Rapid Analysis of Four Alkaloids in Uncaria rhynchophylla by Core-Shell Column HPLC and Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker(QAMS)

As a traditional herbal medicine,the major alkaloids in Uncaria rhynchophylla have been proven to have blood pressure-lowering and sedative effects.It is essential to develop an effective method for the determination of the major alkaloids in U.rhynchophylla.In this research,a rapid quantitative analysis involving multi-components analysis by a single marker strategy coupled with core-shell column HPLC was adopted to analyse four alkaloids(corynoxeine,isocorynoxeine,isorhynchophylline,rhynchophylline)in U.rhynchophylla.Isorhynchophylline was selected as the internal reference substance,the content of which was determined by the traditional external standard method.Relative correction factors(RCF)between isorhynchophylline and the other three alkaloids were calculated respectively.The results showed that the QAMS method had good robustness under different HPLC instruments.Nineteen batches of U.rhynchophylla were tested.No significant difference was observed between the results by QAMS and EMS(Correlation coefficient>0.99,p>0.05).The QAMS method could be employed as a rapid,effective technique for the quality control of U.rhynchophylla.

Quality Evaluation of Streptocaulon griffithii Hook Based on Fingerprint and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Components by the QAMS Method

[Objectives]Chromatographic fingerprint analysis technology and quantitative analysis of multi-components by singlemarker(QAMS)were used to identify the authenticity and multi-component quantitative analysis ofStreptocaulon griffithiiHook,which provided experimental reference for the quality evaluation and control ofS.griffithiiHook.[Methods]Method was carried out on Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)column with mobile phase composed of methanol-0.2%phosphoric acid solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min in gradient elution mode.The column temperature was maintained at 30℃,the injection volume was 5μL,and the detection wavelengths were set at 230 nm.The HPLC fingerprint ofS.griffithiiHook was established byFingerprint Similarity Evaluation Software of Traditional Chinese Med-i cine(2012 edition),and the quality of 11 batches ofS.griffithiiHook extracts was analyzed.The content of chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid and4-methoxysalicylaldehyde inS.griffithiiHook was determined by QAMS.[Results]Thirteen common peaks were identified in the extract ofS.g riffithiiHook,and three components were identified as chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid and 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde,there was no significant difference between QAMS method and external standard method with chlorogenic acid as reference substance.[Conclusions]The established HPLC method is specific,accurate,stable and reproducible,and it can be used as an effective method for the quality control ofS.griffithii Hook.

Simultaneous Determination of Six Components in Wanjinxiang Shushuang Ointment by QAMS

[Objectives]To regulate the quality of Wanjinxiang Shushuang Ointment through simultaneously quantifying menthol,camphor,1,8-cineole,linalool,borneol and caryophyllene oxide by QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker).[Methods]The method was performed using an Agilent DB-WAX(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25μm)polyethylene glycol chromatographic column;with nitrogen employed as a carrier gas.The constant pressure was 4.73 psi;and the injection temperature was 240℃,with a shunt ratio:of 10:1;The hydrogen flame ion detector with a detector temperature of 240℃;the injection volume was 0.3μL.To verify the accuracy and applicability of QAMS,the results were compared with those obtained using the internal standard method(naphthalene).[Results]In Wanjinxiang Shushuang Ointment,menthol,camphor,1,8-cineole,linalool,borneol,caryophyllene oxide and naphthalene were well separated by the same chromatography with good linearity in their respective ranges(R≥0.9992).The average recoveries were 99.66%,101.03%,98.07%,98.24%,101.39%,and 103.39%with RSD s of 0.69%,1.52%,1.25%,1.94%,1.44%,and 2.74%,respectively.The QAMS is similar to the internal standard method.[Conclusions]This simple,accurate method with high precision,separation and reproducibility can serve as a reference for the quality control of Wanjinxiang Shushuang Ointment.

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenolic acids,salvianolic acid B,tanshinol,lithospermic acid and rosmarinic acid in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae by HPLC and conduct methodological investigation.[Methods]Salvianolic acid B,with moderate retention time,good resolution,great response value and easy availability was selected as the internal standard,and the relative retention values and relative correction factors between tanshinol,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B were established.The results of QAMS were compared with those of external standard method to verify the accuracy and applicability of QAMS.[Results]There were no significant differences between the calculated values of QAMS and the measured values of external standard method.The relative deviation was less than 3%,and the relative correction factors obtained from the experiment were credible.[Conclusions]QAMS can be used to determine the contents of phenolic acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae formula granules.

Application of Fingerprint Combined with QAMS in Quality Evaluation of Zhenrongdan Mixture

[Objectives] The research aimed to evaluate the quality of Zhenrongdan mixture by fingerprint combining QAMS. [Methods] The quality evaluation method was established and validated with echinacoside as internal reference to determine the contents of other components(ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, and icariin) according to the relative correction factor. The accuracy and feasibility of QAMS were evaluated by comparison on the results between the measured value and calculation value by external standard method and QAMS. [Results] A common pattern of characteristic fingerprint of Zhenrongdan mixture by HPLC was established. Thirteen common peaks were identified, and they account for 91% of the total peak area, and four components were verified in five batches of Zhenrongdan mixture. Good similarities with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 were found in the fingerprints. There was no significant difference between the quantitative results of the four ingredients in the five batches by external standard method and QAMS. [Conclusions] The method of fingerprint combined with QAMS could be used for the quality control of multiple components determination and fingerprint chromatography for Zhenrongdan mixture.

Simultaneous determination of ten components in Dianxiankang Capsules by HPLC QAMS

Objective:To establish an high performance liquid chromatography-quantitative analysis of multi components by single marker(HPLC-QAMS)method for simultaneous determination of gastrodin,parishin E,parishin B,parishin,tenuifolin,onjisaponin B,methylophiopogonanone A,methylophiopogonanone B,β-asarone andαasarone in Dianxiankang Capsules.Methods:Waters Symmetry C_(18)column was used with acetonitrile-0.05%phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase for gradient elution.Multiwavelength switching detection.The contents of gastrodin,parishin E,parishin B,parishin,onjisaponin B,methylophiopogonanone A,methylophiopogonanone B,β-asarone andα-asarone were calculated by relative correction factor.At the same time,the contents of 10 components in 12 batches of Dianxiankang Capsules were determined by external standard method(ESM).Results:An HPLC-QAMS method was established tenuifolin as the internal reference substance was established.The relative correction factors of gastrodin,parishin E,parishin B,parishin,onjisaponin B,methylophiopogonanone A,methylophiopogonanone B,β-asarone andα-asarone were 0.8238,0.7239,1.0229,1.1881,0.7272,1.3108,0.9314,0.6549 and 1.0572,respectively.The relative correction factors had good repeatability and no significant difference with ESM(P>0.05).Conclusion:HPLC-QAMS can be used for simultaneous determination of multi-index components in Dianxiankang Capsules.

一种 QAM星座点优化方法及性能分析

正交幅度调制(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,QAM)是目前无线通信中大量应用的调制技术,其位于4个角的星座点易受链路的影响而导致较高误码率。提出了一种QAM星座点整形优化方法,并对整形优化后的QAM星座点性能进行了计算机仿真分析。以标准星座点为初始值,通过遗传算法逐步迭代,搜索出抗削峰的星座点,从而降低解调误码。仿真结果表明,相比标准QAM,整形优化后的星座点峰均比降低1 dB@1E-6,且在OBO=3.5 dB时有大约0.3 dB@SER=1E-3的解调增益提升。

相位噪声对 16QAM 通信系统性能影响及其均衡算法研究

在分析相位噪声对16QAM通信性能影响的基础上,提出了一种基于误差判决的多模均衡算法(Multiple Modulus Algorithm Based on Error Judgment,MMA-EJ),该算法不仅利用信号的相位信息消除了卫星通信中载波频偏引入的相位失真,还考虑了多电平幅度调制中不同半径星座点引入的幅度误差影响,因此相对于恒模算法(Constant Modulus Algorithm,CMA)来说,提高了均衡算法的精度。仿真结果表明,与传统的恒模均衡算法相比,提出的基于误差判决的MMA算法不仅可以消除高速信号传输时的码间串扰(Inter Symbol Interference,ISI),还可以消除传输系统中的相位噪声,提高16QAM通信系统的传输性能。

一测多评法同时测定车前草中4种活性成分的含量

目的:建立一测多评法(Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker,QAMS)同时测定车前草中原儿茶酸、儿茶素、槲皮素和木犀草素的含量,并验证此方法的可行性及适应性。方法:以槲皮素为内标物,建立其与其他3种成分间的相对校正因子,并计算4种成分含量,实现一测多评。结果:槲皮素与其他3种成分的相对校正因子分别为1.199 2、0.861 3、1.606 9;采用一测多评法测定的10批次车前草中4种活性成分的含量与外标法测定结果无显著差异。结论:该方法准确稳定,可用于车前草多指标质量控制。

基于QAM的协作通信系统物理层认证技术

针对两用户协作通信系统的身份认证问题,提出了一种基于正交幅度调制(QAM)的协作物理层认证机制。在该机制中,两个单天线用户分别使用同相与正交分量传输自己及伙伴的消息和标签,从而实现两用户消息和标签的唯一分解。基站采用最大比合并检测用户消息和标签,并通过标签对比完成物理层身份认证。在等功率分配且用户上行信道对称的典型场景下,给出了消息和标签的误码率闭合表达式。结果表明:在信噪比(SNR)为6~15 dB时,所提机制的认证概率与非协作物理层认证相比提高了12%~20%,非法攻击认证概率仅保持在10^(-3)量级,所提认证机制具有更好的身份认证性能。

基于自适应联合调制的massive MIMO-OFDM相位噪声消除方案

极化状态是信号的固有属性,具有对相位噪声不敏感的特性,利用极化状态承载信息的极化调制能消除相位噪声。但极化调制需要2根天线发送和接收,在相位噪声功率较小或无相位噪声时,遍历容量性能较差。为解决此问题,提出一种自适应联合调制方案。该方案结合了正交振幅调制(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,QAM)和极化调制,并通过自适应调整QAM调制和极化调制阶数的方法,提升不同相位噪声功率时的遍历容量。仿真结果表明,该方案的遍历容量性能优于极化调制和QAM调制方案。

一种新的叠加64QAM星座设计方案

为了提升可见光通信系统的传输速率和克服信道相关性,在2×2多输入多输出可见光通信系统中提出一种叠加64阶正交幅度调制(64QAM)星座方案。首先,在发射端生成两路几何整型的8QAM信号,通过两个发光二极管(LED)发送;其次,在自由空间传输到接收端线性叠加得到一个方形的64QAM星座信号。实验表明,所提方案误码率更低、电压峰峰值工作范围更广,相较于现有方案的发射端信号具有更大的最小欧式距离和较低的峰均功率比值,因此抗噪声能力更强,能有效降低发射端LED产生非线性失真风险。理论仿真和实验都证明了其优越性。

Wi-Fi 7技术的关键技术分析及应用场景

该文通过回顾Wi-Fi技术的发展历程,引出Wi-Fi 7技术的发展必然趋势,并将Wi-Fi 7技术与Wi-Fi 6技术进行对比,详解Wi-Fi 7的特性与优势,Wi-Fi 7中的核心关键技术、安全与隐私保护机制以及未来的应用场景。

一种5G FBMC-16QAM抗干扰系统仿真研究

为了解决5G通信系统中存在的干扰问题,提出一种将多载波技术(FBMC)与正交幅度调制(QAM)技术相结合的方法,可以更好地解决相邻子载波干扰问题,并提高功率效率、降低带外衰减。进而设计一种基于5G FBMC系统的16QAM调制解调器,并通过星座图和FBMC-16QAM调制解调数据的误码率仿真曲线进行分析与比较,结果表明:随着信噪比的增加,误码率逐渐降低。此外,在信噪比相同的情况下,随着进制数的增加,误码率也逐渐增加。

基于不同内参物的一测多评法测定黄刺玫中5种成分的含量

建立基于不同内参物的一测多评法测定黄刺玫中矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芦丁、异槲皮苷、木犀草素和槲皮素5种成分的含量。分别以芦丁、异槲皮苷和木犀草素为内参物,计算另外4种成分的相对校正因子建立一测多评法,计算12批黄刺玫样品中5种成分的含量,并比较外标法和一测多评法测定结果之间的差异。结果表明外标法和一测多评法测定12批黄刺玫样品中5种成分的含量相对标准偏差均小于3.0%,表明两种方法的测定结果无明显差异。所建立的一测多评法同时测定黄刺玫中5种成分的含量与外标法结果无明显差异,可用于黄刺玫的质量控制和评价。

电力载波芯片全数字QAM调制器电路设计

文中设计一种应用于高速窄带电力载波芯片中信号发射机部分的正交幅度调制(QAM)调制器。采用自上而下的方法,首先进行调制系统整体设计,再对各模块进行设计,最后进行各模块的顶层设计,所有电路的设计采用Verilog HDL进行描述。所设计的64QAM调制器可以实现信号在频带受限的信道中以较高的速率传输,满足电力载波芯片内QAM部分的设计要求。

400G高速传输系统的关键技术研究和应用探讨

随着国家“东数西算”工程八大枢纽、十大集群战略规划的部署实施和落地建设,以及AIGC、AR/VR等新兴业务与应用的快速发展,网络带宽和流量规模迫切需要大幅度提升,这也为传送网演进升级到400G时代提供了直接驱动力。当前产业界主流400G系统在骨干及城域层面的编码调制解决方案主要有两种:一是基于PCS-16QAM的调制格式,波特率约90GBaud、频谱间隔100GHz,适合中长距传输;二是基于QPSK的调制格式,波特率约为130GBaud、频谱间隔150GHz,用于超长干线传输。

一测多评法在中药质量控制中的应用进展

总结、归纳近年来一测多评法在中药质量控制中的实例,探讨其在中药不同类型成分定量分析中的最新研究进展。该方法采用易得、价廉的对照品来测定多个活性成分,适合中药多成分、多功效作用的评价模式,其简单、可行,将有利于提高中药质量控制的水平。

一测多评HPLC法测定丹参水溶性提取物中4个水溶性成分含量

目的建立丹参水溶性提取物中4个水溶性成分(丹参素钠、紫草酸、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B)的一测多评法。方法以丹参素钠为内参物,建立丹参水溶性提取物中紫草酸、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B相对于丹参素钠的相对校正因子。通过相对校正因子计算其他3个成分的量,并将计算结果与外标法测定结果进行比较。结果各成分相对校正因子重现性良好,一测多评法与外标法测定结果无显著差异。结论本方法简便,测定结果准确,可用于控制丹参水溶性提取物的内在质量。

一测多评技术在鼻咽解毒胶囊质量评价中的应用

目的建立鼻咽解毒胶囊一测多评的含量测定方法 ,验证该方法在鼻咽解毒胶囊质量控制中应用的可行性和准确性。方法以盐酸小檗碱为内参物,建立盐酸小檗碱与黄芩苷的相对校正因子,同时根据盐酸小檗碱与巴马汀、黄连碱、表小檗碱的内在函数关系,应用于含量测定,建立其一测多评法的多指标质量控制方法。结果建立了鼻咽解毒胶囊中多种成分一测多评法方法学的考察模式。结论以盐酸小檗碱、巴马汀、黄连碱、表小檗碱和黄芩苷为指标,采用一测多评法控制鼻咽解毒胶囊质量可行。