Quantitative characterization of vertical zonation of Mesozoic granite weathering reservoirs in the coastal area of eastern Fujian Province,China

Weathering crust reservoirs have obvious vertical zonation,which is the focus of weathering crust reservoir research,but there is a lack of quantitative characterization indexes.To achieve the quantitative characterization of granite weathering crust reservoir and provide the basis for oil exploration of granite weathering crust buried hill reservoir,in this paper,the vertical zonation of granite weathering crust reservoir is quantitatively divided by testing and analyzing the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),magnetic susceptibility(MS),permeability,and chemical index of alteration(CIA)of the Mesozoic granite weathering crust in the coastal area of eastern Fujian.The results show that the granite weathering crust reservoir can be divided into four zones vertically:a soil zone(SZ),weathered and dissolved zone(WDZ),fracture zone(FZ),and bedrock zone(BZ).A cataclastic area is developed in the FZ and BZ,in which structural fractures are well-developed,the fracture surface density is usually greater than 200 m/m^(2),and the contribution to the fractures in the rock mass is up to about 50%,making this the sweet spot of the reservoir.In the SZ,the rocks are loose,and the pores are well-developed.The UCS is less than 10 MPa,and the average rate of change of the UCS(Δ_(σ))is 0.90.The average permeability is 2823.00 mD,and the average rate of change of the permeability(Δ_(κ))is 5.13.The average CIA is 74.9%.The average clay mineral content is 7%.The rocks in the WDZ have been significantly weathered by physical and chemical processes,and the weathering fractures and dissolution pores are well-developed.The average UCS is 18.2 MPa,and the averageΔ_(σ)is 0.70.The average permeability is 143.80 mD,and averageΔ_(κ)is 4.17.The average CIA is 65.3%.The average clay mineral content is 4%.Under the influence of tectonic movement and physical weathering,the rocks in the FZ have developed structural fractures and a few weathered fractures.The average UCS is 57.9 MPa,and the averageΔ_(σ)is 0.18.The average permeability is 5.50 mD,and the averageΔ_(κ)is 2.55.The average CIA is 61.6%.The average clay mineral content is 2%.In the BZ,the rocks are intact and hard.The average UCS is 69.9 MPa,and the average Ds is 0.13.The average permeability is 1.46 mD,and the averageΔ_(κ)is 1.43.The average CIA is 57.8%.The average clay mineral content is less than 1%.The multi-parameter combination of the UCS,Δ_(σ),permeability,Δ_(κ),CIA,and clay mineral content achieved good results in the division of the zones of the weathering crust.The UCS increases gradually from top to bottom,while Ds,permeability,Δ_(κ),CIA,and clay mineral content all decrease gradually.In addition,based on the petrophysical parameters of the rocks,including the density,resistivity,and acoustic velocity,a good division effect was also achieved,which can provide a basis for the vertical zonation of the granite buried-hill weathering crust reservoir.

Quantitative characterization of tight gas sandstone reservoirs using seismic data via an integrated rock-physics-based framework

Seismic characterizing of tight gas sandstone (TGS) reservoirs is essential for identifying promising gas-bearing regions. However, exploring the petrophysical significance of seismic-inverted elastic properties is challenging due to the complex microstructures in TGSs. Meanwhile, interbedded structures of sandstone and mudstone intensify the difficulty in accurately extracting the crucial tight sandstone properties. An integrated rock-physics-based framework is proposed to estimate the reservoir quality of TGSs from seismic data. TGSs with complex pore structures are modeled using the double-porosity model, providing a practical tool to compute rock physics templates for reservoir parameter estimation. The VP/VS ratio is utilized to predict the cumulative thickness of the TGS reservoirs within the target range via the threshold value evaluated from wireline logs for lithology discrimination. This approach also facilitates better capturing the elastic properties of the TGSs for quantitative seismic interpretation. Total porosity is estimated from P-wave impedance using the correlation obtained based on wireline log analysis. After that, the three-dimensional rock-physics templates integrated with the estimated total porosity are constructed to interpret microfracture porosity and gas saturation from velocity ratio and bulk modulus. The integrated framework can optimally estimate the parameters dominating the reservoir quality. The results of the indicator proposed based on the obtained parameters are in good agreement with the gas productions and can be utilized to predict promising TGS reservoirs. Moreover, the results suggest that considering microfracture porosity allows a more accurate prediction of high-quality reservoirs, further validating the applicability of the proposed method in the studied region.

Highly Aligned Graphene Aerogels for Multifunctional Composites

Stemming from the unique in-plane honeycomb lattice structure and the sp^(2)hybridized carbon atoms bonded by exceptionally strong carbon–carbon bonds,graphene exhibits remarkable anisotropic electrical,mechanical,and thermal properties.To maximize the utilization of graphene’s in-plane properties,pre-constructed and aligned structures,such as oriented aerogels,films,and fibers,have been designed.The unique combination of aligned structure,high surface area,excellent electrical conductivity,mechanical stability,thermal conductivity,and porous nature of highly aligned graphene aerogels allows for tailored and enhanced performance in specific directions,enabling advancements in diverse fields.This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in highly aligned graphene aerogels and their composites.It highlights the fabrication methods of aligned graphene aerogels and the optimization of alignment which can be estimated both qualitatively and quantitatively.The oriented scaffolds endow graphene aerogels and their composites with anisotropic properties,showing enhanced electrical,mechanical,and thermal properties along the alignment at the sacrifice of the perpendicular direction.This review showcases remarkable properties and applications of aligned graphene aerogels and their composites,such as their suitability for electronics,environmental applications,thermal management,and energy storage.Challenges and potential opportunities are proposed to offer new insights into prospects of this material.

Surface characteristics analysis of fractures induced by supercritical CO_(2)and water through three-dimensional scanning and scanning electron micrography

Morphology of hydraulic fracture surface has significant effects on oil and gas flow,proppant migration and fracture closure,which plays an important role in oil and gas fracturing stimulation.In this paper,we analyzed the fracture surface characteristics induced by supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))and water in open-hole and perforation completion conditions under triaxial stresses.A simple calculation method was proposed to quantitatively analyze the fracture surface area and roughness in macro-level based on three-dimensional(3D)scanning data.In micro-level,scanning electron micrograph(SEM)was used to analyze the features of fracture surface.The results showed that the surface area of the induced fracture increases with perforation angle for both SC-CO_(2)and water fracturing,and the surface area of SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture is 6.49%e58.57%larger than that of water-induced fracture.The fractal dimension and surface roughness of water-induced fractures increase with the increase in perforation angle,while those of SC-CO_(2)-induced fractures decrease with the increasing perforation angle.A considerable number of microcracks and particle peeling pits can be observed on SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture surface while there are more flat particle surfaces in water-induced fracture surface through SEM images,indicating that fractures tend to propagate along the boundary of the particle for SC-CO_(2)fracturing while water-induced fractures prefer to cut through particles.These findings are of great significance for analyzing fracture mechanism and evaluating fracturing stimulation performance.

Theoretical Study on Quantitative Characterization of Interlayer Interference in Multi-Layer Commingled Production

X oilfield is a typical layered reservoir with a large vertical span and many oil-bearing formations. There are significant differences in reservoir types and fluid properties among various formations. The interlayer interference is severe in the development process. At present, the interlayer interference research based on dynamic monitoring data cannot meet development adjustment needs. Combined with the field test results, through the indoor physical simulation experiment method, dynamic inversion method, and reservoir engineering method, this paper analyzes the main control factors and interference mechanism of interlayer interference, studies the variation law of interference coefficient, improves and forms the quantitative characteristic Theory of interlayer interference in multi-layer commingled production, and provides theoretical guidance for the total adjustment of the middle strata division in the oilfield.

“Second quantitative characterization”and its application in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

The Ordovician fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs of Tarim Basin,are featured by developed vugs,caves and fractures.The strong heterogeneity results in huge uncertainty when these reservoirs are quantitatively characterized using merely static seismic data.The effective quantitative characterization of the reservoirs has been an urgent problem to be solved.This study creatively proposes the"second quantitative characterization"technique with the combination of dynamic and static data based on the primary static quantitative characterization and fully considering lots of key influence factors when conducting characterization.In this technique,dynamic analysis methods such as well testing,production rate transient analysis,dynamic reserve evaluation and dynamic connectivity evaluation are used to get understandings on this kind of reservoir.These understandings are used as statistical parameters to constrain the inversion of seismic wave impedance to improve the relationship between wave impedance and porosity and determine the fracture-vug morphology,calculate dynamic reserves,and then a more accurate fracture-vugmodel can be selected and used to calculate the oil-water contact inversely based on the results of"second quantitative characterization".This method can lower the uncertainties in the primary quantitative characterization of fracture-vug reservoirs,enhance the accuracy of characterization results significantly,and has achieved good application results in the fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs of Tarim Basin.

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER BY ^(13)C-NMR METHOD Ⅲ. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF SEQUENCE STRUCTURE

The quantitative description of the sequence structure of emulsion-processed SBR and solution-processed SBR (by lithium catalyst)was carried out based on their spectral data Of ^(13)C-NMR.The calculating formulae which could be used to obtain diad concentration from the peak intensifies of carbon spectra, average block length, average number of block, and the microstructure composition of the molecular chain were derived. The quantitative result showed that on the molecular chain styrene unit had the tendency to attach to trans-1,4 butadiene unit. The calculated result of the microstructure was in good agreement with that obtained through IR measurement.

Study on Quantitative Character for Anatomy in Tomato Seedling Stem

The results of quantitative characters for anatomy in stems of three varieties tomatoes seedlings showed that the cell population between vascular bundle and epidermis, the cellular layers among vascular bundles and the cell population in an unit area （mm^2） of no vascular bundle areas were similar and there had small difference among three varieties. On the foundation of these studies, the developmental mechanism of tomato seedling stem was discussed.

Research on Characters of Leaf Epidermal Cells' Quantities of Solanaceous Vegetable Crops

Tomatoes, peppers and eggplants＇ seedings were used as experiment materials to study the leaf development mechanism of solanaceous vegetable crops by using blot observation method. Results showed that an increasing trend was presented at the density of cells and stomata in upper and lower epidermis, but a declined trend was presented at the cells＇ diameters and the size of stomata with the joint position rising. At the same joint position, no matter in adaxial side or abaxial side, there were some differences among cells diameters, size of stomata, density of cells and stomata.

Ecological Coupling Analysis and Genetic Effect Evaluation of Quantitative Characters in Lonicera edulis

Lonicera edulis is a perennial berry shrub that prefers the cold and wet climate, with high nutritional and medicinal value. In this study, ecological cou- pling capability of L. edulis with light, heat, water and soil resources in cold regions was investigated to analyze comprehensively ecological effects of quantitative characters and genetic effects of parents, aiming at providing a theoretical basis for the breeding, introduction and domestication of fine varieties of L. edulis in cold regions of China. The results showed that fruit characters in L. edulis exhibited certain variations among different habitat types. To be specific, fruit vertical diame- ter varied slightly, fruit horizontal diameter varied greatly and seed number varied maximally, with the average variance coefficients of 9.38%, 11.92% and 20. 64%, respectively; in addition, fruit characters in L. edtdis exhibited moderate herilability, moderate genetic gain and low level of genetic differentiation; the heritability of fruit vertical diameter, fruit horizontal diameter and seed number was 0.825, 0. 559 and 0. 627, respectively; the genetic gain of these three fruit characters was 7.53%, 5.72% and 11. 94%, respectively, resulting in significant economical benefits.

Deepwater Turbidite Lobe Deposits:A Review of the Research Frontiers

Deepwater/deep-marine turbidite lobes are the most distal part of a siliciclastic depositional system and hold the largest sediment accumulation on the seafloor. As many giant hydrocarbon provinces have been discovered within deepwater lobe deposits, they represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry. Deepwater exploration is characterized by high cost, high risk but insufficient data because of the deep/ultra–deepwater depth. A thorough understanding of the deepwater turbidite lobe architecture, hierarchy, stacking pattern and internal facies distribution is thus vital. Recently, detailed outcrop characterizations and high–resolution seismic studies have both revealed that the deepwater lobe deposits are characterized into four–fold hierarchical arrangements from ＂beds＂, to ＂lobe elements＂, to ＂lobes＂ and to ＂lobe complex＂. Quantitative compilations have shown that hierarchical components of lobe deposits have similar length to width ratios but different width to thickness ratios depending on different turbidite systems. At all hierarchical scales, sand–prone hierarchical lobe units are always separated by mud–prone bounding units except when the bounding units are eroded by their overlying lobe units thus giving rise to vertical amalgamation and connectivity. Amalgamations often occur at more proximal regions suggesting high flow energy. A mixed flow behavior may occur towards more distal regions, resulting in deposition of ＂hybrid event beds＂. These synthesized findings could（1） help understand the lobe reservoir distribution and compartmentalization therefore benefit the exploration and development of turbidite lobes within the deep marine basins（e.g. South China Sea） and（2） provide rules and quantitative constraints on reservoir modeling. In addition, the findings associated with deepwater turbidite lobes might be a good starting point to understand the sedimentology, architecture and hierarchy of turbidites in deep lacustrine environment.

Main Controlling Factors and Dominant Reservoir Series Analysis of Es_3 in the Qibei Area of Qikou Sag

Based on analysis of geophysical data such as core observation, rock slices identification, physical property, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, logging data etc., 16 factors of sedimentation, diagenesis, fluid pressure, and their relationships with reservoir physical property were analyzed, and the results indicate sedimentation is the internal factor controlling the reservoir property, diagenesis is the external and final decisive factor and abnormal fluid pressure is an important factor preserving the deep reservoir property. Quantitative characterization of diagenesis indicates that compaction and dissolution are more important than cementation and they respectively cause porosity change of-23.6% and 7.7% and -6.2%. Through optimizing 11 main controlling factors and constructing reservoir evaluation index （REI） according to the hierarchical cluster and principal component analysis, reservoir classification standard was established and reservoirs were divided into four classes. The studies show that Es~ SQ4 consists mainly of class I and II, while Es~ SQ6 is mainly of class III and II; the favorable zone is the north and south slope of Qibei sub-sag and the Liujianfang fault-nose. The successful application of the quantitative and comprehensive evaluation in the Qibei area verifies the advanced, practicable method of less artificial factor is suitable for the low porosity and permeability reservoir.

Assessment of natural regeneration status and diversity of tree species in the biodiversity conservation areas of Northeastern Bangladesh

A study was conducted at two-biodivcrsity conservation areas of Northeastern Bangladesh （a part of Sylhet Forest Division） to assess the species composition, diversity and density of natural regeneration of tree species both indigenous and exotic species. Data were collected by stratified random quadrate method during January 2010 to July 2010. Totally 200 circular plots of 2 m〉〈2 m in size had 5 different habitat types of plants namely; forest, roadside, homestead （surrounding forest dwellers house）, fallow land and others （canals, streams and tea gardens side）, which included a total of 55 regenerating species belonging to 28 families. Meliaceae is the dominant family and shows the highest family importance value （26.3）, having six species, followed by Moraeeae （24.24）. Among the five habitat types, forest （43 species） possess the highes number of species, followed by roadside （23 species）. Total 15 exotic species among 9 families and 40 indigenous species with 24 families were recorded. For exotic species, Tectona grandis possess the highest relative density （11.7%） and relative frequency （10.5%）; Senna siamea had highest relative abundance （7.83%）. In case of indigenous species, Chickrassia tabularis possess the highest relative density （4.23%） and relative frequency （4%）; Dipterocarpus turbinatus bad the highest relative abundance （3.92%）. Tectona grandis （29.66） and Chickrassia tabularis （10.8） had the highest IVI for exotic and indigenous species respectively. Different diversity indic＇es such as Shanon-Winner diversity index,＇ species diversity index, species richness index, species evenness index, Simpson index and species dominance index, etc. were applied to quantify definite diversity. The regeneration of species associated with low levelsof disturbance was in the exotic Species. Study suggests that proper protection from human disturbances and scientific management of natural regeneration of two-study forests may lead a rich biodiversity site in the country.

The Limitations of Polygenic Hypothesis and Theorizing about Dual Multiple Factors and Three Normal Distributions

The original data of Nilsson-Ehle experiment in wheat were analyzed with existent genetic knowledge. It indicated that the core of polygenic hypothesis from this experiment was that a character similarity produced by additive effect of multiple genes was the basis of continuous variation. Its precondition was for effective genes to have equal effect, to show merodominance and binomial distribution and to inherit independently. In fact, quantitative characters were determined by many genes with different property, effect and behavior. So it was difficult to solve all problems of continuous variation by the aid of polygenic hypothesis. The researchers should seek new ways. With Mendelian group as research object and by means of Lyapunov central limit theorem it was proved that both genotypic value G and the environmental effect in a niche E were subordinated to the normal distribution and respectively. According to additivity of the normal distribution the phenotype P = G + E also obeyed the normal distribution P = G + E ~ and quantitative characters showed continuous variation, whether or not the linkage was presented, whether or not every gene effect was equal, whether or not there were dominance and what kind of dominance between alleles. Moreover it was discussed that the quantitative characters in self-fertilized organism and clone were submitted to the normal distribution and presented continuous variation too.

Material microstructures analyzed by using gray level Co-occurrence matrices

The mechanical properties of materials greatly depend on the microstructure morphology. The quantitative characterization of material microstructures is essential for the performance prediction and hence the material design. At present,the quantitative characterization methods mainly rely on the microstructure characterization of shape, size, distribution,and volume fraction, which related to the mechanical properties. These traditional methods have been applied for several decades and the subjectivity of human factors induces unavoidable errors. In this paper, we try to bypass the traditional operations and identify the relationship between the microstructures and the material properties by the texture of image itself directly. The statistical approach is based on gray level Co-occurrence matrix（GLCM）, allowing an objective and repeatable study on material microstructures. We first present how to identify GLCM with the optimal parameters, and then apply the method on three systems with different microstructures. The results show that GLCM can reveal the interface information and microstructures complexity with less human impact. Naturally, there is a good correlation between GLCM and the mechanical properties.

Quantitative characterization of filamentous fungal promoters on a single-cell resolution to discover cryptic natural products

Characterization of filamentous fungal regulatory elements remains challenging because of time-consuming transformation technologies and limited quantitative methods.Here we established a method for quantitative assessment of filamentous fungal promoters based on flow cytometry detection of the superfolder green fluorescent protein at single-cell resolution.Using this quantitative method,we acquired a library of 93 native promoter elements from Aspergillus nidulans in a high-throughput format.The strengths of identified promoters covered a 37-fold range by flow cytometry.P_(zipA) and P_(sltA)were identified as the strongest promoters,which were 2.9-and 1.5-fold higher than that of the commonly used constitutive promoter P_(gpdA).Thus,we applied P_(zipA)and P_(sltA)to activate the silent nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene Afpes1 from Aspergillus fumigatus in its native host and the heterologous host A.nidulans.The metabolic products of Afpes1 were identified as new cyclic tetrapeptide derivatives,namely,fumiganins A and B.Our method provides an innovative strategy for natural product discovery in fungi.

Architecture of deepwater turbidite lobes: A case study of Carboniferous turbidite outcrop in the Clare Basin, Ireland

Through lithofacies analysis and architecture anatomy of the Carboniferous Ross Sandstone turbidites outcropped at western Ireland,the depositional model of deepwater turbidite lobes is established.Seven types of lithofacies are recognized including goniatites-rich shale,laminated shale,laminated siltstone,massive sandstone,fine-medium sandstone with mud-clast,basal gravel,and chaotic mudstone,which can be subdivided into units of three origins,turbidite lobe,turbidite channel,and slide-slump;and four hierarchical levels,lobe complex,lobe,lobe element and single sandstone layer.The lobes show apparent compensational stacking pattern,lobe elements display typical thickening-upward cycles on vertical profile,and the higher the hierarchical level,the better the preservation of the hierarchical boundary is.In general,turbidite lobe deposits appear as tabular,parallel/sub-parallel sandstone and mudstone interbeds,and change from thick,massive sandstone in the proximal end to thinner sandstone and mudstone interbeds from axis to fringe,with the sand-shale ratio and degree of sandstone amalgamation decreasing.

A Quantitative Method for Characterizing Transport Capability of Compound Hydrocarbon Carrier System

The occurrence of hydrocarbon migration in petroliferous basins depends on the balance of driving force and resistance of carriers, which restricts mostly the quantity and positions of hydrocarbon accumulation. The driving forces of hydrocarbon migration have been quantitatively studied, whereas the migration pathways and carriers were only qualitatively discussed up to now. Establishing a compound hydrocarbon carrier system and quantitatively characterizing its transport capability are significant for understanding the dynamic process of hydrocarbon migration and revealing the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics. It has become an innovatory trend and also a difficult topic in study of hydrocarbon migration. In this article, a method is described for using displacement pressure to quantitatively characterize the transport capability of the compound carrier system, which composed of sandstone carriers, unconformities and faults. When the weathered and leached zone rarely developed, the basal conglomerate or transgressive sandstone of unconformities can be treated as part of sandstone carriers. An empirical relationship among core porosity, air permeability, and the pore aperture radius corresponding to a mercury saturation of 10% （r 10 ） can be obtained by multiple regression. Using porosity and permeability inversed by seismic data, the displacement pressure of sandstone carriers can be calculated by the empirical relationship and Washburn Equation. Displacement pressure of fault plane can be estimated by the regression formula between fault opening index （FOI） and hydrocarbon column height it can support. This method is applied in the eastern part of south slope in Dongying （东营） depression, Bohai （渤海） Bay Basin, China, to quantitatively characterize thetransport capability of the compound carrier system of Shahejie （沙河街） Formation. The results have good agreement with data from drilling wells. This method may be a step further in study of compound hydrocarbon carrier system in petroliferous basins. It may provide the basis of coupling expulsion quantity, migration driving force and hydrocarbon carrier system to simulate hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Therefore this will help predict hydrocarbon migration pathways and the locations ofhydrocarbon accumulation.

A deep learning-based method for segmentation and quantitative characterization of microstructures in weathering steel from sequential scanning electron microscope images

Microstructural classification is typically done manually by human experts,which gives rise to uncertainties due to subjectivity and reduces the overall efficiency.A high-throughput characterization is proposed based on deep learning,rapid acquisition technology,and mathematical statistics for the recognition,segmentation,and quantification of microstructure in weathering steel.The segmentation results showed that this method was accurate and efficient,and the segmentation of inclusions and pearlite phase achieved accuracy of 89.95%and 90.86%,respectively.The time required for batch processing by MIPAR software involving thresholding segmentation,morphological processing,and small area deletion was 1.05 s for a single image.By comparison,our system required only 0.102 s,which is ten times faster than the commercial software.The quantification results were extracted from large volumes of sequential image data(150 mm^(2),62,216 images,1024×1024 pixels),which ensure comprehensive statistics.Microstructure information,such as three-dimensional density distribution and the frequency of the minimum spatial distance of inclusions on the sample surface of 150 mm^(2),were quantified by extracting the coordinates and sizes of individual features.A refined characterization method for two-dimensional structures and spatial information that is unattainable when performing manually or with software is provided.That will be useful for understanding properties or behaviors of weathering steel,and reducing the resort to physical testing.

From qualitative to quantitative:the state of the art and challenges for plant synthetic biology

Backgrounds:As an increasing number of synthetic switches and circuits have been created for plant systems and of synthetic products produced in plant chassis,plant synthetic biology is taking a strong foothold in agriculture and medicine.The ever-exploding data has also promoted the expansion of toolkits in this field.Genetic parts libraries and quantitative characterization approaches have been developed.However,plant synthetic biology is still in its infancy.The considerations for selecting biological parts to design and construct genetic circuits with predictable functions remain desired.Results:In this article,we review the current biotechnological progresses in field of plant synthetic biology.Assembly standardization and quantitative approaches of genetic parts and genetic circuits are discussed.We also highlight the main challenges in the iterative cycles of design-build-test-learn for introducing novel traits into plants.Conclusion:Plant synthetic biology promises to provide important solutions to many issues in agricultural production,human health care,and environmental sustainability.However,tremendous challenges exist in this field.For example,the quantitative characterization of genetic parts is limited;the orthogonality and the transfer functions of circuits are unpredictable;and also,the mathematical modeling-assisted circuits design still needs to improve predictability and reliability.These challenges are expected to be resolved in the near future as interests in this field are intensifying.