Comparative Analysis on Chemical Components and Sensory Quality of Aging Flue-Cured Tobacco from Four Main Tobacco Areas of China

Complicated changes are happening during the aging process of flue-cured tobacco （FCT） and understanding of the changing components is of great significance in improving the quality,shortening aging time,and enhancing production and economic efficiency in tobacco industry.The aging samples of FCT from four main producing areas of China,i.e.,Yunnan,Sichuan,Hubei,and Dongbei,were used to study the changing rule of the components such as alkali,acid,and carbohydrate as well as the aroma and their relationship with sensory quality;and based on the correlation among the components and the sensory quality index,multivariable models were established to predict the aging quality.The results showed that the sensory quality of FCT increased steadily during the aging time,and at the same time,the acidic components （total organic acids,volatile acids） increased gradually,while the alkaline substances （nicotine,volatile alkali）,carbohydrate （total sugars,reducing sugar） and pH values showed a downward trend.Correlation analysis found that the sensory quality and pH values were negatively correlated （P0.05）,while the sensory quality with total organic acids and aroma were positively correlated.The optimal model for predicting the quality of FCT was y=56.75-0.63x12＋50.09x2-13.27x22,（y：sensory quality;x1：pH;x2：total organic acids）.The average predicating error was 1.04% with maximum predicating error of 2.89% and the accuracy rate of above 97%.

Effects of Amount of Green Manure Returned to Field on Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

The effects of amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were studied by field experiment. The results showed that significant positive correlation existed between tobacco leaf yield and small or moderate amount of green manure returned to field. Path analysis showed that moderate amount of green manure returned to field affected yield and quality of tobacco leaves, small green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf yield, while large amount of green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf quality. Therefore, the effect of moderate amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of tobacco leaves was best, and moderate amount of green manure returned to field was recommended in production of flue-cured tobacco.

Canonical Correlation between the Leaf Quality Indicators of "Moderate Aroma" Flue-cured Tobacco

In order to find out the correlation between tobacco quality evaluation indicators in China's traditional " moderate aroma" tobaccoproducing areas and simplify the tobacco quality evaluation indicators,we evaluate the appearance quality and smoking quality of 143 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples in China's " moderate aroma" tobacco-producing areas,test the physical traits and chemical component,and analyze the canonical correlation between four quality evaluation indicators. The results show that there is significant or extremely significant canonical correlation between four evaluation indicators( tobacco smoking quality,chemical component,appearance quality and physical trait quality); the cumulative variance contribution rate of evaluation indicators is in the order of chemical component( 69. 17%) > appearance quality( 68. 76%) > physical traits( 64. 13%); appearance quality is most closely related to physical traits( 93. 84%). The individual indicators for tobacco quality evaluation make different contribution to the correlation between quality evaluation indicators. The chemical component evaluation indicators mainly include total sugar and ratio of total sugar to betaine; sensory taste indicators mainly include aroma volume,smoke concentration,irritation and softness degree; physical trait evaluation indicators mainly include leaf weight,leaf length and leaf density; appearance quality indicators mainly include leaf organizational structure,color,maturity and identity. Studies have shown that in the large-scale ecoregion,using canonical correlation analysis to simplify tobacco quality evaluation indicators is feasible.

Yield and Nicotine Content of Flue-Cured Tobacco as Affected by Soil Nitrogen Mineralization

Nitrogen(N)supply is the most important factor affecting yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco(FCT).A field experiment and an in situ incubation method were used to study the effects of soil N mineralization in the later stages of growth on yield and nicotine content of FCT in Fenggang and Jinsha,Guizhou Province.The yield and market value of FCT at Fenggang were much lower than those at Jinsha.However,the nicotine content of middle and upper leaves was much higher at Fenggang than at Jinsha when the same rate of fertilizer N was applied,which might be due to a higher N supply capacity at the Fenggang site.At later stages of growth(7-16 weeks after transplanting),the soil net N mineralization at Fenggang(56 kg N ha^(-1))was almost double that at Jinsha(30 kg N ha^(-1)).While soil NH_4-N and NO_3-N were almost exhausted by the plants or leached 5 weeks after transplanting,the N taken up at the later growth stages at Fenggang were mainly derived from soil N mineralization,which contributed to a high nicotine content in the upper leaves.The order of soil N contribution to N buildup in different leaves was:upper leaves>middle leaves>lower leaves.Thus,soil N mineralization at late growth stages was an important factor affecting N accumulation and therefore the nicotine content in the upper leaves.

Effect of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer in Different Ratios on Growth,Yield and Quality of Fluecured Tobacco

The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied.Using randomized blocks design,the data of the test materials K326 were analyzed by using variance analysis,significance test and other methods.The release efficiency of organic fertilizer in the soil was slower,and the effect of organic fertilizer on the growth of tobacco plants was worse than that of chemical fertilizers,and under 25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment,the quality of the fluecured tobacco was good.Under the treatment of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer,the production of flue-cured tobacco was high and the ratio of first-class tobacco was high.It is suggested that the organic fertilizer application ratio should be 25%-50% in the agricultural production.

The Quality Difference of Tobacco Leaves Between Different Flue-curing Processes in Honghe Tobacco-growing Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to compare the effects of different curing processes,in order to optimize the local supporting intensive fluecuring process.[Methods] A comparative experiment was carried out in Mile,Luxi and Jianshui on the four-layer tobacco-packed intensive curing process(K1)and the eight-point precise and intensive curing process(K2).[Results]The results showed that according to the appearance evaluation of the tobacco leaves,K1 was higher than K2 in respective scores of color,maturity,leaf structure and defects and the total score,while K1 equaled K2 in the scores of identity,oil content,chroma and length.The differences in respective scores of the two processes were not significant.According to the results of sensory evaluation,the two tobacco enterprises got different evaluation results of unblended cigarettes made of the middle leaves due to different raw material requirements of the enterprises by different processes.K1 was higher than K2 in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.,while it was lower than K2 in that of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,and the difference in the total score between the two processes was significant.From the content of chemical components,in the conventional chemical component contents including total sugar,reducing sugar,chlorine and starch,K1 was higher than K2,while in the contents of potassium,total phytonine,total nitrogen and petroleum ether extract,K1 was lower than K2,but the differences were not significant.K1 was lower than K2 in the contents of neutral aroma components including ketones,alcohols,aldehydes,heterocyclics,neophytadiene and total content,while K1 was higher than K2 in the contents of esters,phenols,but the respective differences were not significant.Except the significant difference in the total score in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,there were no significant differences in other items in the appearance evaluation,sensory evaluation and chemical composition of tobacco leaves between K1 and K2.[Conclusions] The supporting intensive curing process can be further optimized on the basis of this study.

Analysis of the Appearance Quality of Tobacco Leaves in the Tobacco-growing Areas of Qujing City

In order to set up the digitization indices system of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Qujing. According to the relevant standards,the quantitative analysis on appearance quality of 39 cutter and upper tobacco leaf samples which were collected from eight fluecured tobacco production regions of Qujing City,Yunnan Province were carried out in 2011,respectively. The results showed that the difference in evaluation score of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in eight regions was not significant. The tobacco leaves had high maturity,high oil content,loose structure and good appearance quality. The scores of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in Shizong County and Malong County are higher than other regions. The two regions are suitable for tobacco plantation. The preliminary digitization indices provide reference and guidance to tobacco production and standards system of tobacco leaves base.

Climatic Characteristics of Hubei Tobacco Area and Its Influence on the Quality of Upper Leaves

In order to provide a more suitable environment for tobacco leaf growth, this study collected meteorological information and tobacco leaf quality information from the main tobacco-producing counties in the province and conducted relevant analysis to find out the main meteorological factors affecting the growth, development, yield, and quality of upper tobacco leaves. Clarify the suitable climatic conditions for the growth and development of the upper leaves, and clarify the influence of various meteorological factors on the quality of the upper leaves. The results showed that the nicotine and total nitrogen content of the upper leaves were significantly positively correlated with the average daily temperature during the maturity period, and negatively correlated with the rainfall during the maturity period;the rainfall in July was significantly positively correlated with the upper leaf clutter score, which was sufficient in the mature period. Moisture conditions are conducive to alleviating the upper leaf clutter;the number of sunshine hours in August is the main factor affecting the content of aroma substances in the upper leaves, and it is also significantly positively correlated with the content of aroma substances.

根施γ-聚谷氨酸对烤烟根系活力及烟叶产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对烤烟根系发育及烟叶产量和品质的影响,为其在烤烟生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】在河南卢氏县和洛宁县进行大田试验,设置在移栽时(T1)、团棵期(T2)、移栽时+团棵期(T3)浇灌γ-PGA原液(用量15 L/hm^(2))200倍稀释液,以浇灌等量清水的处理为对照(CK),于移栽后30和60 d测定0~10,10~20 cm土层土壤的含水率,于移栽后30,60和90 d测定根系体积和活力,于烤烟圆顶期测定烟株农艺性状及根、茎、叶干物质质量,在烟叶收获烘烤后测定其经济性状和化学成分,分析各处理土壤水分以及烤烟根系发育、干物质积累及烟叶产量和品质的差异。【结果】浇灌γ-PGA处理能显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤含水率,以T3处理效果最好。与CK相比,施用γ-PGA显著提高了烤烟根系体积和生育前中期烟株的根系活力,在移栽后60 d,T1、T2、T3处理烤烟根系体积较CK增幅分别为39.15%~43.64%,47.38%~73.64%和62.92%~93.41%,根系活力增幅分别为39.01%~39.98%,36.33%~46.32%和51.72%~54.98%。施用γ-PGA显著增加了烟株全株干物质积累量,提高了烤后烟叶的产量、产值、上等烟比例和还原糖含量、糖碱比、钾氯比,改善了烤烟化学成分的协调性,且均以T3处理效果最好,其全株干物质积累量、产量、产值、上等烟比例较CK分别提高了25.20%~46.60%,13.49%~20.79%,27.83%~31.89%和8.14%~12.72%。【结论】在豫西烟区于移栽时、团棵期2次浇灌γ-PGA溶液对烤烟促生增产提质效果最佳。

Curing Technology for Improving the Quality of Upper Tobacco Leaves

In order to improve the curing quality and industrial availability of upper tobacco leaves,the effects of different temperature differences between dry and wet bulbs in yellowing stage on the chemical composition,aroma substances and economic characters of upper tobacco leaves were investigated using field test and indoor test. The results showed that when the dry bulb temperature was 38℃ and the temperature difference between dry and wet bulbs was 1. 5℃,the coordination of chemical constituents and the content of aroma substances in the upper tobacco leaves were increased,the appearance quality and sensory evaluation quality were significantly improved,and the economic characters after curing were improved,thereby improving the yield and quality of the upper tobacco leaves.

生长素与钼配施对烤烟上部叶生理代谢及品质的影响

为探究生长素与钼配施对烤烟生理代谢及品质的影响,以‘云烟87’为材料,通过田间试验研究生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合作用、碳氮代谢、物理特性和化学成分的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,打顶后喷施生长素并追施钼肥不同程度地提高了叶片光合色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素)含量、气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)值和碳氮代谢酶(淀粉酶、转化酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶)活性;提高了烤后烟叶的叶长、叶宽、单叶重、填充值和抗张力,烟叶钾、总糖、还原糖含量显著增加,总氮、烟碱含量显著降低。生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合色素总变异的贡献率分别为68.85%、13.23%,对气体交换参数总变异的贡献率分别为50.66%、42.63%,对碳氮代谢酶总变异的贡献率分别为40.74%、34.02%,对物理特性总变异的贡献率分别为46.72%、49.55%,对化学成分总变异的贡献率分别为54.94%、36.22%。总的来看,生长素为主要效应因子,喷施生长素20 mg·kg^(-1)并追施钼肥4 mg·株^(-1)的处理在促进生理代谢和提高烟叶品质方面效果最佳。以上研究结果为激素和微量元素在烤烟生产中的合理应用提供了理论基础。

二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响

为探讨二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田两种栽培措施及其相互作用对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响,以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,按照两种不同翻耕起垄方式(一次性翻耕起垄和先翻耕晒垡再二次翻耕起垄)与是否稻草还田进行随机区组设计,在湖南宜章县烤烟种植区进行田间试验,分析比较各处理间的土壤养分和烟叶产质量差异。结果表明,与一次性翻耕起垄(T1+T2)和无稻草还田(T1+T3)相比,二次翻耕起垄(T3+T4)和稻草还田(T2+T4)能显著增加土壤有机质含量,提高烟叶糖碱比、氮碱比以及烟叶产量、产值和生产效益,并且两者表现出显著的相互作用;此外,二次翻耕起垄还能显著提高烟叶总糖和还原糖含量,并显著降低烟碱含量,使得糖碱比和氮碱比更趋合理。在感官评吸方面,稻草还田能显著提高烟叶感官评吸质量。从生产效益上分析,由于二次翻耕增加了生产成本,对于基础地力较好的砂质土壤,开展一次性翻耕起垄结合稻草还田可获得更好的经济效益。研究结果为湖南烟稻轮作区烤烟种植提供了科学参考依据。

改良热泵密集烤房烘烤工艺及其效果分析

为进一步利用热泵密集烤房优势,解决热泵密集烤房与现有工艺不匹配、初烤烟叶化学成分提升不明显等问题,对传统三段式烘烤工艺进行改良,对初烤烟叶的主要化学成分、石油醚提取物、多酚类物质、香气代谢产物及评吸质量进行分析。结果表明:与传统三段式烘烤工艺相比,可变频密集烤房采用改良三段式烘烤工艺后效果较好,其初烤烟叶化学成分赋值提高8.9%,淀粉含量下降20.0%,中性致香物质含量提高0.7%,多酚类物质含量提高49.4%,评吸得分提高6.2%。说明改良三段式烘烤工艺可促进烟叶香气代谢产物的积累和化学质量、评吸质量的提高。综合分析,改良后的三段式烘烤工艺能够有效提升热泵密集烤房初烤烟叶质量,有较好的实用价值。

育苗盘规格对烟苗生长发育及烟叶产质量的影响

为筛选出既满足宜宾烟区井窖式小苗移栽又减少基质用量的育苗盘规格,采用湿润育苗的方式,研究了不同育苗盘规格对烟苗生长发育及烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明,128孔和162孔育苗盘所育烟苗生长较快,烟苗农艺性状、物质积累和合格烟苗率较高,大田烟株农艺性状、经济性状较高,但基质用量和所需育苗面积较大,育苗投入成本明显增加;200孔育苗盘所育烟苗素质、大田烟株农艺性状、经济性状等方面与128孔育苗盘相当,但其基质用量较128孔育苗盘降低39.88%,育苗盘面积较128孔育苗盘减少30.77%,育苗投入成本明显降低;288孔育苗盘虽然基质用量和所需育苗面积最低,但其所育烟苗素质,大田烟株农艺性状和经济性状显著低于其他处理。综合而言,200孔育苗盘是宜宾烟区比较理想的选择。

山东烤烟感官质量与化学成分关系及质量预测模型建立

为明确山东烤烟化学成分与感官质量之间的关系,探明影响山东烟叶质量提升的关键化学成分指标,对山东省6个地区代表性烟叶样品开展感官质量评价和常规成分、有机酸、生物碱、单双糖、多酚等5类23种化学指标测定,结合简单相关、方差分析、主成分分析和回归分析等统计方法进行数据分析。筛选出总糖、氯、绿原酸、降烟碱、柠檬酸/烟碱、油酸6个影响山东烟叶品质的关键化学指标,基于6个指标构建山东烟叶感官质量预测模型,验证样本预测值与真实值绝对差值0.43~3.88分,相对误差-5.66%~6.32%,平均误差3.18%。基于关键化学成分构建的感官质量预测模型可为山东烟叶质量的客观评价提供一定的技术支撑。

生物有机肥与化肥减量配施对土壤养分及烟叶产质量的影响

为减少化肥的过量施用,提高湖南宜章植烟土壤肥力和烟叶生产效益,以烤烟品种‘K326’为材料,采用田间试验研究了不同比例生物有机肥与化肥减量配施对土壤养分及烟叶产量与品质的影响。结果表明:增施适当比例生物有机肥配合化肥减量能不同程度地改善土壤肥力质量,促进烟株的生长。随着生物有机肥比例的增加与化肥用量的减少,烤烟的各项生长农艺性状、感官评吸质量、产量、产值以及上等烟比例呈先升后降的趋势。其中,以减量20%化学追肥的T2处理对烟株的生长和烟叶的品质表现最好。与常规施肥的对照(CK)相比,烟草株高、有效叶片数和最大叶面积分别增加8.24%~17.00%、13.81%~23.22%和12.63%~16.86%,C3F烟叶中总糖和钾含量分别达到26.51%~30.01%和2.16%~2.86%,C3F和B2F烟叶的感官评吸质量分别提高1.67%~2.98%和3.12%~4.10%,烟叶产量、上等烟比例和产值分别提高3.76%~6.58%、3.38%~3.79%和8.24%~9.58%。研究结果为湘南植烟区应用生物有机肥与化肥减量配施提供了科学参考依据。

昆明产区烟叶质量现状及后备烤烟新品种筛选研究

为探索昆明产区烟叶质量现状和筛选符合“黄山”卷烟品牌需求的烤烟后备品种,2023年在昆明4个不同生态亚区8个乡镇布点,每个点以当地主栽品种红花大金元、MSK326或MS云烟87为对照,引进云烟121、YN223两个烤烟新品种进行同田对比试验,参照“黄山”品牌对原料的质量需求,对调制后的中部烟叶进行检测和评价.结果表明:1)在昆明产区,烟叶外观质量和感官质量主要受生态亚区的影响,而种植品种仅影响烟气风格的彰显程度.2)昆明产区烟叶外观质量、化学指标和感官质量总体较好,但存在糖高碱低、氮高碱低、钾含量偏低的不足,烟叶油分、色度、香气量、回甜感等方面有待提升.3)昆明产区可将云烟121作为“黄山”卷烟品牌的后备烤烟品种,进一步开展大田试验示范及工业可用性验证.综上所述,该研究初步筛选出符合“黄山”品牌的后备品种,探索出昆明产区烟叶质量现状及其质量改善的方向.

烟大帅有机肥对烤烟产质量的影响

2020年在山东潍坊诸城、临朐开展田间试验,研究烟大帅烟草专用有机肥对烤烟生长发育及烟叶产质量的影响。每667 m^(2)施40 kg豆饼和5 kg纯氮为对照,施40 kg豆饼和10 kg烟大帅有机肥(纯氮减施10%,T1)、40 kg豆饼和25 kg烟大帅有机肥(纯氮减施20%,T2)、40 kg烟大帅有机肥(纯氮5 kg, T3)为3个处理。结果表明,T2处理效果最好,促进烟株根系发育,烟株采收烘烤后产量和产值最高。

山东省不同类型烟叶质量特征差异及原因分析

为明确山东省不同类型烟叶质量特征差异及原因,本研究连续3年采集山东烟区烟叶样品,分析不同类型烟叶物理特性、化学成分和感官评吸质量,通过相关分析,解析影响评吸质量的主要因素。结果表明:中、上部叶物理特性方面,香吃味型最好,香味型居其次,吃味型最低,表现在部分吃味型中、上部叶发育过旺,叶片大小、单叶重、叶面密度超出适宜范围。化学成分方面,香味型中部叶化学成分协调性最好,香吃味型中部叶居于其次,吃味型中部叶最低,主要是部分吃味型烟叶淀粉、氯离子含量高且钾氯比低;3种类型上部叶化学成分协调性基本一致。感官评吸质量方面,中部叶质量得分为香味型最高,香吃味型其次,吃味型最低,差异主要体现在香气质、余味、杂气、刺激性等指标;3种类型上部烟叶评吸质量差异不明显。相关分析表明,叶宽对中部叶评吸质量产生显著负效应,叶长、叶片厚度对上部叶评吸质量产生显著负效应;钾和钾氯比对中部叶评吸质量产生显著正效应,而还原糖、硫、氯离子、纤维素、半纤维素产生显著负效应;还原糖、总糖对上部叶评吸质量产生显著正效应,而烟碱、纤维素产生负效应。吃味型中部叶评吸质量较低,与其叶片发育过旺及硫、氯含量较高有关;3种类型上部叶评吸质量无显著差异,但其原因各有不同,香味型、香吃味型上部叶虽然钾含量高、氯离子含量低,但总糖含量低、烟碱含量高,糖碱比协调性变差,而吃味型上部叶钾含量低、氯离子含量高,总糖含量高、烟碱含量低,糖碱比协调。因此,需针对不同类型烟叶的问题,采取相应农艺措施,提高烟叶质量。