Impact of the water input from the eastern Qiongzhou Strait to the Beibu Gulf on Guangxi coastal circulation

Based on a comparison of synchronized temperature and salinity data collected in the eastern Qiongzhou Strait and at coastal marine stations, this study finds that, in summer, the variation in salinity near the Weizhou Island in Guangxi is similar to that in the eastern and central portions of the Qiongzhou Strait. Additionally, the Beihai Station in Guangxi exhibits a small salinity variation, whereas the Longmen and Bailongwei Stations, both of which are located far from the Qiongzhou Strait, mainly exhibit continental hydrological characteristics in summer. Moreover, a comparison of the multi-year ocean current data from the Qiongzhou Strait and ocean current observations from the Weizhou Island Station and recently installed current-measuring stations shows that the residual current in the Qiongzhou Strait flows westward in winter and summer. The numerical simulation results also indicate that water from the eastern Qiongzhou Strait enters the Beibu Gulf. The characteristics of the temperature and salinity distributions and analyses of the residual currents further confirm that the western Guangdong coastal current is the main source of the westward transport of water in the Qiongzhou Strait. The primary driver of the formation of the western Guangdong coastal current is the westward flow of freshwater from the Zhujiang (Pearl) River. This water enters the Beibu Gulf via the Qiongzhou Strait and enhances the formation of the cyclonic circulation in the northern Beibu Gulf. In summer, the strong influence of the southwesterly wind leads to the formation of a strong northward coastal current along the western coast of the Beibu Gulf. This process promotes the transport of low-salinity diluted water toward the open ocean and the formation of larger- scale cyclonic circulation around Weizhou Island in the eastern Beibu Gulf. The results of this study regarding the effects of the water inflow from the eastern Qiongzhou Strait to the Beibu Gulf on the Guangxi coastal circulation directly challenge conventional conclusions concerning the transport direction of water through the Qiongzhou Strait in winter and summer.

Modeling assessment of tidal current energy in the Qiongzhou Strait, China

In the present study, an existing three-dimensional finite volume computational ocean model （FVCOM） was refined and configured including an algorithm for computing the power density and mean power density at Qiongzhou Strait of China. The refined model was validated with the measured tidal levels and tidal currents at different gauging stations. The model results are in reasonable agreement with the measured data. Based on the modeling results, we assess the resource of the tidal stream energy in the Qiongzhou Strait and discuss the temporal and the spatial distribution of the tidal current energy there. The conclusion is extracted： the higher power density occurs in the middle area of the strait, and lower at both sides. Characteristics of power density such as the maximum possibility speed, maximum power density during the spring tide period and the neap tide period, have the similar distribution. The southeast part and central area of the strait are of rich tidal current energy, where the maximum possibility speed can reach to 4.6 m/s, and the maximum power density of the spring tide period and the neap tide period can reach 5 996 and 467 W/mz separately in the surface layer The annual mean power density can reach 819 W/m2. Statistical length of accumulative time of the velocity exceeding 0.7 m/s is about 4 717 h at local point during a year. The total theoretical tidal current energy resource is approximately 189.55 MW and the available exploited energy on present technology condition is 249, 20.2 and 263 GW/a separately by using the methods FLUX, FARM and GC in the Qiongzhou Strait.

The Origin,Historical Variations,and Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Qiongzhou Strait and Nearby Marine Areas

We analyzed heavy metal concentrations in a number of surface sediments and cores from the Qiongzhou Strait and surrounding marine areas.The areas of high concentrations are primarily outside the eastern mouth of the Qiongzhou Strait and on the west side of the Leizhou Peninsula,whereas the areas of low concentrations are located primarily in the eastern Qiongzhou Strait.The maximum Cd,Pb and Zn concentrations in the samples collected in our study do not exceed the official standards for marine sediments,whereas the concentrations of Cr and Cu slightly exceed the standards.Correlations exist between the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr and Cd,and the concentrations of these metals are positively correlated with the mean particle size(φ value),indicating that the finer sediments have adsorbed greater amounts of heavy metal elements than the coarser sediments.An evaluation of the potential environmental risks demonstrates that certain indices of heavy metal pollution and environmental risks are relatively low and may be assigned low risk levels,thereby indicating that,in terms of heavy metals,the marine sedimentary environment in this region is only mildly impacted.Our analysis of the contaminant origins shows that the heavy metals in this region primarily originate in the Pearl River Estuary and that a small amount of them is derived from local runoff.The elevated heavy metal concentrations from the upper sections of the cores started 130 years ago,which indicats that heavy metals in the surface sediments are primarily due to human activities associated with industrialization.

Effects of tidal currents on winter wind waves in the Qiongzhou Strait:a numerical study

Effects of currents on winter wind waves in the tide-dominated Qiongzhou Strait(QS)were numerically evaluated via employing the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport(COAWST)modeling system.Validations showed satisfactory model performance in simulating the intense tidal currents in the QS.Different effects of sea level variations and tidal currents on waves were examined under the maximum eastward(METC)and westward(MWTC)tidal currents.In the east entrance area of the QS,the positive sea levels under the MWTC deepened the water depth felt by waves,benefiting the further propagation of wave energy into the inner strait and causing increased wave height.The METC and the MWTC could both enhance the wave height in the east entrance area of the QS,mainly through current-induced convergence and wavenumber shift,respectively.By current-induced refraction,the METC(MWTC)triggered counterclockwise(clockwise)rotation in peak wave directions in the northern part of the QS while clockwise(counterclockwise)rotation in the southern part.

Deep electrical anomaly in the M7.5 Qiongzhou earthquake region and its relation with future seismicity

From the magnetotelluric detection in the epicentral region and the adjacent areas of the 1605 M7.5 Qiongzhou earthquake, we have discovered there is a low resistive body in the deep crust of the epicentral region. The low resistive body extends straightly from the depth of about 13 km to the upper mantle, which is supposed as an uprising mantle pole. We therefore consider it is just the existing mantle pole and its upwelling thermal material that result in the faulting and stick-slipping activities of the upper crust, which is an important factor for the M7.5 Qiongzhou great earthquake occurrence. The postseismic faulting activity is characterized by creep, which shows that the risk is greatly decreased for the occurrence of a great earthquake with similar intensity in the future.

OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF SEA SURFACE WIND OVER THE QIONGZHOU STRAIT

The spatial variation and diurnal fluctuation of sea surface wind over the Qiongzhou Strait were described using verified datasets from automatic weather stations on board a ferry, buoys, and on the coast. Results are as follows: (1) On average, sea surface wind speed is 3–4 m/s larger over the Qiongzhou Strait than in the coastal area. Sea surface wind speeds of 8.0 m/s or above (on Beaufort scale five) in the coastal area are associated with speeds 5–6 m/s greater over the surface of the Qiongzhou Strait. (2) Gust coefficients for the Qiongzhou Strait decrease along with increasing wind speeds. When coastal wind speed is less than scale five, the average gust coefficient over the sea surface is between 1.4 and 1.5; when wind speed is equal to scale five or above, the average gust coefficient is about 1.35. (3) In autumn and winter, the diurnal differences of average wind speed and wind consistency over the strait are less than those in the coastal area; when wind speed is 10.8 m/s (scale six) or above, the diurnal difference of average wind speed decreases while wind consistency increases for both the strait and the coast.

Observation of Internal Tides in the Qiongzhou Strait by Coastal Acoustic Tomography

In this study,power spectral density and inverse analyses were performed to obtain the frequency characteristics and spatial distribution of temperature in the Qiongzhou Strait using reciprocal sound transmission data obtained in a coastal acoustic tomo-graphy experiment conducted in 2013.The results reveal three dominant types of internal tides(diurnal,semidiurnal,and terdiurnal).Spectral analysis of the range-average temperature deviation along the northern and southern transmission paths shows that along the northern path,the energy of the diurnal internal tides was significantly larger than that of the semidiurnal tides.The semidiurnal internal tides,in contrast,were more pronounced along the southern path.A terdiurnal spectrum with an energy level equivalent to that of the semidiurnal internal tide was discernable for both the northern and southern paths.These three types of internal tides can also be recognized in the time variation of the zonal-average temperature deviation.The diurnal internal tides were strengthened along the northern coast,implying their westward propagation and the existence of coastally trapped effects.The other two types of internal tides,which have smaller wavelengths than the diurnal internal tides,were less resolved over the entire tomographic domain due to the insufficient resolution of the inversion.The data quality was verified to be satisfactory by error estimation.

A preliminary study on genesis of the Qiongzhou Straits

The active period of the faults in the Qiongzhou Straits occurred principally in the Tertiary. The rupture zone is situated in the nearly E-W striking tectonic lowland between the Leizhou Peninsula and the Hainan Island, which was preformed by the southward and northward compressions due to the expansion of the South China Sea Basin. During the interglacial periods in the Quaternary, the lowland was inundated and deepened gradually due to erosion by sea curfent. It was until the last uprising of sea level during the postglacial period that the Qiongzhou Straits assumed its present appearance.

Extra-high voltage cable will cross through Qiongzhou Straits

According to press reports, China’s first longdistance, extra-high voltage cable is expected to cross Qiongzhou Straits before 2006.

Observed water current and transport through Qiongzhou Strait during August 2010

The velocity structure of the residual current across an entire section of the Qiongzhou Strait(QS) in summer is presented for the fi rst time. Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profi le measurements, from the mid-region of the QS(110.18°E), were collected on 1–4 August 2010. The diurnal tidal currents had their maximum amplitudes between 4.24 and 20.24 m. Their amplitude along the major axis ranged from approximately 0.55 m/s in the middle part of the strait(20.15°N) to 0.84 m/s in the north part of the strait(20.20°N). Both anticlockwise and clockwise tidal current rotations exist in the QS. During the observation period(neap tide), a signifi cant westward residual current occupied almost the entire study section. Two velocity cores of westward current were observed at the northern part and near the deepest trough, although an eastward current appeared in the middle part of the transect. The deepest core was located near 62 m at 20.13°N, with a maximum velocity of-0.34 m/s. The shallower core was located at approximately 16 m at 20.20°N, with a maximum velocity of-0.33 m/s. The estimated total volume of water transported through the QS was-0.16 Sv. This value is an important boundary condition, applicable to numerical models studying coastal ocean circulation in the northwestern South China Sea.

深厚复杂海峡场地二维非线性地震反应特性

海峡地层常为深厚沉积盆地构造,海床微地形类型多样,海峡场地地震反应受微地形的影响显著。以跨琼州海峡通道剖面场地为研究对象,综合考虑海峡盆地构造、海床微地形和海床沉积土异质性,建立海床剖面二维精细化有限元模型;依据场址区域地震环境与历史地震活动性,选择Kik-net台网井下台阵基岩地震记录作为海床基岩输入地震动,考虑土的非线性滞回特性,模拟海峡场地的非线性地震反应。微地形效应和海床沉积土异质性对跨海峡场地地震反应的耦合影响显著,表现为盆地类共振现象、海床凹陷边缘和海床表面凸起处的反应加剧;与海峡场地基本频率接近的基岩地震动频率成分易于传播与放大;与海床水平向地震反应相比,海床地表微地形对其竖向地震反应的影响更为显著;水平向和竖向地震波传播的叠加效应会在海床表面产生面波,导致海床地表水平向地震反应放大。

琼州海峡第四纪层序格架及其沉积演化

为探讨琼州海峡地区第四纪地层结构及其沉积演化过程,对琼州海峡1140 km高分辨率单道地震剖面和5个钻孔岩心资料进行解译,结合粒度分析、^(14)C测年、光释光测年以及微体古生物分析等测试数据,描述地震相特征及沉积环境,并进行地层划分和对比,分析沉积环境变化规律。结果表明:单道地震剖面上共识别出8个地震反射界面,划分为6套地震层序。琼州海峡第四纪沉积整体表现为“西厚东薄”,主要分布在海峡东、西口海域及海峡南北两侧边坡,海峡中部深水区几乎被强劲海流冲蚀殆尽。琼州海峡受海平面频繁升降、新构造运动及强劲水动力影响,第四纪沉积环境变化复杂:早、中更新世时期出现多次海陆交互沉积;晚更新世时期海峡西部海陆交互沉积明显,东部则以浅海沉积为主;全新世时期海侵过程中也出现数次沉积间断。

网位仪对琼州海峡通航安全的影响及对策

通过介绍网位仪这一便利渔民生产作业的新生事物给通航安全带来的不容忽视的影响,在对《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》相应条款进行分析的基础上,提出推动建立规范、明确技术标准、涉海部门协同和加强宣传教育等建议和措施。

中国第一代再分析产品CRA对琼州海峡海雾模拟的影响研究

为研究中国气象局(China Meteorological Administration,CMA)研发的中国第一代全球再分析产品CRA(CMA Global Reanalysis)对海雾模拟的适用性,将CRA与欧洲中心再分析产品ERA5(the 5th Generation of ECMWF Reanalysis)以及美国国家环境预报中心的再分析产品FNL(Final Reanalysis Data)分别作为WRF(Weather Research and Forecast)模式驱动的初边界条件,对发生在琼州海峡的一次持续性海雾过程进行数值模拟。结果表明:将3种再分析产品作为初始场均能模拟出琼州海峡海雾发展过程。CRA和ERA5模拟的海雾在偏东风下开始发展,风向转为东北风后消散。CRA模拟的海雾强度最强且维持时间最长,FNL模拟的底层风场较早转为东北风,海雾消散早。在垂直方向上,ERA5和CRA模拟的海雾发展高度与实况接近,FNL则明显偏低。CRA中较低的逆温层以及近地层温度将水汽聚集在低层,使得海雾可以持续发展并长时间维持。在加入实时更新的高分辨率海温后,模拟的气海温差场更精细,可反映出琼州海峡中部及东部气海温差小于0.5℃的区域,模拟海雾发展的能力更强。

琼州海峡客滚港口运输特点及布局研究

琼州海峡客滚运输通道是进出海南岛人员、车辆运输的重要通道,是海南自由贸易港建设的重要支撑。通过系统分析琼州海峡客滚运输特点及港口资源特征,得出区域客滚港口布局关键问题,提出琼州海峡客滚码头布局应将旺季车辆运输需求作为码头能力供给的主要依据。在此基础上,根据海南自由贸易港建设总体要求和保障进出岛旅客、车辆运输需要,提出区域客滚港口布局思路和推荐港址。

基于数值模拟的琼州海峡东口推移质输运量估算

琼州海峡东口沉积作用主要受东西向往复流的控制,并呈现涨潮东流、落潮东流、涨潮西流和落潮西流4种形式,独特的沉积动力特征使得海峡东口分布大量潮流沙脊。沉积动力研究对于该区域海砂的开发和海底稳定性评估具有重要意义。海峡东口沉积作用的数值模拟计算表明:在中央水道、海峡北岸和浅滩区,潮流流速相对较大,其垂向平均流速可达0.7~1.0 m/s,其他区域流速为0.3~0.5 m/s;东向流流速较西向流大,但在海峡北岸,粤西沿岸流的存在使得西向流显著大于东向流,该特征在大潮期间尤为明显,小潮期间的流速普遍小于大潮时段,一般大潮流速是小潮的1.5~2.0倍。底质类型显示,研究区以砂砾质沉积为主,主要分布在中央水道、浅滩区和海峡北岸海域,全区平均粒径均值Φ为2.67,总体分选较差。研究区临界起动流速范围为0.12~0.79 m/s,在中央水道至西南浅滩一带临界起动流速在0.6 m/s以上,砂质沉积区起动流速多为0.35~0.45 m/s,而东部陆架的泥质沉积区起动流速基本小于0.22 m/s。Bagnold输运率计算模型结果显示:海峡北岸的输运率最大,其次为中央水道和浅滩区;其分布大小与潮流沙脊的位置和走向具有较好的一致性,潮周期内的净输运趋势在海峡北岸为西向,其他区域多为东向;大小潮的净输运量相差一个数量级,剖面计算得出一个月内通过琼州海峡东口的推移质净通量可达108 kg量级且总体方向为东向。

琼州海峡西口早—中全新世海滩岩的岩石学特征及古海平面重建意义

笔者在琼州海峡西口第四系松散沉积物中新发现碳酸盐胶结岩,通过生物碎屑AMS14C同位素定年、全岩X衍射定量分析、扫描电镜、阴极发光、全岩主微量元素地球化学测试等方法对其进行了年代学和成因研究。结果显示,碳酸盐胶结岩的成岩时代为早—中全新世,具有等厚纤柱状环边胶结、重力悬挂胶结、马牙状胶结、(似)共轴增生胶结、非等轴胶结等5种胶结物特征;阴极发光环带具有广泛发育、环带密集,可见淡水和海水相互作用的咸淡水混合带,说明其成岩环境包括淡水渗流带、咸淡水混合带、海水渗流带、海水潜流带;结合其沉积主微量元素特征,其赋存层位的沉积环境为海岸沉积环境,滨岸沉积相障壁岛亚相,属于海滩岩。综合雷州半岛西南部灯楼角珊瑚礁的海平面记录,重建了全新世琼州海峡西口地区海平面演化历史:9.9~6.7 ka BP海侵期、6.7~6.2 ka BP海退期、6.2~4.2 ka BP海侵期和4.2 ka BP至今的稳定期等四个阶段。

图解法和矩值法粒度参数的定性对比:以琼州海峡岸滩表层沉积物为例

前人已开展了大量的关于图解法和矩值法数值结果的相关性分析和相互转换方程的确定工作,但针对定性结果的对比仍较为罕见。本文选取了琼州海峡两岸15个海滩22条断面105个表层沉积物为典型研究对象,分别采用Folk和Ward图解法和Friedman矩值法获取粒度参数结果,构建定量结果的回归关系和对比定性结果的异同。结合前人的研究成果,本文进一步探讨了两种方法结果的可对比性,并分析两种方法的方法差异对沉积物粒度信息提取及使用造成的可能影响。研究结果表明:(1)就定量结果而言,图解法和矩值法计算的平均粒径和分选系数具有强相关性(R2≥0.951),而偏态和峰态则表现为中等相关(R2=0.586)和不相关(R2=0.011),表明图解法和矩值法计算粒度参数定量结果之间的相关性并不稳定,这与前人的研究结果基本一致;(2)就定性结果而言,图解法和矩值法的结果之间存在较大偏差,分选系数、偏态和峰态不一致的占比分别达30.48%、55.24%和71.43%,这与定量结果的相关性存在一定程度的偏差,表明定量结果的相关性程度并不能完全用于指示定性术语结果的一致性程度。鉴于最大化地揭示沉积物的差异是粒度参数分析方法追寻的目标,在选择何种方法计算粒度参数时需充分考虑沉积物粒径概率分布曲线的特征。本文提供了一个以海滩沉积物为研究对象的图解法和矩值法粒度参数结果对比的典型案例,研究结果有助于提升对粒度参数分析方法的差异、原因和科学使用等方面的认识。

琼州海峡一次持续性海雾过程分析

利用中国第一代全球大气/陆面再分析产品(China’s first generation global atmospheric/land surface reanalysis product,简称CRA),结合地面自动站观测、中国气象局陆面数据同化系统的能见度格点数据、葵花8号卫星资料,分析了2021年1月21—26日琼州海峡一次持续性海雾过程的发展演变、环流形势以及边界层特征,同时分析了两种不同类型雾的形成机制。结果表明:(1)21—22日为低层冷空气扩散形成的锋面雾;23—26日为冷高后部偏东气流型平流雾过程,其中23日23:00至24日14:00大雾发展最强盛,连续12个时次出现特强浓雾,最小能见度达25 m。(2)锋面雾阶段,偏北风影响,风速为1~3 m/s;平流雾阶段,偏东风影响,风速为4~6 m/s。(3)锋面雾阶段,水汽辐合中心位于琼州海峡南岸至海南岛东北部陆地,大雾在陆地开始发展。平流雾阶段,水汽辐合中心位于琼州海峡北岸至海南岛东部海面一带,大雾自海上发展。(4)锋面雾阶段,逆温层在950 hPa左右高度发展,为下冷上暖的平流配置;平流雾阶段,950 hPa以下均为暖平流,逆温层从地面开始发展。大雾过程中锋面雾和平流雾两种不同性质大雾的发展使得大雾长时间维持。

北宋海南农业社会探析--以苏轼诗文为视角

苏轼于北宋绍圣四年(1097)至元符三年(1100)期间谪居海南岛,在琼岛期间,其创作的文学作品对海南的生活环境进行了记叙和描绘。本文以苏轼相关诗文与古籍文献资料为切入点,对海南岛的农业自然条件、主要农作物、生产力情况、农业技术与文化的输入以及当地农业贸易进行了简要描述,对当时的海南农业社会进行了初步探讨。