An ethnobotanical study of forage plants in Zhuxi County in the Qinba mountainous area of central China

In the Qinba mountainous area of Central China,pig farming has a significant impact on the growth of the rural economy and has substantially increased farmer incomes.Traditional knowledge plays an important role in the selection of forage plant species for pig farming by local people.This study aimed to identify the forage plants used for pig feeding and to catalog indigenous knowledge regarding their use.During 2016 and 2017,ethnobotanical surveys and inventories were conducted in Zhuxi County,Hubei Province,China.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews,key informant reports,free listings,guided field walks,and participatory observations with 77 households in 16 villages in 13 towns/townships.The obtained data were analyzed using a relative frequency citation(RFC)index.Overall,145 wild forage plants from 91 genera and 31 families were recorded.The most cited families were Asteraceae,Polygonaceae,Urticaceae,Amaranthaceae,Fabaceae,Cruciferae,Caryophyllaceae,and Lamiaceae.Whole plants(75.9%)and tender leaves(12.4%)were the most frequently used parts of the plants.Most of the forage plants were herbaceous(88.9%).Almost all forage plants could be collected throughout the year(62.7%).Raw and cooked were the two main preparation methods.The most frequently cited species were Taraxacum mongolicum,Bidens pilosa,Sonchus oleraceus,Pilea verrucosa,and Pilea pumila var.obtusifolia.A total of 14 species were identified as the top forage plants in Zhuxi County based on their RFC values(RFC value greater than 0.5).Local people possess rich traditional knowledge about the utilization and management of forage plants for pig feeding.However,the maintenance of this traditional knowledge may be seriously threatened by changes in pig feeding modes and the lack of successors.Appropriate strategies and action plans have been suggested for the conservation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity and the sustainable use of forage species resources.These include 1)taking targeted measures to protect forage resources and associated traditional knowledge;2)strengthening research on the forage plants with the highest RFC values for nutritional value,digestibility,other functions,and ecological status;and 3)enhancing the identification of poisonous forage plants.

Applicability of TRMM Precipitation Product in Qinba Mountainous Area of Shaanxi Province

The applicability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM3B42V7) precipitation data in the region was evaluated using the measured daily precipitation data in 16 hydrological stations in Shaanxi Province from 1998 to 2014. The evaluation process with several statistical error metrics was applied to daily, monthly, and annual timescale. The results show that the satellite and gauge stations show good consistency for monthly and annual timescale, but rather worse accuracy of daily timescale. All timescales produced the overestimated result of average precipitation measurement. The spatially statistical distribution shows a slight correlation between the observation and satellite estimation, especially at the higher elevation area such as Taibai. The TRMM precipitation value is closer to the gauge station precipitation value at a place with lower elevation, whether the timescale is daily, monthly or annual. At the same time, the smaller timescale leads to closer relations between elevation and metrics. The research results are important value of the research study of meteorological process in the Qinba mountain area.

Development of Qinba Mountainous Area in the Historical Period from the Perspective of Man-Land Relationship

Taking agricultural development as the starting point,this paper explored the dynamic mechanism and implementation path of agricultural development in Qinba Mountainous Area from the perspective of man-land relationship. It found the regular understanding of ecological changes in Qinba Mountains. It is a comprehensive review and exploration on agricultural development and environmental evolution,and aims to provide a historical reference for the development of the contemporary Qinba Mountains.

Study on Biogas Development in the Qinba Mountain Area in the Background of Developing Ecological Civilization

Biogas is a clean energy source with high value for the comprehensive development and utilization of the Qinba Mountain area.Promoting biogas in the Qinba Mountain area can effectively solve the energy dilemma in the construction of a new socialist countryside.However, the promotion and usage of biogas are faced with economic, technical, and policy obstacles.The government and farmers of the five provinces and one municipality in the Qinba Mountain area have invested time and resources to build household biogas pools and related supporting facilities.Whether these facilities can continue to play a role or not has become the most important issue faced by these farmers.Based on the inputs and outputs of biogas processes in the Qinba Mountain area, we present an analysis of the factors affecting the construction, maintenance, operations, and utilization of biogas in this area, and put forward relevant suggestions for the healthy and sustainable development of household biogas in the Qinba Mountain area.

镇域尺度下秦巴山区堆积层滑坡易发性不同单元评价性能对比研究

秦巴山区堆积层滑坡数量多、分布广、密度大、频次高,所造成的危害十分严重,且具有孕灾条件复杂多样和部分灾害评价数据获取难度大等特征。笔者选取秦巴山区小岭镇作为研究区,在地质灾害野外调查基础上,结合堆积层滑坡区域特点,采取栅格、斜坡两种单元类型,因地制宜的提取了滑坡孕灾因子,分析其相关性,提选出坡度、坡高、坡面形态、斜坡结构类型、堆积层厚度、距道路、矿区、断裂的距离等8个因子作为堆积层滑坡特征因子,运用随机森林模型方法对该镇域进行了滑坡易发性评价;并通过评价结果频率比、ROC曲线、易发性概率均值与标准差,对栅格单元、斜坡单元两种单元类型的精度与准确性进行了验证,结果表明:两种评价单元的预测结果都有良好的表现,但斜坡单元作为评价单元总体预测性能高于栅格单元,栅格单元在灾害防治具体空间部署上有着更精细的参考。研究成果对秦巴山区镇域地质灾害风险评价工作有一定的理论和实践意义。

Preliminary study on ecological environment and biological resources of Qinba areas

The Qinba areas,located in the Central China,represent 317000 km2,cover 6 provinces.The major mountain of Qinba areas,the Qinling,separates China North and South.This region is one of the areas with the most biodiversity and ecological importance in China and globally,and considered as natural gene bank and bio-resource bank.Qinba mountain areas,together with the Alps in Europe and the Rocky Mountains in North America,are known as the"Three sisters of the earth"by the geological and biological circles.Most of the lands in this region are protected as national park,natural reserve,water resource protection area,etc.These areas have well preserved ecosystem and breeding and habitat area for many endangered species of plants and animals,inculding Panda.In this region,there are more than 4000 species of higher plants,about 2000 species of medicinal plants and animals,200 species of wild ornamental plants and 180 species of economic fungi with edible and medicinal value in those areas.Medicinal plant cultivation,eco-agriculture and ecotourism are the major industries in this region.The State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Qinba Areas,located in Hanzhong,the central city of Qinba,is focusing on pan-regional biological resources research and rational utilization,ecological protection,and comprehensive and coordinated regional development.

Effects of Soil Characters on the Tea Quality in the Tea Region of Qin-Ba Mountain,Hubei Province,PR China

Based on the analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil,nutrient elements and biochemical compositions of tea leaves,the relationship between soil characters and tea quality was studied.The results showed that soil total phosphorus,potassium,available potassium,copper and zinc were the main factors which affected and limited the content of nutrient elements of tea leaves.Furthermore,soil pH,organic matter,total nitrogen,potassium,exchangeable calcium,magnesium,available copper and zinc were the main factors affecting and limiting the content of biochemical compositions in tea leaves.Tea quality could be improved by controlling these soil factors.

生态文明地方探索:秦巴山区生态保护与绿色发展战略对策思考

秦巴山区地处我国陆地版图中央,是南北气候和地理格局的天然分界线,具有十分重要的地理与生态价值。秦巴山区生态保护与绿色发展既是我国生态安全格局建设和区域协调发展的战略需求,也是深化落实生态文明方略、推进构建人与自然生命共同体伟大进程的必然选择。目前该区域面临着生态敏感、相对贫困、空间失衡和发展失序等一系列突出问题。针对存在问题,结合已有研究和实践,本文指出强化生态保护修复与治理、建立绿色循环产业体系、促进空间均衡与区域协调是推动秦巴山区生态保护与绿色发展的战略重点;需要采取的关键对策包括:以国家公园为主体构建自然保护地体系,推动山水林田湖草保护与修复工程;以绿色发展为导向,构建山区生态产业体系;基于资源环境承载能力,优化区域发展格局与空间管控方案;强化顶层设计,构建区域一体化的政策机制和保障体系。

巴山西段米仓山北坡近地面气温垂直变化特征

巴山是中国中亚热带气候和北亚热带气候的分界线,深入了解区域内复杂地形下近地面气温的垂直变化特征,可为气候变化研究、生态监测、生态环境保护等提供依据及基础数据。利用2013-2019年巴山西段米仓山北坡高差超过1400 m的4个区域自动气象站和周围3个气象站的近地面实测温度,结合2017-2019年汉中探空资料,分析了米仓山北坡近地面气温的垂直变化特征,比较了近地面气温和环境大气气温递减率(γ)的差异,探讨了其垂直气候带。结果表明:(1)近地面气温随海拔升高而下降,在7月和1月分别达到最高和最低。年均γ为0.624±0.136℃·(100m)^(-1),与自由大气γ比较接近。月均γ在12月最小,随月份逐步增加,8月达最大后再减小。γ季节变化明显,暖季γ值较高,冷季较低,春夏秋冬季均γ分别为0.647±0.099℃·(100m)^(-1)、0.732±0.103℃·(100m)^(-1)、0.605±0.113℃·(100m)^(-1)和0.508±0.120℃·(100m)^(-1)。日最高/最低气温与日均气温的月季变化类似,年均γ分别为0.646±0.185℃·(100m)^(-1)和0.606℃±0.166℃·(100m)^(-1);各高度上年均日较差在7~10℃之间波动,与高度不存在明显的线性关系;年较差随高度增加呈线性下降。(2)近年来,区域内γ下降趋势可能已经发生了改变,很大程度上归因于高海拔地区与低海拔地区辐射差异快速缩小,以及气溶胶与前期相反的垂直变化趋势。(3)随高度增加,积温线性下降,递减率约213℃·(100m)^(-1);日平均气温≥0、5和10℃温度阈值的初日推后,终日提早,间隔日数缩短,每升高100 m,其积温持续天数分别减少3.4天、6.1天和7.0天。(4)在0.5~1.0 km、1.0~2.5 km、2.5~4.5 km和4.5 km以上,环境大气温度随高度变化的层次性明晰,反映了青藏高原大地形、秦岭地形、米仓山地形和下垫面对气温垂直变化的综合影响。4个高度区间内γ的差异较大,逆温尤其是冬季边界层上部和对流层中层逆温对它的双重影响明显。近地面各月γ比环境大气γ要大,5月后与0.5~1.0 km高度层γ的位相变化类似。(5)巴山垂直气候带可分为北亚热带、暖温带和中温带,分别处于500~1000 m、1000~1500 m和1500~2500 m。

人为干扰对秦巴山区中段植物物种联结性的影响

为了研究秦巴山区中段植被在不同干扰状态下物种联结性的变化规律,以瀛湖流域为研究对象,按照人为干扰强度的差异,将其分为轻度干扰、中度干扰、重度干扰三个区域,采用典型取样法,在每个区域内设置15个样方套,通过方差比率、χ^(2)检验、OI指数等方法计算乔、灌、草三个层次的物种联结性。结果表明:①在45个样方套中共记录植物100科、195属、256种;乔、灌、草三个层次的科数依次增加,但在3种不同干扰状态下共有科的比例却依次减少,共有种也有相似的变化规律。②不同干扰状态下各层次科的数量变化规律与种的变化规律大致相同,草本植物在中度干扰状态下科数与种数均为最高;灌木层的科数、种数均随着干扰程度的加强而减少;乔木层的变化不明显。③随着干扰的加强,乔、灌、草三个层次的总体联结性均发生变化;乔木层在轻度干扰下呈无联结性,但其测度值较低,极易触及负联结,随着干扰程度的加强,其变化规律为无联结—负联结—无联结;灌木层总体联结关系的变化最为显著,其变化规律为正联结—无联结—负联结;草本层呈现无联结—正联结—无联结的变化规律;④建立2×2列联表,将21个重要值较高的物种进行比较发现,在不同的干扰强度下,无联结关系的物种对所占的比例差异不大,均占主导地位;随着人为干扰强度的加大,负联结关系的物种对数量明显减少,使正、负物种对数量之比加大;同轻度干扰相比,中度、重度干扰下正、负联结关系的显著性均有所削弱;自然状态下呈负联结关系的物种对更容易受人为干扰影响,使其数量与联结程度同时降低;⑤相对而言,研究区内灌木层的破坏程度大于乔木层与草本层。

韧性理论视角下秦巴山区农村居民点布局优化研究——以城口县东安镇为例

快速城镇化背景下,因山区区位资源的独特性,亟待探索山区农村居民点布局优化方案.以秦巴山区城口县东安镇为研究对象,基于韧性理论,构建农村居民点韧性水平评价指标体系,从农村居民点内部韧性与外部环境韧性维度探究山区农村居民点的韧性水平,科学提出农村居民点空间布局优化路径,为因地制宜优化乡村人居环境、促进空间布局优化与民生改善提供参考.结果表明:①东安镇农村居民点整体韧性水平较高,高度安全的农村居民点斑块共221个,占东安镇总面积的19.53%.②东安镇农村居民点可划分为内核结构优化型、外缘系统提升型和搬迁撤并型,不同类型农村居民点应当顺应内外部资源条件,因地制宜地选择空间布局优化路径.

融合景观特征识别和景观健康评价的景观管护方法——以鄂西北秦巴山区为例

【目的】快速的城镇化进程使自然景观产生了巨大改变,对景观变化进行科学管护已成为亟须解决的问题。景观特征识别是管护景观变化的重要工具,健康评价是诊断区域景观环境问题的基础。针对现有健康评价研究的不足,尝试以景观特征识别为框架,试图构建一套区域尺度下的景观健康评价方法,用于指导宏观尺度的景观管护。【方法】以鄂西北秦巴山区为例,首先对其进行景观特征类型和景观特征区域的识别。随后围绕景观健康的问题,基于压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response,PSR)模型,从景观特征改变面临的压力、景观特征的构成与格局状态以及政策响应3个方面选取指标,构建景观健康评价体系。【结果】最终,划定出研究区26种景观特征区域,以及5个景观健康等级。结果表明,各单元景观健康综合指数为0.40~0.75,平均景观健康综合指数为0.61。鄂西北秦巴山区西部整体景观健康优于东部,西南部表现最佳,不健康、亚健康、健康、较健康和很健康的景观特征区域分别占研究区总面积的14.4%、23.0%、23.8%、24.6%和14.2%。【结论】揭示研究区景观健康现状与胁迫因子,同时结合上位规划和区域现状,提出基于不同景观健康等级的“一区一策”分级分类管护模式与原则,并总结部分代表性景特征区域的整治策略,以期为区域景观管护提供依据。

FY-4A产品在秦巴山区对流天气中的应用分析

以秦巴山区一次强对流天气过程为例,分析中国新一代静止气象卫星FY-4A多种产品的特征,揭示FY-4A产品在山区复杂地形下,应用于当地对流检测的效果。结果表明:FY-4A的云顶高度、云顶温度产品可以反映出对流初生、平移和成熟的特征,而云高、云温变率效果更加明显,还能有效区分对流成熟和减弱;FY-4A的对流初生产品和闪电产品没有检测到这次强对流天气,只有在对流云水平尺度较大、与环境背景对比明显时才有显示;FY-4A的云顶高度、云顶温度产品及其变率可以作为秦巴山区本地化对流检测和短时强降水预警的支持数据。

秦巴山区传统聚落的空间形态特征及逻辑关系研究

以秦巴山区235个国家级传统聚落为基础,选取典型聚落作为研究样本,基于高分辨率遥感影像、实地调研等多源时空数据,总结秦巴山区传统聚落的空间形态特征。运用多学科交叉复合研究的方式,从宏观、中观和微观层面揭示各类因素对聚落形态的影响,系统、深刻的剖析内在组成规律及成因,以期对传统聚落保护发展提供思路。

秦巴山区传统村落景观基因研究——以周至县厚畛子镇老县城村为例

文章从景观基因理论视角出发,通过识别秦巴山区传统村落景观的外在表达和内在特质,建立片区内独特的景观基因谱系,为地域景观文化的研究提供新路径。在对秦巴山区国家级传统村落进行调研的基础上,基于景观基因理论对传统村落景观基因进行识别与提取,从传统村落外在营构过程和内在文化形成两个层面,构建了双层(营构—文化)、六维、二十二类景观基因图谱体系,同时基于景观基因识别四原则,定性分析梳理了陕西省西安市周至县厚畛子镇老县城村景观基因特征。研究成果为秦巴山区传统村落景观基因研究提供借鉴和科学依据,为传统村落的完整性、特征性保护提供技术支持。

农户土地利用效率的空间分异及影响因素——以陕南秦巴山区为例

合理利用土地资源,提高土地利用效率是保障农业生产,推动社会经济发展的重要途径。基于陕南秦巴山区635份农户调研数据,通过数据包络分析(DEA)方法测算不同类型农户土地利用效率,采用莫兰指数分析农户土地利用效率的空间分布特征,并借助Tobit模型探究其影响因素。结果表明:①农户土地利用效率整体偏低,且一兼户效率最高,非农户最低;②农户土地利用效率集聚特征显著,整体呈现汉中市高于安康市以及商洛市最低的“西高东低”空间分布格局;③劳动力健康状况、耕地总面积、土地细碎程度与农业收入均显著影响农户土地利用效率,且不同要素对于不同类型、不同区域农户具有差异性。综上所述,建议当地政府从农业保护制度、土地流转制度、土地利用模式等方面入手提高农户土地利用效率,并在此基础上推进区域协调发展。

生态系统服务对生计资本的影响研究——基于生态补偿政策的调节作用

随着生态环境破坏和相对贫困难题日益突显,深入揭示生态系统服务对生计资本产生的影响,可为缓解生态环境恶化和解决相对贫困问题提供参考。基于2015—2021年陕南三市28个县区的面板数据,选用单位面积价值当量因子法测算生态系统服务价值,应用熵值法测算生计资本综合得分,实证验证生态系统服务对生计资本的影响机制,以及生态补偿政策在此影响过程中的调节作用。研究发现:(1)生态系统服务对生计资本具有显著促进作用;(2)生态补偿政策能够正向调节生态系统服务对生计资本的促进作用;(3)对不同区域而言,生态系统服务对商洛市的生计资本起到显著促进作用,对汉中市和安康市的生计资本没有显著影响;生态补偿政策显著正向调节安康市的生态系统服务对生计资本的影响;(4)对不同土地类型而言,林地生态系统服务对生计资本具有显著促进作用,耕地生态系统服务对生计资本具有显著抑制作用;生态补偿政策显著促进林地生态系统服务对生计资本的正向作用。为加强生态系统服务对生计资本的促进作用,要合理制定生态环境治理政策,提升生态系统服务价值;确定合理的生态补偿方式,加强生态修复,融合区域差异给予多样化的生态补偿支持。

传统村落微气候环境模拟应用与空间优化——以汉中市乐丰村为例

为了优化乡村公共空间及人居环境,定量评估、模拟传统村落的室外公共空间的热舒适性。以陕西省汉中市城固县乐丰村为例,采用实地田野空间调查与ENVI-Met 5.5技术方法,选取村域内3个不同位置对温度、湿度、风速及热舒适度等参数进行微气候仿真模拟。结果表明:乐丰村作为具有一定规模历史建筑聚集的村落,其生态气候适应性整体较好,但是局部微气候存在不适宜,村落内部不同片区的微气候有所不同的问题。村落街巷的风环境优越,通风状况良好,室外热舒适度较好。但在传统建筑街区,因建筑围合的原因出现温度、湿度变化显著,建议将村民活动的公共空间与巷道结合,利用较好的风环境增加村民活动交往,优化和提升乐丰村人居环境村落空间。由于建筑为挂牌的历史建筑,院落内部无法进行改建,可通过增加庭院绿化、水体等手段提升室外舒适度。

秦巴山区核桃举肢蛾潜在分布预测

研究并明确核桃举肢蛾在秦巴山区的潜在分布,对制定该虫的早期监测、预警及控制措施意义重大。基于核桃举肢蛾实际分布点位和当前情景下生物学气候数据,采用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和ArcGIS对其在秦巴山区的潜在分布区进行预测,用ROC曲线检测模型准确性、刀切法筛选主导环境变量。研究结果表明:(1)MaxEnt生态位模型重复测试的AUC平均为0.948,标准偏差为0.008,预测效果达到“较好”水平。(2)最湿月降水量、最干季平均温度、最冷月最低温度、海拔、最冷季降水量、等温性、最干季降水量和最冷季平均温度是主导核桃举肢蛾潜在分布的主要环境变量。(3)核桃举肢蛾高适生区主要集中在秦巴山区的中部,河南、四川、湖北、陕西、甘肃和重庆6省市均有分布,其中甘肃省面积最小(0.13×10^(4)km^(2)),陕西省面积最大(4.8×10^(4)km^(2))。

秦巴山区可再生能源发展与法律政策研究

实现能源的可持续开发利用是秦巴山区社会经济可持续发展的重要一环,从法律角度研究秦巴山区可再生能源发展意义重大。鉴于此,本文分别对秦巴山区可再生能源开发利用及相关法律政策的现状进行分析,进而对秦巴山区可再生能源开发利用法律保障的必要性、可能性及有效性进行论述,以期为秦巴山区可再生能源发展提供有效的法律依据。