Collective excitations and quantum size effects on the surfaces of Pb(111)films:An experimental study

Pb(111)film is a special system that exhibits strong quantum size effects in many electronic properties.The collective excitations,i.e.,plasmons,in Pb(111)films are also expected to show signatures of the quantum size effect.Here,using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy,we measured the plasmons on the surface of Pb(111)films with different film thicknesses and analyzed the plasmon dispersions.One surface plasmon branch exhibits prominent damping in the small momentum range,which can be attributed to the interaction between the top and bottom interfaces of the Pb(111)films.With the film thickness increasing,the critical momentum characterizing the damping in Pb(111)films decays not only much slower in Pb(111)films than in other metal films,and even in films with the thickness up to 40 monolayers the damping still exists.The slow decay of the surface plasmon damping,manifesting the strong quantum size effect in Pb(111)films,might be related to the strong nesting of the Fermi surface along the(111)direction.

Quantum Size Effect of the Magnetism of an Electron in a Metal Layer of the Layered Compounds M/I/M/I…

The energies and the magnetization of an electron in a piece of metal in the structure of Metal/Insulator/Metal/Insulator… (M/I/M/I…), in a magnetic field, at high temperature, and in range of quantum size thickness of the piece of metal layer have been obtained. The results show that when the thickness of the metal layer becomes smaller, the orbital magnetism of the charged particles which collide with the wall of the metal layer is to vary from diamagnetism to paramagnetism. The smaller the thickness of the metal layer becomes, the more particles will collide with the boundary of the metal layer, and then the paramagnetism becomes stronger. Finally, when the thickness of the metal layer becomes very small (<100 nm), all of the orbital diamagnetism will reverse to paramagnetism, and then the paramagnetization will be almost a maximum constant.

First-Principles Calculations of the Quantum Size Effects on the Stability and Reactivity of Ultrathin Ru (0001) Films

We carry out first-principles calculations of Ru（0001） films up to 30 monolayers （MLs） to study the quantum size effect （Q, SE） of Ru films for two cases： the freestanding Ru films and Ru films on Pt（111） substrates. Our studies show that the properties of these films （surface energy, work-function, charge density decay length in a vacuum and chemical reactivity） exhibit pronounced oscillatory behavior as a function of the film thickness, with an oscillation period of about four MLs for both cases due to the relationship of the match between the Fermi wave vector and the film thickness. Due to the localization of d-electron of Ru films, these quantum oscillations almost disappear when the thickness of the film is more than -20 ML for the free standing Ru films, while for the Ru films on Pt substrates the oscillations disappear quickly when the thickness of the film is beyond -13 ML. Our results reveal that the stability and reactivity of the Ru films could be tailored through Q, SE and the Ru bilayer grown on Pt substrates observed in the experiment is also related to the effect.

Finite size effects on helical edge states in HgTe quantum wells with the spin orbit coupling due to bulk- and structure-inversion asymmetries

There is a quantum spin Hall state in the inverted HgTe quantum well, characterized by the topologically protected gapless helical edge states lying within the bulk gap. It has been found that for a strip of finite width, the edge states on the two sides can couple together to produce a gap in the spectrum. The phenomenon is called the finite size effect in quantum spin Hall systems. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the spin-orbit coupling due to bulk- and structure-inversion asymmetries on the finite size effect in the HgTe quantum well by means of the numerical diagonalization method. When the bulk-inversion asymmetry is taken into account, it is shown that the energy gap Eg of the edge states due to the finite size effect features an oscillating exponential decay as a function of the strip width of the HgTe quantum well. The origin of this oscillatory pattern on the exponential decay is explained. Furthermore, if the bulk- and structure-inversion asymmetries are considered simultaneously, the structure-inversion asymmetry will induce a shift of the energy gap Eg closing point. Finally, based on the roles of the bulk- and structure-inversion asymmetries on the finite size effects, a way to realize the quantum spin Hall field effect transistor is proposed.

Quantum size effect and nonlinear optical effect of nano ZnS in noncrystal silica

Nano material is one of the low-dimensional materials. It is a hot point and the frontiers in materials research, and absorbs much interest because of the high nonlinear optical effect. In 1983, Jain and Lind first found that glass containing CdSxSe1-x microcrystallite exhibited high resonant nonlinear optical snsceptibility of 10-9—10-8 esu with fast response time, and the size of the CdxSe1-x microcrystallite was estimated to be about 10—100nm. Since then, more people have worked on the research of semiconductor-doped glass. In Japan, Masayuki Nagomi and the staff researched the quantum size effect and adsorption spectra of CdS, PbS, CuCl, CdTe-doped silica gel glass. Much work has been done on the semiconductor-doped glass in the Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Xi’an Jiaotong University. A series of semiconductor microcrystallite-doped silica gel glass was prepared and the structure and properties were researched.

Preparation and Quantum Size Effect of Semiconductor CdS Doped Silica Glass 0-3 Nanocomposites Through sol-gel Process

With the development of advanced new technologies, optoelectronics has anincreasing need of nonlinear optical materials. Research into nanometer materials hasbeen very active since the Japanese physicist R. Kubo first proposed the so-called'Kubo effect' in metallic nanometer particles. The research of nano-materials hasextended to metal oxides, polar compounds, semiconductors, etc.

Polar Mixing Optical Phonon Spectra in Wurtzite GaN Cylindrical Quantum Dots: Quantum Size and Dielectric Effects

The interface-optical-propagating （IO-PR） mixing phonon modes of a quasi-zero-dimensional （QOD） wurtzite cylindrical quantum dot （QD） structure are derived and studied by employing the macroscopic dielectric continuum model. The analytical phonon states of IO-PR mixing modes are given. It is found that there are two types of IO-PR mixing phonon modes, i.e. p-IO//z-PR mixing modes and the z-IO//p-PR mixing modes existing in QOD wurtzite QDs. And each IO-PR mixing modes also have symmetrical and antisymmetrieal forms. Via a standard procedure of field quantization, the Frohlich Hamiltonians of electron-（IO-PR） mixing phonons interaction are obtained. Numerical calculations on a wurtzite GaN cylindrical QD are performed. The results reveal that both the radial-direction size and the axial-direction size as well as the dielectric matrix have great influence on the dispersive frequencies of the IO-PR mixing phonon modes. The limiting features of dispersive curves of these phonon modes are discussed in depth. The phonon modes ＂reducing＂ behavior of wurtzite quantum confined systems has been observed obviously in the structures. Moreover, the degenerating behaviors of the IO-PR mixing phonon modes in wurtzite QOD QDs to the IO modes and PR modes in wurtzite Q2D QW and QID QWR systems are analyzed deeply from both of the viewpoints of physics and mathematics.

Finite size effects on the quantum spin Hall state in HgTe quantum wells under two different types of boundary conditions

The finite size effect in a two-dimensional topological insulator can induce an energy gap Eg in the spectrum of helical edge states for a strip of finite width. In a recent work, it has been found that when the spin--orbit coupling due to bulk-inversion asymmetry is taken into account, the energy gap Eg of the edge states features an oscillating exponential decay as a function of the strip width of the inverted HgTe quantum well. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the interface between a topological insulator and a normal insulator on the finite size effect in the HgTe quantum well by means of the numerical diagonalization method. Two different types of boundary conditions, i.e., the symmetric and asymmetric geometries, are considered. It is found that due to the existence of the interface between topological insulator and normal insulator this oscillatory pattern on the exponential decay induced by bulk-inversion asymmetry is modulated by the width of normal insulator regions. With the variation of the width of normal insulator regions, the shift of the Dirac point of the edge states in the spectrum and the energy gap Eg closing point in the oscillatory pattern can occur. Additionally, the effect of the spin-orbit coupling due to structure-inversion asymmetry on the finite size effects is also investigated.

Finite size effects on the helical edge states on the Lieb lattice

For a two-dimensional Lieb lattice,that is,a line-centered square lattice,the inclusion of the intrinsic spin–orbit（ISO）coupling opens a topologically nontrivial gap,and gives rise to the quantum spin Hall（QSH） effect characterized by two pairs of gapless helical edge states within the bulk gap.Generally,due to the finite size effect in QSH systems,the edge states on the two sides of a strip of finite width can couple together to open a gap in the spectrum.In this paper,we investigate the finite size effect of helical edge states on the Lieb lattice with ISO coupling under three different kinds of boundary conditions,i.e.,the straight,bearded and asymmetry edges.The spectrum and wave function of edge modes are derived analytically for a tight-binding model on the Lieb lattice.For a strip Lieb lattice with two straight edges,the ISO coupling induces the Dirac-like bulk states to localize at the edges to become the helical edge states with the same Dirac-like spectrum.Moreover,it is found that in the case with two straight edges the gapless Dirac-like spectrum remains unchanged with decreasing the width of the strip Lieb lattice,and no gap is opened in the edge band.It is concluded that the finite size effect of QSH states is absent in the case with the straight edges.However,in the other two cases with the bearded and asymmetry edges,the energy gap induced by the finite size effect is still opened with decreasing the width of the strip.It is also proposed that the edge band dispersion can be controlled by applying an on-site potential energy on the outermost atoms.

Investigation of Dynamical Parameters of Exciton Confined in CdS Spherical Quantum Dots with a B—Spline Technique

Exciton energies as a function of radii of quantum dots in the range of 5–35 ? are calculated based on effective mass approximation model with the B-spline technique and compared with experimental and other theoretical data for the CdS dots. This method leads to accurate and fast convergent exciton energy, which are in good agreement with experimental data in the whole confinement regime. The effect of penetration of wave function from the inside to the outside of the dots and the effect of dielectric constants are taken into account. The magnitudes of dynamical parameters are discussed. It is found that the different materials surrounding the CdS quantum dot affect not only the potential energy and Coulomb interaction energy of the system, but also the effective masses. The comparison shows that the effective mass approximation model can describe very well the quantum size effects observed experimentally on the exciton ground state energy.

ZnO@Porous Media,Their PL and Laser Effect

Optoelectronic nanocomposites are a new class of materials, which exhibit very interesting and particular properties and attract a growing attention due to their potential applications in information storage and optoelectronic devices. Zinc oxide, ZnO, is one of the most interesting binary semiconductor （3.37 eV） with very important optical properties, which can be used in the fields such as short wavelength lasers, blue light emitting diodes, UV detectors, gas sensors, etc. This paper reviews the very recent progress in the prepa- ration of silica-based ZnO nanocomposites. After an introduction reviewing the theoretical background, the article will begin with a survey of the optical properties and the quantum size effect （QSE） of ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposites prepared by the inclusion of ZnO nanoclusters inside silica mesoporous materials. The second part will focus on one of the most interesting properties of ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposites, which is the random lasing effect after one- and two-photon excitation. The final part will deal with the introduction of ZnO nanoparticles inside microporous zeolites and the observation of QSE. For comparison, the photoluminescence （PL） and QSE properties of ZnS nanoparticles occluded in mesoporous media are also described. New potential applications will be discussed since short-wavelength devices are required by industry to design, for instance, new information storage supports and biolabelling devices.

Dependence of Optical Absorption in Silicon Nanostructures on Size of Silicon Nanoparticles

The amorphous silicon nanoparticles （Si NPs） embedded in silicon nitride （SiNx） films prepared by helicon wave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition （HWP-CVD） technique are studied. From Raman scattering investigation, we determine that the deposited film has the structure of silicon nanocrystals embedded in silicon nitride （nc-Si/SiNx） thin film at a certain hydrogen dilution amount. The analysis of optical absorption spectra implies that the Si NPs is affected by quantum size effects and has the nature of an indirect-band-gap semiconductor. Further, considering the effects of the mean Si NP size and their dispersion on oscillator strength, and quantum-confinement, we obtain an analytical expression for the spectral absorbance of ensemble samples. Gaussian as well as lognormal size-distributions of the Si NPs are considered for optical absorption coefficient calculations. The influence of the particle size-distribution on the optical absorption spectra was systematically studied. We present the fitting of the optical absorption experimental data with our model and discuss the results.

Quantum Analytical Theory for Giant Magnetoresistance in Magnetic Multilayered Cylindrical Systems

Taking into account the quantum size effects and considering three types of scattering from bulk impurities,rough surface and rough interfaces, we use quantum-statistical Green's function approach and Kubo theory to calculate the electronic conductivity and the giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayered cylindrical systems. It is found that in the limit of weakly scattering from impurities surface and interfaces, the total conductivity is given by a sum of conductivities of all the subbands and two spin-channels. For each subband and each spin-channel the scattering rate due to the impurities, surface and interfaces is added up.

液相超声法制备金属及化合物量子点研究进展

量子点(Quantum Dots,QDs)的电子结构及光学性质等与传统材料显著不同,由于其独特的尺寸效应和表面效应而受到广泛关注,除金属硫化物量子点外,其他含金属元素的量子点有Ⅴ族金属单质、Ⅱ-Ⅵ族量子点、Ⅳ-Ⅵ族量子点及碳化物量子点等。液相超声法是一种制备量子点的重要手段,具有操作简单、反应速度快、产率高和粒径可控性好等优势。量子点具有可调控的光学性质、高量子效率和荧光亮度、优越的电子输运性能、良好的化学稳定性和生物兼容性等良好的特性,使其在光电子学、光催化和生物医学等领域得到了深入的研究。本文综述了超声法制备不同金属及金属化合物量子点的研究进展,并对其应用进行了归纳和总结。最后,对超声法制备金属单质及金属化合物量子点进行了展望。

点亮纳米科学的量子点——2023年诺贝尔化学奖浅谈

随着化学学科的发展,人们能够制备出的化合物种类越来越多,对物质的研究也遍及不同的尺度:从宏观到微观以及二者之间的介观——通常在纳米量级。在纳米尺度上,很多材料的性质表现出与尺寸之间的关联效应,量子点就是其中最典型的代表。量子点指尺寸与其激子波尔半径相近时表现出尺寸依赖的量子效应的一类半导体,在保持组成不变的前提下,通过尺寸调控就可以改变其带隙以及相应的吸收和发射光谱。这一特性为半导体纳米材料的研究与应用带来了新的机遇。2023年诺贝尔化学奖授予量子点的工作,赞扬其点亮纳米科学。本文主要围绕三位获奖科学家的工作,从量子点的发现和合成的研究历程出发,对相关的科学发展和事件做简要的总结和评述。

Synthesis of Nanometer Cobalt Blue Pigment by Microemulsion Method and Control of Diameter of Particle

The nanometer cobalt blue pigments were prepared by microemulsion method. Using dynamic light scattering(DLS) test method, the influences of water content on the size of liquid drop of microemulsion and the liquid drop of microemulsion on the final diameter of nanometer particle were studied in the course of preparation. Accordingly, the method to control the diameter of nanometer particle by changing water content was established. The nanometer cobalt blue particles were confirmed by XRD and TEM. Color parameters of pigments were determined. The quantum size effect of the pigments was discussed.

二氧化钛的尺寸与光催化活性的关系

采用溶胶－凝胶法控制制备了晶粒尺寸从１０ｎｍ到８０ｎｍ的二氧化钛纳米半导体．用光催化降解苯酚作为模型反应，结合ＸＲＤ，ＤＲＳ，ＦＳ等表征手段，研究了纳米ＴｉＯ２的制备条件与其晶粒尺寸和相结构的关系，探讨了纳米ＴｉＯ２尺寸效应对其光催化活性的影响．发现当晶粒尺寸小于１６ｎｍ时，二氧化钛半导体具有了明显的尺寸量子效应．尺寸量子效应对提高ＴｉＯ２光催化降解苯酚的催化活性起了极为重要的作用．

纳米材料及其技术的应用前景

纳米材料由于其独特的表面效应、体积效应以及量子尺寸效应 ,使得材料的电学、力学、磁学、光学等性能产生了惊人的变化。纳米技术在精细陶瓷、微电子学、生物工程、化工、医学等领域的成功应用及其广阔的应用前景 ,使得纳米材料及其技术成为目前科学研究的热点之一 ,被认为是 2 1世纪的又一次产业革命。

ZnO超微粒子的量子尺寸效应和光催化性能

利用Raman激光光谱、XRD、TEM、BET、SPS和UV -Vis等手段研究了ZnO超微粒子的量子尺寸效应和光催化性能 .结果发现 ,前驱物碱式碳酸锌在 32 0、4 30和 550℃经热处理制得的ZnO超微粒子的粒径分别为 1 3.5、1 9.3和 2 6.1nm ,属六方晶系纤锌矿结构 ;随着热处理温度的降低 ,ZnO粒子的粒径减小 ,Ra man激光光谱、SPS和UV -Vis吸收峰均发生蓝移 ,表现了量子尺寸效应 ;在光催化降解苯酚的过程中 ,ZnO超微粒子比商品ZnO的光催化活性高 ,且随着热处理温度的升高 ,其光催化活性下降 .

CdS纳米粒子制备的影响因素及CdS纳米粒子-酚藏花红体系的光谱特性

室温条件下在水溶液中合成了粒度分布均匀、分散性好的CdS纳米粒子.研究了pH值、反应时间等条件因素对其吸收光谱和荧光光谱特性的影响,并探讨了CdS纳米粒子-酚藏花红体系的光谱特性、可能的作用机理和应用前景.