This suggests the potential use of SIRT1 and its downstream molecules as therapeutics for ALF.Thus,we will discuss the role of ferroptosis and pyroptosis in ALF and the crosstalk between these cell death mechanisms.Additionally,we address potential treatments that could alleviate ALF by simultaneously inhibiting both cell death pathways,as well as examples of SIRT1 activators being used as disease treatment strategies,providing new insights into the therapy of ALF.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 ameliorates hyperuricemia-induced hepatocyte pyroptosis via NLRP3 inflammasome cascade inhibition

Hyperuricemia is a high-risk factor for the development of gout and renal fibrosis,but the adverse effects of hyperuricemia on the liver have been seriously neglected.This research investigated the ameliorating effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 on hyperuricemia induced liver dysfunction both in vitro and in vivo.Cell free extracts of high dose L.rhamnosus Fmb14 treatment reduced the death rate of HepG2 cell lines from 24.1%to 14.9%by inhibiting NLRP3 recruitment,which was mainly activated by reactive oxygen species release and mitochondrial membrane potential disorder.In purine dietary induced hyperuricemia(PDIH)mice model,liver oedema and pyroptosis were ameliorated after L.rhamnosus Fmb14 administration through downregulating the expression levels of NLRP3,caspase-1 and gasdermin-D from 1.61 to 0.86,3.15 to 1.01 and 5.63 to 2.02,respectively.L.rhamnosus Fmb14 administration restored mitochondrial inner membrane protein(MPV17)and connexin 43 from 2.83 and 0.73 to 0.80 and 0.98 respectively in PDIH mice,indicating that dysbiosis of mitochondrial membrane potential was restored in liver.Intriguingly,PDIH pyroptosis stimulates the process of apoptosis,which leads to severe leakage of hepatocytes,and both of pyroptosis and apoptosis were decreased after L.rhamnosus Fmb14 treatment.Therefore,L.rhamnosus Fmb14 is a promising biological resource to maintain homeostasis of the liver in hyperuricemia and the prevention of subsequent complications.

Research progress on the effect of pyroptosis on the occurrence,development,invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer

Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death mediated by gasdermines(GSDMs).The N-terminal domain of GSDMs forms pores in the plasma membrane,causing cell membrane rupture and the release of cell contents,leading to an inflammatory response and mediating pyrodeath.Pyroptosis plays an important role in inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors.With the further study of pyroptosis,an increasing number of studies have shown that the pyroptosis pathway can regulate the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immunity of colorectal cancer and is closely related to the occurrence,development,treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer.This review aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis and the role of pyroptosis in the occurrence,development,treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer(CRC)and to provide ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Celastrol activates caspase-3/GSDME-dependent pyroptosis in tumor cells by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress Author links open overlay panel

Objective To investigate the pyroptosis-inducing effects of celastrol on tumor cells and to explore the potential mechanisms involved,specifically focusing on the role of the caspase-3/gasdermin E(GSDME)signaling pathway and the impact of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and autophagy.Methods Necrostatin-1(Nec-1),lactate dehydrogenase release(LDH)assay,and Hoechst/propidium iodide(PI)double staining were employed to validate the mode of cell death.Western blot was used to detect the cleavage of GSDME and the expression of light chain 3(LC3)and BIP.Results Celastrol induced cell swelling with large bubbles,which is consistent with the pyroptotic phenotype.Moreover,treatment with celastrol induced GSDME cleavage,indicating the activation of GSDME-mediated pyroptosis.GSDME knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 blocked the pyroptotic morphology of celastrol in HeLa cells.In addition,cleavage of GSDME was attenuated by a specific caspase-3 inhibitor in celastrol-treated cells,suggesting that GSDME activation was induced by caspase-3.Mechanistically,celastrol induced endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and autophagy in HeLa cells,and other ER stress inducers produced effects consistent with those of celastrol.Conclusion These findings suggest that celastrol triggers caspase-3/GSDME-dependent pyroptosis via activation of ER stress,which may shed light on the potential antitumor clinical applications of celastrol.

Erythropoietin-induced hepatocyte receptor A2 regulates effect of pyroptosis on gastrointestinal colorectal cancer occurrence and metastasis resistance

Erythropoietin-induced hepatocyte receptor A2(EphA2)is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a key role in the development and progression of a variety of tumors.This article reviews the expression of EphA2 in gastrointestinal(GI)colorectal cancer(CRC)and its regulation of pyroptosis.Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that plays an important role in tumor suppression.Studies have shown that EphA2 regulates pyrodeath through various signaling pathways,affecting the occurrence,development and metastasis of GI CRC.The overexpression of EphA2 is closely related to the aggressiveness and metastasis of GI CRC,and the inhibition of EphA2 can induce pyrodeath and improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment.In addition,EphA2 regulates intercellular communication and the microenvironment through interactions with other cytokines and receptors,further influencing cancer progression.The role of EphA2 in GI CRC and its underlying mechanisms provide us with new perspectives and potential therapeutic targets,which have important implications for future cancer treatment.

The mechanism and treatment strategies of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction(MI)is associated with high morbidity and mortality and poses a significant challenge to human health.Despite advances in medicine,effective treatment options for MI are still associated with adverse outcomes,such as heart failure.Consequently,identifying the pathogenesis of MI is a promising avenue for developing practical treatments.The inflammatory response plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of MI.Gasdermin D(GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis regulates the inflammatory response,which is a pathogenic and potential therapeutic target for MI.Therefore,anti-pyroptosis treatment is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach for MI.Overall,this article reviews the mechanism and treatment strategies for GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in MI,with the hope of providing insights into pathogenic interventions.