Canopy and branch architectures in high-density orchards can be crucial in production and fruit quality. The influence of two canopy orientations (Upright and Tilted) in combination with two arm (branch) architectures...Canopy and branch architectures in high-density orchards can be crucial in production and fruit quality. The influence of two canopy orientations (Upright and Tilted) in combination with two arm (branch) architectures (Shortened or Overlapped) on tree growth, yield components, fruit quality, and leaf mineral nutrients in an “Aztec Fuji” apple (Malus domestica Bork.) high-density orchard was studied over five years. Tilted trees with shortened arm configuration (TilShArm) always had significantly larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) than Upright trees with an Overlapped arm configuration (UpOverArm) every year from 2012 to 2016. Trees with a TilShArm system had more cumulative fruit per tree than those with an Upright orientation. Trees with a tilted canopy (TilShArm and TilOverArm) tended to have higher yield per tree and yield per hectare than those with an upright system. Trees with a TilShArm system were more precocious and had more yield per tree than those with an upright canopy orientation in 2012. When values were polled over five years, trees with an upright canopy-shortened arm system (UpShArm) treatment had a lower biennial bearing index (BBI) than those with an upright canopy-overlapped system (UpOverArm). Trees receiving an arm shortening (UpShArm or TilShArm) configuration often had larger fruits than those with overlapped arms (UpOverArm and TilOverArm). Fruit from trees receiving an UpOverArm had higher fruit firmness than those from trees with other canopy-branch arrangements at harvest due to their smaller size. Fruit from trees with a TilShArm and TilOverArm had significantly higher water core and bitter pit but lower sunburn than trees with an upright canopy (UpShArm and UpOverArm). Leaves from trees with an UpOverArm canopy-branch configuration had the lowest leaf Ca but the highest leaf K and Fe concentrations among all treatments.展开更多
Late-mature peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. Dongxuemi) were stored in air, modification atmosphere (MA) and controlled atmospheres (CA) at 1℃ to investigate enzymatic activities, flesh browning, quality attrib...Late-mature peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. Dongxuemi) were stored in air, modification atmosphere (MA) and controlled atmospheres (CA) at 1℃ to investigate enzymatic activities, flesh browning, quality attributes and fruit storability during storage periods. Peaches stored in CA conditions showed significant lower activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) compared to that kept in MA and in air during the early period of storage. CA treatments indicated a better result in maintaining fruit firmness, color and titratable acidity than MA and control treatments. But there was no significant difference in vitamin C and total soluble solids of peaches stored in CA, MA and air. Increasing PPO activity obviously stimulated flesh browning. Peach fruits stored in CA conditions showed a lower activity of POD and higher firmness in the early period of storage. The peaches stored in 5%CO2 + 5%O2 and 10%CO2 + 5%O2 for 92 days had a good quality without any off-flavor. The results indicated CA conditions obviously inhibited the enzymatic browning, delayed senescence and maintained quality of late-mature peaches.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to analyze consumers' perceptions about risk and quality attributes of food consumption; and to evaluate the incidence of these factors when buying organic products in the Argentinean d...The objective of this paper is to analyze consumers' perceptions about risk and quality attributes of food consumption; and to evaluate the incidence of these factors when buying organic products in the Argentinean domestic market. Data derives from a food consumption survey on organic and non-organic consumers conducted in Buenos Aires City, Argentina, in April 2005.The Lancaster model (1966) provided the theoretical basis. The results yielded by the estimated logistic model suggest that consumers with higher educational level, who eat healthy food, and consider food control organisms as "inefficient" are more likely to buy organic products. A high percentage of consumers read and trust label information in Argentina. This has interesting policy implications to promote differentiated and high value products, and to reduce information asymmetries.展开更多
COVID-19,a disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-Co V-2,has produced a serious emergency for global public health,placing enormous stress on national health systems in many countries.Several studies suggest tha...COVID-19,a disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-Co V-2,has produced a serious emergency for global public health,placing enormous stress on national health systems in many countries.Several studies suggest that cytokine storms(interleukins)may play an important role in severe cases of COVID-19.Neutralizing key inflammatory factors in cytokine release syndrome(CRS)could therefore be of great value in reducing the mortality rate.Tocilizumab(TCZ)in its intravenous(IV)form of administration-Ro Actemra?20 mg/m L(Roche)-is indicated for treatment of severe CRS patients.Preliminary investigations have concluded that inhibition of IL-6 with TCZ appears to be efficacious and safe,with several ongoing clinical trials.This has led to a huge increase in demand for IV TCZ for treating severe COVID-19 patients in hospitals,which has resulted in drug shortages.Here,we present a comparability study assessing the main critical physicochemical attributes of TCZ solutions used for infusion,at 6 mg/m L and 4 mg/m L,prepared from Ro Actemra?20 mg/m L(IV form)and from Ro Actemra?162 mg(0.9 m L solution pre-filled syringe,subcutaneous(SC)form),to evaluate the use of the latter for preparing clinical solutions required for IV administration,so that in a situation of shortage of the IV medicine,the SC form could be used to prepare the solutions for IV delivery of TCZ.It is important to remember that during the current pandemic all the medicines are used off-label,since none of them has yet been approved for the treatment of COVID-19.展开更多
The effects of temperature and step-down relative humidity controlled hot-air drying(THC-HAD)on the drying kinetics,energy efficiency and quality,i.e.,rehydration ratio(RR),color parameters(L*,a*,b*),total color diffe...The effects of temperature and step-down relative humidity controlled hot-air drying(THC-HAD)on the drying kinetics,energy efficiency and quality,i.e.,rehydration ratio(RR),color parameters(L*,a*,b*),total color difference(ΔE*),Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)content,and ginsenosides content(R1,Rg1,Re,Rd,Rb1)of Panax notoginseng roots were evaluated.The drying time was significantly affected by the drying temperature followed by the relative humidity(RH)of the drying air.Special combination of drying conditions,i.e.,drying temperature of 50°C,relative humidity of 40%for 3 h and then continuous dehumidification from 40%to 8%allowed to shorten the drying time by 25%compared to drying at the same temperature and continuous dehumidification.The longer was the drying time under constant high RH of drying air,the lower was the RR of dried samples.The step-down RH strategy contributed to the formation of a porous structure,enhancement of drying efficiency and quality improvement.Generally,the ginsenosides content increased with the increase in temperature,while no obvious trend was recorded for ginsenoside R1.The contents of the ginsenoside R1,Rg1,Rb1 and PNS decreased with the increase in the drying time under constant high RH.Taking into account the drying time,energy consumption and quality attributes,drying at the temperature of 50°C,constant RH of 40%for 3 h and then step-down RH from 40%to 8%was proposed as the most favorable combination of drying conditions for dehydration of whole Panax notoginseng roots.展开更多
Blanching is an essential step before processing of agricultural products as it can inactivate enzymes that cause undesirable changes.In current work the effects of superheated steam impingement blanching(SSIB)time an...Blanching is an essential step before processing of agricultural products as it can inactivate enzymes that cause undesirable changes.In current work the effects of superheated steam impingement blanching(SSIB)time and temperature on drying characteristics and red pigments content of line pepper were investigated.Results showed that after a 3-min SSIB pretreatment at 110℃ the pepper epidermis covered with wax coat was damaged.In addition,the drying time was extensively decreased and the loss of red pigments of dried products was reduced.Results showed that the whole drying process took place in the falling rate period,which indicated that diffusion was the dominant physical mechanism governing moisture movement in the samples.Therefore,the second Fick’s law of diffusion was used to determine the effective moisture diffusivity(Deff)of line pepper,which increased from 1.193×10^-10 to 3.128×10^-10 m^2/s with increasing of the drying temperature and air velocity.The drying activation energy(Ea)of pretreated samples was 34.31 kJ/mol,which decreased by 3% compared with the non-pretreatment group.The findings of this work indicate that SSIB is very promising pretreatment technique as it not only enhances drying process but also improves bioactive substance preservation of red pepper.展开更多
The overall objective of this research was to determine consumers' preferences for quality and safety attributes of milk products using advances in the best-worst scaling approach. A list of 16 quality and safety att...The overall objective of this research was to determine consumers' preferences for quality and safety attributes of milk products using advances in the best-worst scaling approach. A list of 16 quality and safety attributes of milk products based on previous studies was compiled and used in this study. The balanced incomplete block design technique was used to build the questionnaire administered to respondents in the data collection. The multinomial mixed logit was employed to analyze the data. Results suggest that nutritive value, shelf life, availability, purity and safety are the most important attributes of milk product; while origin, fat content, food miles, packaging and handling convenience are the least importance attributes of milk products to consumers The study concludes that demand for dairy products can be significantly stimulated in the study area when these most important attributes have been considered by producers, processors and marketers.展开更多
China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70% of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteo...China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70% of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteorological conditions, soil types, nutrient content of soil, and management practices. Meteorological factors, such as light, temperature and moisture are key environmental conditions affecting apple quality that are difficult to regulate and control. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the qualities of Fuji apple and to provide evidence for a reasonable regional layout and planting of Fuji apple in China. Fruit samples of Fuji apple and meteorological data were investigated from 153 commercial Fuji apple orchards located in 51 counties of 11 regions in China from 2010 to 2011. Partial least-squares regression and linear programming were used to analyze the effect model and impact weight of meteorological factors on fruit quality, to determine the major meteorological factors influencing fruit quality attributes, and to establish a regression equation to optimize meteorological factors for high-quality Fuji apples. Results showed relationships between fruit quality attributes and meteorological factors among the various apple producing counties in China. The mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures from April to October had the highest positive effects on fruit qualities in model effect loadings and weights, followed by the mean annual temperature and the sunshine percentage, the temperature difference between day and night, and the total precipitation for the same period. In contrast, annual total precipitation and relative humidity from April to October had negative effects on fruit quality. The meteorological factors exhibited distinct effects on the different fruit quality attributes. Soluble solid content was affected from the high to the low row preface by annual total precipitation, the minimum temperature from April to October, the mean temperature from April to October, the temperature difference between day and night, and the mean annual temperature. The regression equation showed that the optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were the mean annual temperature of 5.5-18°C and the annual total precipitation of 602-1121 mm for the whole year, and the mean temperature of 13.3-19.6°C, the minimum temperature of 7.8-18.5°C, the maximum temperature of 19.5°C, the temperature difference of 13.7°C between day and night, the total precipitation of 227 mm, the relative humidity of 57.5-84.0%, and the sunshine percentage of 36.5-70.0% during the growing period (from April to October).展开更多
There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet ...There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.展开更多
The gap in knowledge that existed between the level of service quality standard and the potential of the tourism industry in Tanzania justified the need for the researchers to conduct this study. In this study, a desc...The gap in knowledge that existed between the level of service quality standard and the potential of the tourism industry in Tanzania justified the need for the researchers to conduct this study. In this study, a descriptive cross-sectional survey was adopted as the study design. The sample size included 180 guests residing in tourist hotels in Arusha at the time of data collection, 240 service employees, and 28 managers. Purposive, convenient, and simple random sampling methods were used in sampling. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection. Data were analyzed by means of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer package (Version 16) and expressed in descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to measure the gap between the managers' and guests' perceptions, while independent t-test analyzed the role played by managers' practices in delivery of quality service. The findings show that in general hotel product, two attributes were found to be significant at the level ofp 〈 0.05. In the front office, restaurant and bar, and guestroom, the results showed that three, six, and nine attributes were respectively found to be significant at the level of p ≤ 0.05. The analysis of management practices provided the evidence that eight practices were significant at the level of p ≤ 0.05. From the findings, two conclusions were made. First, managers' and guests' perceptions on service quality standards differ significantly; second, it was found that management practices influence significantly the service quality standards in tourist hotels in Arusha.展开更多
Measuring software quality requires software engineers to understand the system’s quality attributes and their measurements.The quality attribute is a qualitative property;however,the quantitative feature is needed f...Measuring software quality requires software engineers to understand the system’s quality attributes and their measurements.The quality attribute is a qualitative property;however,the quantitative feature is needed for software measurement,which is not considered during the development of most software systems.Many research studies have investigated different approaches for measuring software quality,but with no practical approaches to quantify and measure quality attributes.This paper proposes a software quality measurement model,based on a software interconnection model,to measure the quality of software components and the overall quality of the software system.Unlike most of the existing approaches,the proposed approach can be applied at the early stages of software development,to different architectural design models,and at different levels of system decomposition.This article introduces a software measurement model that uses a heuristic normalization of the software’s internal quality attributes,i.e.,coupling and cohesion,for software quality measurement.In this model,the quality of a software component is measured based on its internal strength and the coupling it exhibits with other component(s).The proposed model has been experimented with nine software engineering teams that have agreed to participate in the experiment during the development of their different software systems.The experiments have shown that coupling reduces the internal strength of the coupled components by the amount of coupling they exhibit,which degrades their quality and the overall quality of the software system.The introduced model can help in understanding the quality of software design.In addition,it identifies the locations in software design that exhibit unnecessary couplings that degrade the quality of the software systems,which can be eliminated.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to design and optimize the water extraction process for Chuantieling(喘贴灵,CTL)based on the concept of quality by design(QbD).Methods The single-factor experiments were used to select the b...Objective This study aimed to design and optimize the water extraction process for Chuantieling(喘贴灵,CTL)based on the concept of quality by design(QbD).Methods The single-factor experiments were used to select the best experimental points of CTL water extraction.On this basis,the transfer rate of ephedrine hydrochloride and sin-apine thiocyanate,and the yield of the extract were evaluated as the evaluation indicators.The liquid-solid ratio,extraction time,and pH value were selected as the main factors to carry out the Box-Behnken design(BBD).A mathematical model of the critical process parameters(CPPs)and critical quality attributes(CQAs)was established,the interaction between CQAs and CPPs was examined,and the CTL extraction process design space was established and optimized,which guaranteed the stability of the process.The high performance liquid chro-matography(HPLC)was used to analyze the main active compounds in the CTL extract.Results Through single-factor experiments,the best experimental parameters were found to be a liquid-solid ratio of 8∶1,extraction time of 90 min,pH value of 4,and extraction times of three.The experimental variance analysis results of the BBD showed that the P value of the re-gression model was less than 0.05,and the lack-of-fit value was greater than 0.01,indicating that the constructed model had good predictive ability.The operating space of the CPPs of the CTL water extraction process was combined with the actual production situation.In the pro-duction situation,the best extraction process was nine times of water addition,72 min of ex-traction time,and 4.5 of pH value.The HPLC results showed that the peak areas of ephedrine hydrochloride,sinapine thiocyanate,tetrahydropalmatine,methyl eugenol,cinnamaldehyde,and 6-gingerol in the CTL extract accounted for 0.94%,14.32%,0.78%,31.23%,0.34%,and 0.44%of the total peak area,respectively.Conclusion The water extraction process design space of CTL based on QbD was conducive to actual production operations,ensuring the stability of the process.展开更多
Due to the rapid development of computers and their applications, early software quality prediction in software industry becomes more and more cruciaL Software quality prediction model is very helpful for decision-mak...Due to the rapid development of computers and their applications, early software quality prediction in software industry becomes more and more cruciaL Software quality prediction model is very helpful for decision-makings such as the allocation of resource in module verification and validation. Nevertheless, due to the complicated situations of software development process in the early stage, the applicability and accuracy of these models are still under research. In this paper, a software quality prediction model based on a fuzzy neural network is presented, which takes into account both the internal factors and external factors of software. With hybrid-learning algorithm, the proposed model can deal with multiple forms of data as well as incomplete information, which helps identify design errors early and avoid expensive rework.展开更多
Few research works focus on integration of the objective analysis of frozen vegetable quality and the preference of consumers for these products. The aim of the present work was to investigate the consumption patterns...Few research works focus on integration of the objective analysis of frozen vegetable quality and the preference of consumers for these products. The aim of the present work was to investigate the consumption patterns of Brussels sprouts, the degree of importance that consumers give to main attributes, and the constructions they make about product quality. For this aim, a series of surveys (snowball sampling method) were performed with consumers from four cities in Argentina. Also, the effect of different industrial operations (two blanching procedures, freezing and cooking) on texture, color, total chlorophyll content and ascorbic acid content of processed sprouts, was determined with respect to the fresh product. A function Z (overall quality) was defined to integrate the information obtained by both approaches. Taking into account the relative importance assigned by surveyed consumers to appearance, texture and nutrient content, the quality of final product obtained from different processing methods was equivalent. Most consumers, 96% of total, preferred the fresh product, which suggests that prejudging by consumers influences attempts at objective estimation of quality.展开更多
Near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy is now widely used influidized bed granulation.However,there are still some demerits that should be overcome in practice.Valid spectra selection during modeling process is now a hard nut...Near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy is now widely used influidized bed granulation.However,there are still some demerits that should be overcome in practice.Valid spectra selection during modeling process is now a hard nut to crack.In this study,a novel NIR sensor and a cosine distance method were introduced to solve this problem in order to make thefluidized process into"visualization".A NIR sensor wasfixed on the side of the expansion chamber to acquire the NIR spectra.Then valid spectra were selected based on a cosine distance method to reduce the influence of dynamic disturbances.Finally,spectral pretreatment and wavelength selection methods were investigated to establish partial least squares(PLS)models to monitor the mois-ture content.The results showed that the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)was 0.124%for moisture content model,which was much lower than that without valid spectra selection treatment.All results demonstrated that with the help of valid spectra selection treatment,NIR sensor could be used for real-time determination of critical quality attributes(CQAs)more accurately.It makes the manufacturing easier to understand than the process parameter control.展开更多
Ensuring the removal of host cell proteins(HCPs) during downstream processing of recombinant proteins such as monoclonal antibodies(m Abs) remains a challenge.Since residual HCPs might affect product stability or safe...Ensuring the removal of host cell proteins(HCPs) during downstream processing of recombinant proteins such as monoclonal antibodies(m Abs) remains a challenge.Since residual HCPs might affect product stability or safety,constant monitoring is required to demonstrate their removal to be below the regulatory accepted level of 100 ng/mg.The current standard analytical approach for this procedure is based on ELISA;however,this approach only measures the overall HCP content.Therefore,the use of orthogonal methods,such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),has been established,as it facilitates the quantitation of total HCPs as well as the identification and quantitation of the individual HCPs present.In the present study,a workflow for HCP detection and quantitation using an automated magnetic bead-based sample preparation,in combination with a data-independent acquisition(DIA) LC-MS analysis,was established.Employing the same instrumental setup commonly used for peptide mapping analysis of m Abs allows for its quick and easy implementation into pre-existing workflows,avoiding the need for dedicated instrumentation or personnel.Thereby,quantitation of HCPs over a broad dynamic range was enabled to allow monitoring of problematic HCPs or to track changes upon altered bioprocessing conditions.展开更多
Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guarant...Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guaranteed by conducting off-line testing,which cannot meet the demand of continuous production for real-time monitoring of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes(CQAs)of the pharmaceutical granulation technology.Since the U.S.Food and Drug Administration proposed process analytical technology(PAT)in 2004,many PAT tools have been developed to monitor the granulation process and provide information regarding the granulation operation conditions and endpoint determination.In this article,we review the recent research and application of two PAT modes in the granulation process,namely,single CQA and multi-CQA PAT,with the aim to provide references for comprehensively improving the technological level of the pharmaceutical granulation process.Furthermore,the potential applications in traditional Chinese Medicine are discussed.展开更多
The diversity of e-commerce Business to Consumer systems and the significant increase in their use during the COVID-19 pandemic as a one of the primary channels of retail commerce, has made all the most important the ...The diversity of e-commerce Business to Consumer systems and the significant increase in their use during the COVID-19 pandemic as a one of the primary channels of retail commerce, has made all the most important the need to measuring their quality using practical methods. This paper presents a quality evaluation framework for web metrics that are B2C specific. The framework uses three dimensions based on end-user interaction categories, metrics internal specs and quality sub-characteristics as defined by ISO25010. Beginning from the existing large corpus of general-purpose web metrics, e-commerce specific metrics are chosen and categorized. Analysis results are subjected to a data mining analysis to provide association rules between the various dimensions of the framework. Finally, an ontology that corresponds to the framework is developed to answer to complicated questions related to metrics use and to facilitate the production of new, user defined meta-metrics.展开更多
With an accelerating increase of business benefits produced from big data analytics (if used appropriately and intelligently by businesses in the private and public sectors), this study focused on empirically identify...With an accelerating increase of business benefits produced from big data analytics (if used appropriately and intelligently by businesses in the private and public sectors), this study focused on empirically identifying the big data analytics (BDA) attributes. These attributes were classified into four groups (i.e., value innovation, social impact, precision, and completeness of BDA quality) and were found to influence the decision-making performance and business performance outcomes. A structural equation modeling analysis using 382 responses from a BDA related to practitioners indicated that the attributes of representativeness, predictability, interpretability, and innovativeness as related to value innovation greatly enhanced the decision-making confidence and effectiveness of decision makers who make decisions using big data. In addition, individuality, collectivity, and willfulness, which are related to social impact, also greatly improved the decision-making confidence and effectiveness of the same decision makers. This shows that the value innovation and social impact, which have received relatively less attention in previous studies, are the crucial attributes for BDA quality as they influence the decision-making performance. Comprehensiveness, factuality, and realism, which are linked to completeness, also have similar results. Furthermore, the higher the decision-making confidence of the decision makers who used big data was, the higher the financial performance of their companies. In addition, high decision-making confidence using big data was found to improve the nonfinancial performance metrics such as customer satisfaction and quality levels as well as product development capabilities. High decision-making effectiveness with big data was also shown to improve the nonfinancial performance metrics.展开更多
Drying tea flowers into a high-quality product is important to its commodity value.In the present work,a combination of microwave-assisted drying and air drying(MAD-AD)was applied in the processing of fresh tea flower...Drying tea flowers into a high-quality product is important to its commodity value.In the present work,a combination of microwave-assisted drying and air drying(MAD-AD)was applied in the processing of fresh tea flowers and its effects on flavor quality,active nutraceutical compounds,and antioxidant capacities were studied.The results showed that compared to air drying and freeze drying tea flowers,the MAD-AD tea flowers had higher amounts of active compounds such as catechins,flavonol glycosides,and triterpenoid saponins,and possessed high antioxidant activities.Moreover,this drying method improved the tea flowers'color and preserved a more floral fragrance.This combined method could be of interest as an industrial method for drying tea flowers with the benefit of reduced processing time,more reserved active compounds and high quality of products.展开更多
文摘Canopy and branch architectures in high-density orchards can be crucial in production and fruit quality. The influence of two canopy orientations (Upright and Tilted) in combination with two arm (branch) architectures (Shortened or Overlapped) on tree growth, yield components, fruit quality, and leaf mineral nutrients in an “Aztec Fuji” apple (Malus domestica Bork.) high-density orchard was studied over five years. Tilted trees with shortened arm configuration (TilShArm) always had significantly larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) than Upright trees with an Overlapped arm configuration (UpOverArm) every year from 2012 to 2016. Trees with a TilShArm system had more cumulative fruit per tree than those with an Upright orientation. Trees with a tilted canopy (TilShArm and TilOverArm) tended to have higher yield per tree and yield per hectare than those with an upright system. Trees with a TilShArm system were more precocious and had more yield per tree than those with an upright canopy orientation in 2012. When values were polled over five years, trees with an upright canopy-shortened arm system (UpShArm) treatment had a lower biennial bearing index (BBI) than those with an upright canopy-overlapped system (UpOverArm). Trees receiving an arm shortening (UpShArm or TilShArm) configuration often had larger fruits than those with overlapped arms (UpOverArm and TilOverArm). Fruit from trees receiving an UpOverArm had higher fruit firmness than those from trees with other canopy-branch arrangements at harvest due to their smaller size. Fruit from trees with a TilShArm and TilOverArm had significantly higher water core and bitter pit but lower sunburn than trees with an upright canopy (UpShArm and UpOverArm). Leaves from trees with an UpOverArm canopy-branch configuration had the lowest leaf Ca but the highest leaf K and Fe concentrations among all treatments.
文摘Late-mature peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. Dongxuemi) were stored in air, modification atmosphere (MA) and controlled atmospheres (CA) at 1℃ to investigate enzymatic activities, flesh browning, quality attributes and fruit storability during storage periods. Peaches stored in CA conditions showed significant lower activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) compared to that kept in MA and in air during the early period of storage. CA treatments indicated a better result in maintaining fruit firmness, color and titratable acidity than MA and control treatments. But there was no significant difference in vitamin C and total soluble solids of peaches stored in CA, MA and air. Increasing PPO activity obviously stimulated flesh browning. Peach fruits stored in CA conditions showed a lower activity of POD and higher firmness in the early period of storage. The peaches stored in 5%CO2 + 5%O2 and 10%CO2 + 5%O2 for 92 days had a good quality without any off-flavor. The results indicated CA conditions obviously inhibited the enzymatic browning, delayed senescence and maintained quality of late-mature peaches.
文摘The objective of this paper is to analyze consumers' perceptions about risk and quality attributes of food consumption; and to evaluate the incidence of these factors when buying organic products in the Argentinean domestic market. Data derives from a food consumption survey on organic and non-organic consumers conducted in Buenos Aires City, Argentina, in April 2005.The Lancaster model (1966) provided the theoretical basis. The results yielded by the estimated logistic model suggest that consumers with higher educational level, who eat healthy food, and consider food control organisms as "inefficient" are more likely to buy organic products. A high percentage of consumers read and trust label information in Argentina. This has interesting policy implications to promote differentiated and high value products, and to reduce information asymmetries.
基金Project FIS PI-17/00547(Instituto CarlosⅢ,Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad,Spain),which means that it was also partially supported by European Regional Development Funds(ERDF)the University of Granada(Spain)for the support。
文摘COVID-19,a disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-Co V-2,has produced a serious emergency for global public health,placing enormous stress on national health systems in many countries.Several studies suggest that cytokine storms(interleukins)may play an important role in severe cases of COVID-19.Neutralizing key inflammatory factors in cytokine release syndrome(CRS)could therefore be of great value in reducing the mortality rate.Tocilizumab(TCZ)in its intravenous(IV)form of administration-Ro Actemra?20 mg/m L(Roche)-is indicated for treatment of severe CRS patients.Preliminary investigations have concluded that inhibition of IL-6 with TCZ appears to be efficacious and safe,with several ongoing clinical trials.This has led to a huge increase in demand for IV TCZ for treating severe COVID-19 patients in hospitals,which has resulted in drug shortages.Here,we present a comparability study assessing the main critical physicochemical attributes of TCZ solutions used for infusion,at 6 mg/m L and 4 mg/m L,prepared from Ro Actemra?20 mg/m L(IV form)and from Ro Actemra?162 mg(0.9 m L solution pre-filled syringe,subcutaneous(SC)form),to evaluate the use of the latter for preparing clinical solutions required for IV administration,so that in a situation of shortage of the IV medicine,the SC form could be used to prepare the solutions for IV delivery of TCZ.It is important to remember that during the current pandemic all the medicines are used off-label,since none of them has yet been approved for the treatment of COVID-19.
基金supported in part by the Hebei Province Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.203777119D,19227210D)in part by the Scientific Research Projects of Universities in Hebei Province(Grant No.ZD2021056)in part by the Hebei Province College and Middle School Students Science and Technology Innovation Ability Cultivation Project(Grant No.2021H060505)and part by China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-21).
文摘The effects of temperature and step-down relative humidity controlled hot-air drying(THC-HAD)on the drying kinetics,energy efficiency and quality,i.e.,rehydration ratio(RR),color parameters(L*,a*,b*),total color difference(ΔE*),Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)content,and ginsenosides content(R1,Rg1,Re,Rd,Rb1)of Panax notoginseng roots were evaluated.The drying time was significantly affected by the drying temperature followed by the relative humidity(RH)of the drying air.Special combination of drying conditions,i.e.,drying temperature of 50°C,relative humidity of 40%for 3 h and then continuous dehumidification from 40%to 8%allowed to shorten the drying time by 25%compared to drying at the same temperature and continuous dehumidification.The longer was the drying time under constant high RH of drying air,the lower was the RR of dried samples.The step-down RH strategy contributed to the formation of a porous structure,enhancement of drying efficiency and quality improvement.Generally,the ginsenosides content increased with the increase in temperature,while no obvious trend was recorded for ginsenoside R1.The contents of the ginsenoside R1,Rg1,Rb1 and PNS decreased with the increase in the drying time under constant high RH.Taking into account the drying time,energy consumption and quality attributes,drying at the temperature of 50°C,constant RH of 40%for 3 h and then step-down RH from 40%to 8%was proposed as the most favorable combination of drying conditions for dehydration of whole Panax notoginseng roots.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31360399)for the financial support.
文摘Blanching is an essential step before processing of agricultural products as it can inactivate enzymes that cause undesirable changes.In current work the effects of superheated steam impingement blanching(SSIB)time and temperature on drying characteristics and red pigments content of line pepper were investigated.Results showed that after a 3-min SSIB pretreatment at 110℃ the pepper epidermis covered with wax coat was damaged.In addition,the drying time was extensively decreased and the loss of red pigments of dried products was reduced.Results showed that the whole drying process took place in the falling rate period,which indicated that diffusion was the dominant physical mechanism governing moisture movement in the samples.Therefore,the second Fick’s law of diffusion was used to determine the effective moisture diffusivity(Deff)of line pepper,which increased from 1.193×10^-10 to 3.128×10^-10 m^2/s with increasing of the drying temperature and air velocity.The drying activation energy(Ea)of pretreated samples was 34.31 kJ/mol,which decreased by 3% compared with the non-pretreatment group.The findings of this work indicate that SSIB is very promising pretreatment technique as it not only enhances drying process but also improves bioactive substance preservation of red pepper.
文摘The overall objective of this research was to determine consumers' preferences for quality and safety attributes of milk products using advances in the best-worst scaling approach. A list of 16 quality and safety attributes of milk products based on previous studies was compiled and used in this study. The balanced incomplete block design technique was used to build the questionnaire administered to respondents in the data collection. The multinomial mixed logit was employed to analyze the data. Results suggest that nutritive value, shelf life, availability, purity and safety are the most important attributes of milk product; while origin, fat content, food miles, packaging and handling convenience are the least importance attributes of milk products to consumers The study concludes that demand for dairy products can be significantly stimulated in the study area when these most important attributes have been considered by producers, processors and marketers.
基金supported by the Forest Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201404720)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-27)the Beijing Municipal Education Commission,China(CEFF-PXM2017_014207_000043)
文摘China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70% of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteorological conditions, soil types, nutrient content of soil, and management practices. Meteorological factors, such as light, temperature and moisture are key environmental conditions affecting apple quality that are difficult to regulate and control. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the qualities of Fuji apple and to provide evidence for a reasonable regional layout and planting of Fuji apple in China. Fruit samples of Fuji apple and meteorological data were investigated from 153 commercial Fuji apple orchards located in 51 counties of 11 regions in China from 2010 to 2011. Partial least-squares regression and linear programming were used to analyze the effect model and impact weight of meteorological factors on fruit quality, to determine the major meteorological factors influencing fruit quality attributes, and to establish a regression equation to optimize meteorological factors for high-quality Fuji apples. Results showed relationships between fruit quality attributes and meteorological factors among the various apple producing counties in China. The mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures from April to October had the highest positive effects on fruit qualities in model effect loadings and weights, followed by the mean annual temperature and the sunshine percentage, the temperature difference between day and night, and the total precipitation for the same period. In contrast, annual total precipitation and relative humidity from April to October had negative effects on fruit quality. The meteorological factors exhibited distinct effects on the different fruit quality attributes. Soluble solid content was affected from the high to the low row preface by annual total precipitation, the minimum temperature from April to October, the mean temperature from April to October, the temperature difference between day and night, and the mean annual temperature. The regression equation showed that the optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were the mean annual temperature of 5.5-18°C and the annual total precipitation of 602-1121 mm for the whole year, and the mean temperature of 13.3-19.6°C, the minimum temperature of 7.8-18.5°C, the maximum temperature of 19.5°C, the temperature difference of 13.7°C between day and night, the total precipitation of 227 mm, the relative humidity of 57.5-84.0%, and the sunshine percentage of 36.5-70.0% during the growing period (from April to October).
基金funded by International Foundation for Science(IFS)and Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons(OPCW)research grant awarded to Dr.Chukwuebuka Emmanuel Umeyor in 2019(Grant number:I-2-F-6448-1).
文摘There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.
文摘The gap in knowledge that existed between the level of service quality standard and the potential of the tourism industry in Tanzania justified the need for the researchers to conduct this study. In this study, a descriptive cross-sectional survey was adopted as the study design. The sample size included 180 guests residing in tourist hotels in Arusha at the time of data collection, 240 service employees, and 28 managers. Purposive, convenient, and simple random sampling methods were used in sampling. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection. Data were analyzed by means of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer package (Version 16) and expressed in descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to measure the gap between the managers' and guests' perceptions, while independent t-test analyzed the role played by managers' practices in delivery of quality service. The findings show that in general hotel product, two attributes were found to be significant at the level ofp 〈 0.05. In the front office, restaurant and bar, and guestroom, the results showed that three, six, and nine attributes were respectively found to be significant at the level of p ≤ 0.05. The analysis of management practices provided the evidence that eight practices were significant at the level of p ≤ 0.05. From the findings, two conclusions were made. First, managers' and guests' perceptions on service quality standards differ significantly; second, it was found that management practices influence significantly the service quality standards in tourist hotels in Arusha.
文摘Measuring software quality requires software engineers to understand the system’s quality attributes and their measurements.The quality attribute is a qualitative property;however,the quantitative feature is needed for software measurement,which is not considered during the development of most software systems.Many research studies have investigated different approaches for measuring software quality,but with no practical approaches to quantify and measure quality attributes.This paper proposes a software quality measurement model,based on a software interconnection model,to measure the quality of software components and the overall quality of the software system.Unlike most of the existing approaches,the proposed approach can be applied at the early stages of software development,to different architectural design models,and at different levels of system decomposition.This article introduces a software measurement model that uses a heuristic normalization of the software’s internal quality attributes,i.e.,coupling and cohesion,for software quality measurement.In this model,the quality of a software component is measured based on its internal strength and the coupling it exhibits with other component(s).The proposed model has been experimented with nine software engineering teams that have agreed to participate in the experiment during the development of their different software systems.The experiments have shown that coupling reduces the internal strength of the coupled components by the amount of coupling they exhibit,which degrades their quality and the overall quality of the software system.The introduced model can help in understanding the quality of software design.In addition,it identifies the locations in software design that exhibit unnecessary couplings that degrade the quality of the software systems,which can be eliminated.
基金Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate Training Quality Engineering Project(2019CX57)the First-class Discipline Project on Chinese Pharmacology of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (201803)。
文摘Objective This study aimed to design and optimize the water extraction process for Chuantieling(喘贴灵,CTL)based on the concept of quality by design(QbD).Methods The single-factor experiments were used to select the best experimental points of CTL water extraction.On this basis,the transfer rate of ephedrine hydrochloride and sin-apine thiocyanate,and the yield of the extract were evaluated as the evaluation indicators.The liquid-solid ratio,extraction time,and pH value were selected as the main factors to carry out the Box-Behnken design(BBD).A mathematical model of the critical process parameters(CPPs)and critical quality attributes(CQAs)was established,the interaction between CQAs and CPPs was examined,and the CTL extraction process design space was established and optimized,which guaranteed the stability of the process.The high performance liquid chro-matography(HPLC)was used to analyze the main active compounds in the CTL extract.Results Through single-factor experiments,the best experimental parameters were found to be a liquid-solid ratio of 8∶1,extraction time of 90 min,pH value of 4,and extraction times of three.The experimental variance analysis results of the BBD showed that the P value of the re-gression model was less than 0.05,and the lack-of-fit value was greater than 0.01,indicating that the constructed model had good predictive ability.The operating space of the CPPs of the CTL water extraction process was combined with the actual production situation.In the pro-duction situation,the best extraction process was nine times of water addition,72 min of ex-traction time,and 4.5 of pH value.The HPLC results showed that the peak areas of ephedrine hydrochloride,sinapine thiocyanate,tetrahydropalmatine,methyl eugenol,cinnamaldehyde,and 6-gingerol in the CTL extract accounted for 0.94%,14.32%,0.78%,31.23%,0.34%,and 0.44%of the total peak area,respectively.Conclusion The water extraction process design space of CTL based on QbD was conducive to actual production operations,ensuring the stability of the process.
基金Supported by the National Defense Pre-research Project
文摘Due to the rapid development of computers and their applications, early software quality prediction in software industry becomes more and more cruciaL Software quality prediction model is very helpful for decision-makings such as the allocation of resource in module verification and validation. Nevertheless, due to the complicated situations of software development process in the early stage, the applicability and accuracy of these models are still under research. In this paper, a software quality prediction model based on a fuzzy neural network is presented, which takes into account both the internal factors and external factors of software. With hybrid-learning algorithm, the proposed model can deal with multiple forms of data as well as incomplete information, which helps identify design errors early and avoid expensive rework.
文摘Few research works focus on integration of the objective analysis of frozen vegetable quality and the preference of consumers for these products. The aim of the present work was to investigate the consumption patterns of Brussels sprouts, the degree of importance that consumers give to main attributes, and the constructions they make about product quality. For this aim, a series of surveys (snowball sampling method) were performed with consumers from four cities in Argentina. Also, the effect of different industrial operations (two blanching procedures, freezing and cooking) on texture, color, total chlorophyll content and ascorbic acid content of processed sprouts, was determined with respect to the fresh product. A function Z (overall quality) was defined to integrate the information obtained by both approaches. Taking into account the relative importance assigned by surveyed consumers to appearance, texture and nutrient content, the quality of final product obtained from different processing methods was equivalent. Most consumers, 96% of total, preferred the fresh product, which suggests that prejudging by consumers influences attempts at objective estimation of quality.
基金the financial support of the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(No.ZR2017MB012)Major In-novation Project of Shandong Province of China(2018CXGC1405)
文摘Near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy is now widely used influidized bed granulation.However,there are still some demerits that should be overcome in practice.Valid spectra selection during modeling process is now a hard nut to crack.In this study,a novel NIR sensor and a cosine distance method were introduced to solve this problem in order to make thefluidized process into"visualization".A NIR sensor wasfixed on the side of the expansion chamber to acquire the NIR spectra.Then valid spectra were selected based on a cosine distance method to reduce the influence of dynamic disturbances.Finally,spectral pretreatment and wavelength selection methods were investigated to establish partial least squares(PLS)models to monitor the mois-ture content.The results showed that the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)was 0.124%for moisture content model,which was much lower than that without valid spectra selection treatment.All results demonstrated that with the help of valid spectra selection treatment,NIR sensor could be used for real-time determination of critical quality attributes(CQAs)more accurately.It makes the manufacturing easier to understand than the process parameter control.
基金funding from Thermo Fisher Scientific as part of a funded collaborative agreement with NIBR。
文摘Ensuring the removal of host cell proteins(HCPs) during downstream processing of recombinant proteins such as monoclonal antibodies(m Abs) remains a challenge.Since residual HCPs might affect product stability or safety,constant monitoring is required to demonstrate their removal to be below the regulatory accepted level of 100 ng/mg.The current standard analytical approach for this procedure is based on ELISA;however,this approach only measures the overall HCP content.Therefore,the use of orthogonal methods,such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),has been established,as it facilitates the quantitation of total HCPs as well as the identification and quantitation of the individual HCPs present.In the present study,a workflow for HCP detection and quantitation using an automated magnetic bead-based sample preparation,in combination with a data-independent acquisition(DIA) LC-MS analysis,was established.Employing the same instrumental setup commonly used for peptide mapping analysis of m Abs allows for its quick and easy implementation into pre-existing workflows,avoiding the need for dedicated instrumentation or personnel.Thereby,quantitation of HCPs over a broad dynamic range was enabled to allow monitoring of problematic HCPs or to track changes upon altered bioprocessing conditions.
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.82074276)Tianjin Science and Technology project(No.20ZYJDJC00090).
文摘Pharmaceutical production is changing from batch production to continuous production,during which granulation is one of the most important unit operations.The quality of mass-produced products is traditionally guaranteed by conducting off-line testing,which cannot meet the demand of continuous production for real-time monitoring of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes(CQAs)of the pharmaceutical granulation technology.Since the U.S.Food and Drug Administration proposed process analytical technology(PAT)in 2004,many PAT tools have been developed to monitor the granulation process and provide information regarding the granulation operation conditions and endpoint determination.In this article,we review the recent research and application of two PAT modes in the granulation process,namely,single CQA and multi-CQA PAT,with the aim to provide references for comprehensively improving the technological level of the pharmaceutical granulation process.Furthermore,the potential applications in traditional Chinese Medicine are discussed.
文摘The diversity of e-commerce Business to Consumer systems and the significant increase in their use during the COVID-19 pandemic as a one of the primary channels of retail commerce, has made all the most important the need to measuring their quality using practical methods. This paper presents a quality evaluation framework for web metrics that are B2C specific. The framework uses three dimensions based on end-user interaction categories, metrics internal specs and quality sub-characteristics as defined by ISO25010. Beginning from the existing large corpus of general-purpose web metrics, e-commerce specific metrics are chosen and categorized. Analysis results are subjected to a data mining analysis to provide association rules between the various dimensions of the framework. Finally, an ontology that corresponds to the framework is developed to answer to complicated questions related to metrics use and to facilitate the production of new, user defined meta-metrics.
文摘With an accelerating increase of business benefits produced from big data analytics (if used appropriately and intelligently by businesses in the private and public sectors), this study focused on empirically identifying the big data analytics (BDA) attributes. These attributes were classified into four groups (i.e., value innovation, social impact, precision, and completeness of BDA quality) and were found to influence the decision-making performance and business performance outcomes. A structural equation modeling analysis using 382 responses from a BDA related to practitioners indicated that the attributes of representativeness, predictability, interpretability, and innovativeness as related to value innovation greatly enhanced the decision-making confidence and effectiveness of decision makers who make decisions using big data. In addition, individuality, collectivity, and willfulness, which are related to social impact, also greatly improved the decision-making confidence and effectiveness of the same decision makers. This shows that the value innovation and social impact, which have received relatively less attention in previous studies, are the crucial attributes for BDA quality as they influence the decision-making performance. Comprehensiveness, factuality, and realism, which are linked to completeness, also have similar results. Furthermore, the higher the decision-making confidence of the decision makers who used big data was, the higher the financial performance of their companies. In addition, high decision-making confidence using big data was found to improve the nonfinancial performance metrics such as customer satisfaction and quality levels as well as product development capabilities. High decision-making effectiveness with big data was also shown to improve the nonfinancial performance metrics.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY16C200004)the Key Research and Development Projects in Zhejiang Province industrialization Model Projects on Exploring Functional Components and Related Products from Tea Flowers and Fruits(2018C02012),China.
文摘Drying tea flowers into a high-quality product is important to its commodity value.In the present work,a combination of microwave-assisted drying and air drying(MAD-AD)was applied in the processing of fresh tea flowers and its effects on flavor quality,active nutraceutical compounds,and antioxidant capacities were studied.The results showed that compared to air drying and freeze drying tea flowers,the MAD-AD tea flowers had higher amounts of active compounds such as catechins,flavonol glycosides,and triterpenoid saponins,and possessed high antioxidant activities.Moreover,this drying method improved the tea flowers'color and preserved a more floral fragrance.This combined method could be of interest as an industrial method for drying tea flowers with the benefit of reduced processing time,more reserved active compounds and high quality of products.