Analysis of Outdoor Cultivation of Pepino(Solanum muricatum)in Qinghai Province

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the feasibility of planting pepino(Solanum muricatum Ait.)in Qinghai Province,and to understand the cultivation quality and yield in various areas of Qinghai.[Methods]With small fruit type of pepino as the material,four areas in eastern Qinghai were selected to determine the agronomic traits,yield and quality indexes of pepino.[Results]Under the same cultivation conditions,there were some differences in the cultivation status of pepino,but overall,pepino fruit had higher quality.Various physiological indexes were correlated with quality and yield.[Conclusions]This study clarified the specific cultivation situation of pepino in Qinghai Province,and evaluated the quality and yield of pepino,providing strong data support for the promotion and planting of pepino in various regions in the future.

Fluid Inclusions and Metallization of the Kendekeke Polymetallic Deposit in Qinghai Province, China

The Kendekeke polymetallic deposit,located in the middle part of the magmatic arc belt of Qimantag on the southwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin,is a polygenetic compound deposit in the Qimantag metallogenic belt of Qinghai Province.Multi-periodic ore-forming processes occurred in this deposit,including early-stage iron mineralization and lead-zinc-gold-polymetallic mineralization which was controlled by later hydrothermal process.The characteristics of the ore-forming fluids and mineralization were discussed by using the fluid inclusion petrography,Laser Raman Spectrum and micro-thermometry methods.Three stages,namely,S1-stage （copper-iron-sulfide stage）,S2-stage （lead-zinc-sulfide stage） and C-stage （carbonate stage） were included in the hydrothermal process as indicated by the results of this study.The fluid inclusions are in three types：aqueous inclusion （type I）,CO2-aqueous inclusion （type Ⅱ） and pure CO2 inclusion （type Ⅲ）.Type Ⅰ inclusions were observed in the S1-stage,having homogenization temperature at 240-320℃,and salinities ranging from 19.8％ to 25.0％ （wt％ NaCl equiv.）.All three types of inclusions,existing as immiscible inclusion assemblages,were presented in the S2-stage,with the lowest homogenization temperature ranging from 175 ℃ to 295℃,which represents the metallogenic temperature of the S2-stage.The salinities of these inclusions are in the range of 1.5％ to 16％.The fluid inclusions in the C-stage belong to types Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ,having homogenization temperatures at 120-210℃,and salinities ranging from 0.9％ to 14.5％.These observations indicate that the ore-forming fluids evolved from high-temperature to low-temperature,from high-salinity to low-salinity,from homogenization to immiscible separation.Results of Laser Raman Spectroscopy show that high density of CO2 and CH4 were found as gas compositions in the inclusions.CO2,worked as the pH buffer of ore-forming fluids,together with reduction of organic gases （i.e.CH4,etc）,affected the transport and sediment of the minerals.The fluid system alternated between open and close systems,namely,between lithostatic pressure and hydrostatic pressure systems.The calculated metallogenic pressures are in the range of 30 to 87 Mpa corresponding to 3 km mineralization depth.Under the influence of tectonic movements,immiscible separation occurred in the original ore-forming fluids,which were derived from the previous high-salinity,high-temperature magmatic fluids.The separation of CO2 changed the physicochemical properties and composition of the original fluids,and then diluted by mixing with extraneous fluids such as meteoric water and groundwater,and metallogenic materials in the fluids such as lead,zinc and gold were precipitated.

The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

Hot dry rock(HDR)is a kind of clean energy with significant potential.Since the 1970s,the United States,Japan,France,Australia,and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key technologies.However,up to now,the development of HDR is still in the research,development,and demonstration stage.An HDR exploration borehole(with 236℃ at a depth of 3705 m)was drilled into Triassic granite in the Gonghe Basin in northwest China in 2017.Subsequently,China Geological Survey(CGS)launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in 2019.After three years of efforts,a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made,including the genetic model of deep heat sources,directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock,large-scale reservoir stimulation,reservoir characterization,and productivity evaluation,reservoir connectivity and flow circulation,efficient thermoelectric conversion,monitoring,and geological risk assessment,etc.Then the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established accordingly.The first power generation test was completed in November 2021.The results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.

Ore-forming Fluid Characteristics of the Saishitang Cu-polymetallic Deposit in Qinghai Province,China

Saishitang Cu-polymetallic deposit is located in the southeast section of Late Paleozoic arcfoid in the southeastern margin of Qaidam platform. Accoring to the geological process of the deposit, four mineralization episodes were identified： melt/fluid coexisting period （O）, skarn period （A）, first sulfide period （B） and second sulfide period （C）, and 10 stages were finally subdivided. Three types of inclusions were classified in seven stages, namely crystal bearing inclusions （type I）, aqueous inclusions （type Ⅱ） and pure liquid inclusions （type Ⅲ）. Type I and Ⅱ inclusions were observed in stage O1, having homogenization temperature from 252 to 431℃, and salinities ranging from 24.3% to 48.0%. Type I inclusion was present in stage A1, having homogenization temperature from 506 to 548℃, and salinities ranging from 39.4% to 44.6%. In stage B1, type Ⅱ and Ⅲ inclusions were observed, with homogenization temperature concentrating between 300-400℃, and salinities from 0.4% to 4.3%. Type II inclusions were present in stage B2, with homogenization temperature varying from 403 to 550℃. In stage C1, type I and II inclusion commonly coexisted, and constituted a boiling inclusion group, having homogenization temperatures at 187-463℃, and salinities in a range of 29.4%-46.8% and 2.2%-11.0%. Type II and III inclusions were developed in stage C2, having homogenization temperature at 124-350℃, and salinities ranging between 1.6% and 15.4%. In stage C3, type Ⅱ and Ⅲ inclusions were presented, with a homogenization temperature range of 164-360℃, and salinities varying from 4.0% to 11.0%. The results of micro-thermal analysis show that fluids are characterized by high temperature and high salinity in stage O1 and A1, and experienced slight decrease in temperature and dramatic decrease in salinity in stage B1 and B2. In stage C1, the salinity of fluid increased greatly and a further decrease of temperature and salinity occurred in stage C2 and C3. Fluids boiled in stage C1. With calculated pressure of 22 MPa from the trapping temperature of 284- 289℃, a mineralization depth of 2.2 km was inferred. Results of Laser Raman Spectroscopy show high density of H2_O, CH_4 and CO_2 were found as gas composition. H-O isotope study indicates the ore- forming fluids were the mixture of magmatic water and meteoric water. Physicochemical parameters of fluids show oxygen and sulfur fugacity experienced a decrease, and redox state is weakly reducing. Along with fluid evolution, oxidation has increased slightly. Comprehensive analysis shows that melt exsolution occurred during the formation of quartz diorite and that metal elements existed and migrated in the form of chlorine complex. Immiscible fluid separation and boiling widely occurred after addition of new fluids, bringing about dissociation of chlorine-complex, resulting in a great deal of copper precipitation. In conclusion, Saishitang deposit, controlled by regional tectonics, is formed by metasomatism between highly fractionated mineralization rock body and wall rock, and belongs to banded skarn Cu-polymetallic deposit.Abstract： Saishitang Cu-polymetallic deposit is located in the southeast section of Late Paleozoic arcfoid in the southeastern margin of Qaidam platform. Accoring to the geological process of the deposit, four mineralization episodes were identified： melt/fluid coexisting period （O）, skarn period （A）, first sulfide period （B） and second sulfide period （C）, and 10 stages were finally subdivided. Three types of inclusions were classified in seven stages, namely crystal bearing inclusions （type I）, aqueous inclusions （type Ⅱ） and pure liquid inclusions （type Ⅲ）. Type I and II inclusions were observed in stage O1, having homogenization temperature from 252 to 431℃, and salinities ranging from 24.3% to 48.0%. Type I inclusion was present in stage A1, having homogenization temperature from 506 to 548℃, and salinities ranging from 39.4% to 44.6%. In stage B1, type II and III inclusions were observed, with homogenization temperature concentrating between 300-400℃, and salinities from 0.4% to 4.3%. Type II inclusions were present in stage B2, with homogenization temperature varying from 403 to 550℃. In stage C1, type I and II inclusion commonly coexisted, and constituted a boiling inclusion group, having homogenization temperatures at 187-463℃, and salinities in a range of 29.4%-46.8% and 2.2%-11.0%. Type II and III inclusions were developed in stage C2, having homogenization temperature at 124-350℃, and salinities ranging between 1.6% and 15.4%. In stage C3, type II and Ⅲ inclusions were presented, with a homogenization temperature range of 164-360℃, and salinities varying from 4.0% to 11.0%. The results of micro-thermal analysis show that fluids are characterized by high temperature and high salinity in stage O1 and A1, and experienced slight decrease in temperature and dramatic decrease in salinity in stage B1 and B2. In stage C1, the salinity of fluid increased greatly and a further decrease of temperature and salinity occurred in stage C2 and C3. Fluids boiled in stage C1. With calculated pressure of 22 MPa from the trapping temperature of 284- 289℃, a mineralization depth of 2.2 km was inferred. Results of Laser Raman Spectroscopy show high density of H_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 were found as gas composition. H-O isotope study indicates the ore- forming fluids were the mixture of magmatic water and meteoric water. Physicochemical parameters of fluids show oxygen and sulfur fugacity experienced a decrease, and redox state is weakly reducing. Along with fluid evolution, oxidation has increased slightly. Comprehensive analysis shows that melt exsolution occurred during the formation of quartz diorite and that metal elements existed and migrated in the form of chlorine complex. Immiscible fluid separation and boiling widely occurred after addition of new fluids, bringing about dissociation of chlorine-complex, resulting in a great deal of copper precipitation. In conclusion, Saishitang deposit, controlled by regional tectonics, is formed by metasomatism between highly fractionated mineralization rock body and wall rock, and belongs to banded skarn Cu-polymetallic deposit.

A New Discovery on the Deformation Behavior of Shale Gas Reservoirs Affecting Pore Morphology in the Juhugeng Coal Mining Area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China

Objective The Juhugeng mining area in Qinghai Province of northwest China has attracted wide attention among geologists for it hosts typical coal measure gases.The shale gas reservoirs were reformed by intensive structural movements during geological periods,

Permafrost in Qinghai Province:Characterization and impact on transportation construction

Through a long-term summary of highway construction in the permafrost regions of Qinghai Province, the formation conditions and distribution characteristics of permafrost and their impact on transportation construction are analyzed. Research achievements on the stability of highways and urgent technical problems in the transportation construction in permafrost regions are discussed, and new development directions of highway construction in permafrost regions of Qinghai Province are introduced to provide cold regions engineering researchers with valuable references.

Analysis on Prospecting Potential of Tungsten Polymetallic Ore in Haergeng of Gonghe County, Qinghai Province

The discovery of Gonghe County Haergeng tungsten polymetallic deposit is one of the most important tungsten deposits discovered in Qinghai Province in recent years.It has important theoretical and practicalsignificance.1 Regional geological background The research area lies in the northwest edge of

New Zircon U-Pb Age of Devonian Granites in the Niukutou Lead-Zinc Deposit, Qinghai Province and its Significance for Prospecting Blind Orebodies

Object The Eastern Kunlun Orogen(EKO), An important part of the Tethyan orogenic belt in the northern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(Li et al., 2014; Ren Haidong et al., 2016), is a key area for geological research and mineral exploration(Li Bile et al., 2015). The Qimantag Mountain is located in middle segment of the EKO, which has experienced the Early Paleozoic and Late Paleozoic–Early

Geochemical characteristics of geothermal water in Weiyuan geothermal field, Huzhu County, Qinghai Province

According to the chemical composition of thermal water from Geothermal Well DR2010 located in the Weiyuan Geothermal Field of Huzhu County in Qinghai Province, the groundwater recharge, age and geothermal resource potential of the thermal water are discussed by using the methods of Langelier-Ludwig Diagram, isotopic hydrology and geochemical thermometric scale. The analysis results indicate that the Weiyuan Geothermal Field is located in the northern fringe of Xining Basin, where the geothermal water, compared with that located in the central area of Xining Basin, is characterized by greater water yield, shallower buried depth of thermal reservoir and easier exploitation. Due to its active exchange with the modern cold water, the thermal water here shows relatively younger age. These findings provide a hydro-geochemical evidence for the exploitation of Weiyuan Geothermal Field.

Study on Comprehensive Evaluation of New Urbanization Level in Qinghai Province

The new type of urbanization has always been regarded as an important force to promote economic and social development and an important means to realize agricultural modernization.In order to analyze the problems existing in the process of urbanization in Qinghai Province,5 second-level indexes and 17 third-level indexes were constructed to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system of urbanization development level,and the entropy method was used to analyze the urbanization level of Qinghai Province from 1999 to 2018.The results show that the urbanization of Qinghai Province can be divided into three stages:in the first stage(from 1999 to 2005),the urbanization of Qinghai Province was basically in a stage of slow development;in the second stage(from 2006 to 2011),the urbanization of Qinghai Province was in the stage of slow growth;in the third stage(from 2012 to 2018),urbanization in Qinghai Province was in the stage of rapid and high-quality development.

Investigation of Cultivated Woody Plant Resources in Ping’an District of Qinghai Province in China

[Objectives]To investigate and find the characteristics and distribution of woody plant resources in Ping'an District of Qinghai Province.[Methods]The investigation was carried out by interview method,literature method and route method.[Results]There were 22 families,40 genera and 84 species of woody plants in Ping'an District of Qinghai Province,and their life forms were mainly shrubs.Cultivated woody plants in the study area were dominated by trees;the distribution of families and genera were mainly concentrated in single families,few families,single genera and few genera,the families and genera were narrow;economic value was mainly manifested in ornamental value.[Conclusions]The investigation results are expected to provide a certain reference for the economic development of cultivated woody plants in the study area.

QINGHAI PROVINCE

Qinghai Province is the place where the Yangtze, Yellow River and Lancang River all have their sources. It has six prefectures, a region, a prefectural city and 48 counties with a population of 4.74 million, comprising 58％ Han nationality and 42％ Tibetan, Hui, Tu, Sala, Mongolian and other national minorities. It is situated on the Qinghai-Ti-

Evaluation of Ecosystem Cultural Services in Qilian Mountain National Park,Qinghai Province,China

Based on the framework of the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA),this paper evaluated the ecosystem cultural service value in Qilian Mountain National Park,Qinghai Province.The study mainly adopted Condition Value Method(CVM)and questionnaire survey to survey the local residents and tourists in September 2016,and obtained 1,468 valid questionnaires,as well as used the method of payment card to get the consumers’willingness to pay,and then estimated the ecosystem cultural services value in Qilian Mountain National Park,Qinghai Province through the mean of total willingness to pay of ecological tourism and recreation and aesthetic value.Through quantitative analysis,the study concluded that the ecosystem cultural service value of Qilian Mountain National Park in Qinghai Province was 1.045 billion yuan in 2016 and 1.3 billion yuan in 2018.In 2016 and 2018,the average annual values of ecotourism and recreation are 203 million yuan and 332 million yuan respectively,and the average annual values of aesthetics are 842 million yuan and 968 million yuan respectively.In addition,the study also suggests that Qilian Mountain National Park in Qinghai Province should pay attention to reflect the characteristics of the park,focus on enhancing the aesthetic value of it in the management,and build it into a replaceable and referential national park demonstration area and ecological culture demonstration point.

Modeling grass yields in Qinghai Province,China,based on MODIS NDVI data--an empirical comparison

Qinghai Province is one of the four largest pastoral regions in China.Timely monitoring of grass growth and accurate estimation of grass yields are essential for its ecological protection and sustainable development.To estimate grass yields in Qinghai,we used the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)time-series data derived from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)and a pre-existing grassland type map.We developed five estimation approaches to quantify the overall accuracy by combining four data pre-processing techniques(original,Savitzky-Golay(SG),Asymmetry Gaussian(AG)and Double Logistic(DL)),three metrics derived from NDVI time series(VImax,VIseason and VImean)and four fitting functions(linear,second-degree polynomial,power function,and exponential function).The five approaches were investigated in terms of overall accuracy based on 556 ground survey samples in 2016.After assessment and evaluation,we applied the best estimation model in each approach to map the fresh grass yields over the entire Qinghai Province in 2016.Results indicated that:1)For sample estimation,the crossvalidated overall accuracies increased with the increasing flexibility in the chosen fitting variables,and the best estimation accuracy was obtained by the so called“fully flexible model”with R2 of 0.57 and RMSE of 1140 kg/ha.2)Exponential models generally outperformed linear and power models.3)Although overall similar,strong local discrepancies were identified between the grass yield maps derived from the five approaches.In particular,the two most flexible modeling approaches were too sensitive to errors in the pre-existing grassland type map.This led to locally strong overestimations in the modeled grass yields.

Assessment of iodine nutritional status of people in Qinghai Province after the content of salt iodine decreased

Objective To understand the iodine nutritional status of people in Qinghai Province after implementation of new standard of salt iodine,and provide the basis for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods The monitoring data of 2011 and 2014

Qinghai Province Accelerates the Development of Lithium-ion Battery Industry Chain by Strengthening the Cooperation with BYD Auto and Other Giants

On June 27,China(Qinghai)Lithium Industry and Power Battery International Summit Forum2018 was officially held in Xining,Qinghai.Wang Liming,vice-governor of Qinghai,noted at the forum that Qinghai boasts advantaged salt lake resources,the proved lithium resources reserve here accounts for over 1/3 of the global resources reserve and over

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Isochron Ages of the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn Ore Deposits in the Yushu area, southern Qinghai and Their Geological Implications

Located on the northeast margin of the Qiangtang terrane between the Jinshajiang suture zone and Bangonghu-Nujiang suture zone,the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn deposits in the Yushu area of Qinghai Province are representative Pb-Zn deposits of the Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic mineralization belt in the northern part of the Nujiang-Lancangjiang-Jinshajiang area,which are in the front belt of the Yushu thrust nappe system.The formed environments of these two deposits are different from those of sediment-hosted base metal deposits elsewhere in the world.The authors hold that they were formed during the Indian-Asian continental collision and developed within the fold-thrust belt combined with thrust and strike-slip-related Cenozoic basins in the interior of the collisional zone.Studying on the metallogenic epochs of these two deposits is helpful to the understanding of ore-forming regularity of the regional Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization belt and also to the search for new deposits in this region.The age of the Dongmozhazhua deposit has been determined by the Rb-Sr isochron method for sphalerite residues,whereas the age of the Mohailaheng deposit has been determined by the Rb-Sr isochron method for sphalerite residues and the Sm-Nd isochron method for fluorite.The age of the Dongmozhazhua deposit is 35.0-±0.0 Ma （（87Sr/86Sr）0=0.708807） for sphalerite residues.The age of the Mohailaheng deposit is 32.2±0.4 Ma （（87Sr/86Sr）o=0.708514） for sphalerite residues and 31.8±0.3 Ma （（143Nd/144Nd）o=0.512362） for fluorite with an average of 32.0 Ma.Together with the regional geological setting during mineralization,a possible tectonic model for metallogeny of the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn deposits has been established.These two ages are close to the ages of the Pb-Zn deposits in the Lanping and Tuotuohe basins,indicating that it is possible that the narrow 1000-kilometer-long belt controlled by a thrust nappe system on the eastern and northern margins of the Tibetan plateau could be a giant Pb-Zn mineralized belt.

The benefits of being smaller:Consistent pattern for climate-induced range shift and morphological difference of three falconiforme species

Climate exerts a dominant control over the distribution of species.Generally,species migrate to higher elevations to track thermal niches,but variations in morphological traits can result in trait-specific responses to climate change.Here we attempted to explore how three sympatrically distributed raptor species(the Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius,UB;the Common Kestrel,also called Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus,EK;and the Saker Falcon Falco cherrug,SF)would respond to climate change over time,and whether their responses would bias by different morphology.We tested the alternative hypotheses for Allen’s rule for UB,EK,and SF in Qinghai Province,China,by modeling their current and future habitat suitability and confirming whether a consistent pattern exists between climate-induced range shifts and morphological differences among species.The extent of the projected distribution range within protected areas was also calculated for each species.We identified the future downward elevation shift for all the species,but with the notable northeastward shifting of the suitable climate space for UB and SF.Climate change would induce range contraction in the future,and the most acute influence is always the result of the pessimistic SSP585 scenario.No obvious pattern in climate-induced range shift was found for EK,for whom the morphological traits were significantly smaller all the time.More seriously,the ratios of highly suitable habitats being protected for our three raptor species were almost at a deficient level(below 1%).This study firstly tested the alternative hypothesis of Allen’s rule among raptors in Qinghai Province unprecedently,confirmed the morphological basis for different responses to changing climate across species,and demonstrated the protection deficiency under the current protected area design.We advocate more related studies in the future to verify our findings across more taxa.