Deep Learning Based Signal Detection for Quadrature Spatial Modulation System

With the development of communication systems, modulation methods are becoming more and more diverse. Among them, quadrature spatial modulation(QSM) is considered as one method with less capacity and high efficiency. In QSM, the traditional signal detection methods sometimes are unable to meet the actual requirement of low complexity of the system. Therefore, this paper proposes a signal detection scheme for QSM systems using deep learning to solve the complexity problem. Results from the simulations show that the bit error rate performance of the proposed deep learning-based detector is better than that of the zero-forcing(ZF) and minimum mean square error(MMSE) detectors, and similar to the maximum likelihood(ML) detector. Moreover, the proposed method requires less processing time than ZF, MMSE,and ML.

New spatial quadrature modulation scheme for indoor visible light communication systems

In this paper,a new spatial quadrature modulation(NSQM)scheme is proposed to improve the error performance of indoor visible light communication(VLC)systems.NSQM is different from generalized spatial quadrature modulation(SQM)in two aspects.First,the transmitted optical signal is directly detected at the receiver,which does not need to estimate the indices of the transmitted antenna.Second,an optimization approach is used with NSQM to minimize the upper error bound of the transmitted signals.In addition,several NSQM schemes are described in detail.Numerical results show that the proposed NSQM scheme achieves superior error performance compared with the SQM scheme.

Semi-blind Adaptive Beamforming for High-throughput Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Systems

A semi-blind adaptive beamforming scheme is proposed for wireless systems that employ high-throughput quadrature amplitude modulation signalling. A minimum number of training symbols, equal to the number of receiver antenna arrayts elements, are first utilised to provide a rough initial least squares estimate of the beamformer＇s weight vector. A concurrent constant modulus algorithm and soft decision-directed scheme is then applied to adapt the beamformer. This semi-blind adaptive beamforming scheme is capable of converging fast to the minimum mean-square-error beamforming solution, as demonstrated in our simulation study.

A 3-D Polarization Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Method and Constellation Mapping

As a new three-dimensional(3-D)modulation,Polarization Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(PQAM) can be regarded as the combination of Pulse amplitude modulation(PAM) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) Modulation.It can better improve the digital communication efficiency and reduce the Symbol error rate(SER) of the system than one-dimensional or two-dimensional modulation scheme.How to design a feasible constellation is the most concerned problem of PQAM currently.This paper first studies the relationship between the SER theoretical value of PQAM and the distribution of M and N,proposes a new M,N allocation scheme.Secondly,a new and straightforward design method of constructing higher-level 3-D signal constellations,which can be matched with the PQAM,and the constellation can divided into three different structures according to the ary for PQAM.Finally,the simulation results show that:in PQAM system,the modulation scheme and the constellation mapping scheme are proposed in this paper which can effectively reduce the system SER and improve the anti-noise performance of the system.

CMOS Quadrature Modulator and Up-Conversion Mixer for 802.11a Wireless LAN Systems

A quadrature modulator and an up-conversion mixer for an 802. lla wireless LAN system are designed and fabricated in 0.18μm gate length standard CMOS technology. A current feedback loop with a transconductor is used to improve the linearity of the quadrature modulator;An LC resonant tank is used as the load of the upconversion mixer to improve its gain and increase the voltage swing. The measurement results show that the input P1dB achieves -3.6dBm, the transducer power gain of the circuit is -3.6dB,and the current consumes about 45.8mA with a 1.8V power supply.

A novel dynamic step size LMS optimization scheme for interference reducing in FBMC-QAM

Filter bank multicarrier quadrature amplitude modulation(FBMC-QAM)will encounter inter-ference and noise during the process of channel transmission.In order to suppress the interference in the communication system,channel equalization is carried out at the receiver.Given that the con-ventional least mean square(LMS)equilibrium algorithm usually suffer from drawbacks such as the inability to converge quickly in large step sizes and poor stability in small step sizes when searching for optimal weights,in this paper,a design scheme for adaptive equalization with dynamic step size LMS optimization is proposed,which can further improve the convergence and error stability of the algorithm by calling the Sigmoid function and introducing three new parameters to control the range of step size values,adjust the steepness of step size,and reduce steady-state errors in small step sta-ges.Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that compared with the conventional LMS algorithm and the neural network-based residual deep neural network(Res-DNN)algorithm,the adopted dynamic step size LMS optimization scheme can not only obtain faster convergence speed,but also get smaller error values in the signal recovery process,thereby achieving better bit error rate(BER)performance.

Optimization of Mapping Rule of Bit-Interleaved Turbo Coded Modulation with 16QAM

Optimization of mapping rule of bit-interleaved Turbo coded modulation with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is investigated based on different impacts of various encoded bits sequence on Turbo decoding performance. Furthermore, bit-interleaved in-phase and quadrature phase (I-Q) Turbo coded modulation scheme are designed similarly with I-Q trellis coded modulation (TCM). Through performance evaluation and analysis, it can be seen that the novel mapping rule outperforms traditional one and the I-Q Turbo coded modulation can not achieve good performance as expected. Therefore, there is not obvious advantage in using I-Q method in bit-interleaved Turbo coded modulation.

AN IMPROVED AND EFFICIENT DETECTION SCHEME FOR V-BLAST SYSTEMS WITH QAM MODULATION

The paper proposed an improved Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation(OSIC) detection scheme for V-BLAST systems with square/rectangular Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) modulation.It utilizes an equivalent real-valued vector expression of relationship between transmit signals and received signals,exploits the constellation's product-form structure and can eventually make the order,in which components of the transmit signals vector are extracted,more "optimal" in some sense.Thereby,it can offer an improved error probability as compared to the conventional OSIC detection scheme.In addition,the paper also proposes an efficient projection al-gorithm to calculate nulling vectors in a simple recursive fashion in order to avoid the vast increase of complexity,which is due to the fact that the original complex N -dimensional data vector and M×N channel matrix are transformed into a real 2N -dimensional data vector and a real 2M ×2N channel matrix respectively.A scrutinous complexity analysis shows that the complexity increases by only 33% as compared to the conventional scheme.

Enhanced quadrature signaling-based cooperative transmission with full rate and full diversity

Quadrature signaling-based cooperative transmission is an efficient and simple scheme to obtain spatial diversity.However,this scheme causes date rate loss compared with direct transmission.In this work,our focus is on recovering from the data rate loss while simultaneously achieving spatial diversity.Particularly,an enhanced quadrature signaling-based cooperative scheme was designed,which can realize full-rate transmission by using the signal space diversity(SSD)technique.Then,accurate bit error rate(BER)expression for the full-rate scheme was derived over independent and non-identically distributed(INID)Rayleigh fading channels.Specifically,a closed-form BER expression is obtained,which is quite tight over the whole SNR range,and thus allows for rapid and efficient evaluation of system performance under various channel conditions.Moreover,an asymptotic approximation of the BER was derived to show that the full-rate scheme can achieve full diversity.Simulation results verify the tightness of the analysis and show that the full-rate scheme significantly outperforms the traditional quadrature signaling-based scheme by about 2 dB with the same complexity order.

Iterative Demodulation and Decoding Scheme with 16 QAM

Iterative demodulation and decoding scheme is analyzed and modulation labeling is considered to be one of the crucial factors to this scheme. By analyzing the existent mapping design criterion, four aspects are found as the key techniques for choosing a label mapping. Based on this discovery, a novel mapping design criteflon is proposed and two label mappings are searched according to it. Simulation results show that the performance of BICM-ID using the novel mappings is better than the former ones. The extrinsic information transfer （EXIT） chart is introduced and it is used to evaluate the proposed mapping design criteria.

Turbo-Coded Modulation of EVRC Speech Encoder with Unequal Error Protection for Fading Channels

The Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) is a standard for the Speech Service Option 3 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital System, which has been employed in both IS-95 cellular systems and ANSI J-STC-008 PCS (Personal Communications Systems). This paper investigated the combination of turbo codes with Unequal Error Protection (UEP) and 16-QAM modulation for EVRC codec of Rate 1 to get power and bandwidth efficient coding scheme. The results show that the UEP system outperforms the Equal Error Protection (EEP) one by 1.45 dB at BER of 10 -5.

A High-Linear Radio Frequency Quadrature Modulator with Improved Sideband Suppression and Carrier Leakage Performance

The quadrature modulator is a crucial block in transmitters that upconverts baseband signals to theRadio Frequency(RF)band of interest using local oscillator frequencies.In this paper,non-ideal factors thatinfluence the performance of the quadrature modulator are considered,and solutions are accordingly taken inthe quadrature modulator design.A high-linear RF quadrature modulator with improved sideband suppressionand carrier leakage performance is presented in this work.The quadrature modulator implemented in the0.18-μm SiGe process uses the current bleeding technique to improve the general performance of the doublebalanced active Gilbert mixers.An on-chip prescaler followed by two cascaded limiting amplifiers is designed toprovide accurate quadrature local oscillator signals.Predrivers at quadrature baseband signal input ports areproposed to eliminate DC offsets.The measured sideband suppression achieves a performance of better than−43 dBc and carrier leakage is less than−38 dBm over the output RF frequency range of 30 MHz to 2.15 GHz.The output 1 dB compression point equals 11.4 dBm at 800 MHz.

Neural network equalization based on delta-sigma modulation

We propose a neural network equalization delta-sigma modulation(DSM)technique.After performing DSM on the multiorder quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)signal at the transmitting end,neural network equalizer technology is used in the digital signal processing at receiving end.Applying this technology to a 4.6 km W-band millimeter wave system,it is possible to achieve a 1 Gbaud 8192-QAM OFDM signal transmission.The data rate reached 23.4 Gbit/s with the bit error rate at 3.8×10^(-2),lower than soft-decision forward-error correction threshold(4×10^(-2)).

An improving energy efficiency cooperation algorithm based on Nash bargaining solution in selfish user cooperative networks

A bandwidth-exchange cooperation algorithm based on the Nash bargaining solution （NBS） is proposed to encourage the selfish users to participate with more cooperation so as to improve the users＇ energy efficiency. As a result, two key problems, i.e. , when to cooperate and how to cooperate, are solved. For the first problem, a proposed cooperation condition that can decide when to cooperate and guarantee users＇ energy efficiency achieved through cooperation is not lower than that achieved without cooperation. For the second problem, the cooperation bandwidth allocations （CBAs） based on the NBS solve the problem how to cooperate when cooperation takes place. Simulation results show that, as the modulation order of quadrature amplitude modulation （QAM） increases, the cooperation between both users only occurs with a large signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）. Meanwhile, the energy efficiency decreases as the modulation order increases. Despite all this, the proposed algorithm can obviously improve the energy efficiency measured in bits-per-Joule compared with non-cooperation.

A 20.8-Gbps Dual-Carrier Wireless Communication Link in 220-GHz Band

With the successful demonstration of terahertz(THz)high-speed wireless data transmission,the THz frequencies are now becoming a worth candidate for post-5G wireless communications.On the other hand,to bring THz communications a step closer to real scenario application,solving high data rate realtime transmission is also an important issue.This paper describes a 220-GHz solid-state dual-carrier wireless link whose maximum transmission real-time data rates are 20.8 Gbps(10.4 Gbps per channel).By aggregating two carrier signals in the THz band,the contradiction between high real-time data rate communication and low sampling rate analog-to-digital(ADC)and digital-to-analog converter(DAC)is alleviated.The transmitting and receiving front-ends consist of 220-GHz diplexers,220-GHz sub-harmonic mixers based on anti-parallel Schottky barrier diodes,G-band low-noise amplifiers(LNA),WR-4.3 band high-gain Cassegrain antennas,high data rates dual-DAC and-ADC baseband platform and other components.The low-density parity-check(LDPC)encoding is also realized to improve the bit error rate(BER)of the received signal.Modulated signals are centered at 214.4 GHz and 220.6 GHz with-11.9 dBm and-13.4 dBm output power for channel 1 and 2,respectively.This link is demonstrated to achieve 20.8-Gbps real-time data transmission using 16-QAM modulation over a distance of 1030 m.The measured signal to noise ratio(SNR)is 17.3 dB and 16.5 dB,the corresponding BER is 8.6e-7 and 3.8e-7,respectively.Furthermore,4K video transmission is also carried out which is clear and free of stutter.The successful transmission of aggregated channels in this wireless link shows the great potential of THz communication for future wireless high-rate real-time data transmission applications.

Experimental performance evaluation of quadrature amplitude modulation signal transmission in a silicon microring

We comprehensively characterize the transmission performance of m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(m-QAM) signals through a silicon microring resonator in the experiment. Using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing based on offset QAM(OFDM/OQAM) which is modulated with m-QAM modulations, we demonstrate low-penalty data transmission of OFDM/OQAM 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM, and 512-QAM signals in a silicon microring resonator. The observed optical signal-to-noise ratio(OSNR) penalties are 1.7 dB for 64-QAM,1.7 dB for 128-QAM, and 3.1 dB for 256-QAM at a bit-error rate(BER) of 2 × 10^(-3) and 3.3 dB for 512-QAM at a BER of 2 × 10^(-2). The performance degradation due to the wavelength detuning from the microring resonance is evaluated, showing a wavelength range of ~0.48 nm with BER below 2 × 10^(-3). Moreover, we demonstrate data transmission of 191.2-Gbit/s simultaneous eight wavelength channel OFDM/OQAM 256-QAM signals in a silicon microring resonator, achieving OSNR penalties less than 2 dB at a BER of 2 × 10^(-2).

Joint synchronization estimation based on genetic algorithm for OFDM/OQAM systems

This paper investigates the problem of synchronization for offset quadrature amplitude modulation based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM/OQAM) systems based on the genetic algorithm. In order to increase the spectrum efficiency,an improved preamble structure without guard symbols is derived at first. On this basis, instead of deriving the log likelihood function of power spectral density, joint estimation of the symbol timing offset and carrier frequency offset based on the preamble proposed is formulated into a bivariate optimization problem. After that, an improved genetic algorithm is used to find its global optimum solution. Conclusions can be drawn from simulation results that the proposed method has advantages in the joint estimation of synchronization.

Pilot-added carrier-phase recovery scheme for Nyquist M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation optical fiber communication system

A new two-stage carrier-phase recovery scheme using a combination of an optical pilot-aided algorithm with the crossed constellation transformation algorithm for either square-framed or non-square-framed M-level- quadrature amplitude modulation （QAM） Nyquist systems is proposed. It is verified in 32- and 128-QAM systems that it can provide high linewidth tolerance with little complexity.

A Semi-Blind Method to Estimate the I/Q Imbalanc of THz Orthogonal Modulator

In terahertz communication,the direct frequency conversion structure in which orthogonal mixer is the main frequency conversion unit,makes engineers get into trouble of in-phase(I)branch and quadrature(Q)branch imbalance,carrier wave leakage,etc.These damages result in system performance tremendous degrades.We proposed a semiblind method to estimate the I/Q imbalance of THz orthogonal modulator,based on predefined preamble and pilot symbols for quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM).In this paper,a transmitter with Y band quadrature mixer and 20Gbps base-band signal has been tested.The bandwidth of the baseband signal was 7GHz,and the modulation type was 16QAM.By this method,7dB improvement of the system’s symbol Mean Square Error(MSE)has been got.That means the proposed method can be used to eliminate the I/Q imbalance effectively.

Novel Mapping Design Criterion for BICM-ID with Square QAM Constellations

Mapping design criteria of bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) with square 16QAM are analyzed. Three of the existing criteria are analyzed and compared with each other. Through the comparison, two main characters of the mapping design criteria are found. They are the harmonic mean of the minimum squared Euclidean distance and the average of Hamming distances with the nearest Euclidean distance. Based on these two characters, a novel mapping design criterion is proposed and a label mapping named mixed mapping is searched according to it. Simulation results show that mixed mapping performs better than the other mappings in BICM-ID system.