Entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility and flexible innovation networks： On the interaction between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and local development

Entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility is concerned with obligations that should be undertaken by an enterprise or ＂enterprise citizen＂ to the society including interrelationship between enterprise and some related interest dependents. And it is a sense of value, discipline and respect to the people, community and environment-related policies of the enterprise. Obviously, the core of the notion refers to a commitment of the enterprise in order to improve living standard of related interest counterparts. Nowadays, entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility has been not only an ethical call, but also an institutional constraint. The consensus is that in operation process an enterprise should take into account of its economic, social and ethical effects on consumers, staffs, shareholders, communities, local governments and environment and make a better prospect to them. Based on this point of view, by field work and questionnaire method, this paper discusses specifically the interaction between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and local development of the Pudong New Area, a China＇s largest special economic zone in Shanghai to explore dynamics of the TNCs＇ R＆D activities, growth of the local economy and their roles in promoting flexible innovation networks for sustainable futures. This involves： a. notion of the entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility; b. current state and trend of TNCs＇ R＆D activities; c. mode and linkage tightness between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and the local economy; d. main problems of the TNCs＇ R＆D activities in Pudong; e. the context of flexible innovation networks; and f. manner and ways in creation of flexible innovation networks.

Determination of contents of eight alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. from different habitats and antioxidant activities of extracts

A reliable ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） method combined with HPLC-UV for quantification of eight active alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata （Willd） R. Br. was developed. The optimization conditions of UAE were obtained by using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Chromatography was carried out using a Kromasil C18 column by gradient elution with 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution for HPLC-UV. All calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients （R^2〉0.999 6） and recoveries （from 97.3% to 104.9%） were acceptable. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） method was employed to test the antioxidant activity of the extract from the samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantifying eight components in nine samples of M.cordata, and significant variations of alkaloid contents and antioxidant aetivity of the samples from different habitats were demonstrated. It presents a powerful proof for the selection of the best sources to extract eight kinds of alkaloids.

R & D ACTIVITIES ON AEROSPACE MATERIALS IN KOREA

This paper briefly reviews research and development programs in Korean aerospace industry,with an emphasis on aircraft materials technology. International collaborations in these areas are outlined and the R & D activities are highlighted against the background of the national economy.It is shown that the investment from government agencies and large enterprises has led to healthy development of aerospace materials industries in Korea.

Measuring Multinationals＇ R＆D Activities in China on the Basis of a Patent Database： Comparing European, Japanese and US Firms

Using an internationally linked patent database, this paper compares the types of R ＆D activities undertaken by multinationals in China by home country and industry. In China, multinationals recently began investing in R＆D, mainly in the areas of product and manufacturing process development. However, US firms, which are the most actively invested in R＆D, are involved in some technology-driven R＆D activities; European firms are inclined toward market-driven R ＆D, while Japanese firms, which lag behind the other two, focus on production-driven R ＆D. This pattern may be related to the relative competitiveness of each country： Japanese firms are strong in electronics and automobiles, where production process improvement is important, while US firms flourish in science-based industries, such as pharmaceuticals and software, where interacting with the local science base is a critical factor.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Cytotoxic Activities of 1-(Prop-2-yn-1-yl)-7,8-dihydro-1H-benzo[d][1,3]-thiazine-2,5(4H,6H)-dione Derivatives

The important synthetic precursor（Ⅲ）, 1-（prop-2-yn-1-yl）-7,8-dihydro-1Hbenzo[d][1,3]thiazine-2,5（4H,6H）-dione（C（11）H（11）NO2S）, was prepared through a three-component reaction, which was further transferred into cytotoxic triazoles by alkylation and ＂click＂ synthesis in satisfactory yields of 87%^95%. Their structures were characterized by IR, H-RESI-MS and NMR analysis. Meanwhile, the crystal of Ⅲ was obtained and determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Crystal data： orthorhombic system, space group P212121, a = 5.189（4）, b = 8.661（6）, c = 23.498（17） A, V = 1056.2（13） A^3, Z = 4, F（000） = 464, Dc = 1.392 g/cm^3, μ =0.284 mm^-1, R = 0.0637 and wR = 0.1668 for 8182 independent reflections（R（int） = 0.1580） and 2166 observed ones（I 〉 2σ（I））.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Biological Activities of 3-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-5-methyl-4-hydroxyl-4-methyl-7-methylsulfanyl-3,4-dihydro-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-8-carbonitrile

The title compound, 3-[2-（4-fluoro-phenyl）-ethyl]-5-methyl-4-hydroxyl-4-methyl- 7-methylsulfanyl-3,4-dihydro-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-8-carbonitrile, has been prepared and detemined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 6.8754（8）, b = 10.2617（12）, c = 13.3491（16） A, α = 93.163（2）, β = 96.704（2）, γ = 102.421（2）°, V= 910.35（19）A^3, Z= 2, Mr= 370.44, Dc= 1.351 g/cm^3,μ = 0.203 mm^-1,F（000） = 388, the final R = 0.0573 and wR = 0.1497. X-ray analysis reveals that the pyridine and pyrimidine rings are almost coplanar.

Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Antitumor Activities of Two 2-Trifluoromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Derivatives

Two novel 2-trifluoromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of two appropriate amines with 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine, which started from 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid(TFA) and phosphorous oxychloride by one-pot procedure. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1, N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 26.352(3), b = 7.5991(8), c = 17.1423(18) A, β = 114.667(2)°, V = 3119.5(6) A3 and Z = 8. Compound 2, N-(3-silatranylpropyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 13.4394(13), b = 8.9446(9), c = 18.9657(18) A, β = 101.9640(10)°, V = 2230.3(4) A3 and Z = 4. The preliminary bioassay indicated that compound 2 exhibits more potent antitumor activity against BCG-823 than 5-fluorouracil(5-FU).

STRUCTURE,MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND BIOACTIVITIES OF(1→3)-β-D-GLUCANS AND ITS SULFATED DERIVATIVES FROM FOUR KINDS OF LENTINUS EDODES

Lentinan samples,(1→3)-β-D-glucans containing 4.6-15.2 wt% proteins,coded as L-I_1 L-I_2 L-I_3 and L-I_4(L-I)were isolated from four kinds of Lentinus edodes.These glucans were treated with acetone to remove the protein in orderto obtain free protein glucans coded as LNP-I_1,LNP-I_2.LNP-I_3 and LNP-I_4(LNP-I).The free-protein polysaccharideswere sulfated to give derivatives(S-LNP-I)with degree of substitution(DS)from 0.4-0.8.The structural features andweight-average molecular weight(M_w)of the samples were investigated by using infrared spectroscopy,elemental analysis,^(13)C-NMR,size exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering(SEC-LLS)and viscometry.The effects ofstructure and conformation of the polysaccharides on antitumor activities were assayed in vivo(Sarcoma 180 solid tumors)and in vitro(Sarcoma 180,HL-60,MCF-7 and Vero tumors).The results indicated that the predominant species of thesamples L-I and LNP-I in 0.2 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution existed as triple-helical chains with high rigidity and in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)as single-flexible chains.Interestingly,the antitumor activities of LNP-I are lower than those of the nativeglucans(L-I),whereas their sulfated derivatives have higher inhibition ratio against Sarcoma 180 than LNP-I.The resultsreveal that the binding of protein,sulfated modification and the triple helix conformation are important factors in theenhancement of the antitumor activities of polysaccharides on the whole.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Antitumor Activities of Ethyl 5-methyl-4-morpholino-2-(3-Methyl-phenylamino)-furo[2,3-d] pyrimidine-6-carboxylate

The title compound （C21H24N4O4, Mr = 396.44） has been synthesized by the func- tionalized ethyl 4-chloro-6-methyl-2-arylamino-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carboxylates and mor- pholine. Its structure was confirmed by means of 1H NMR IR, MS and elemental analysis. The crystal structure of the title compound was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The compound crystallizes in triclinic system, space group P1, a = 7.9919（8）, b = 9.9312（1）, c = 12.9380（13） A, aα = 86.987（2）, β = 83.604（2）, γ = 89.641（2）°, V = 1019.08（18） A3, Z = 2, F（000） = 420, Dc = 1.292 g/cm3,μ = 0.091 mm-1, R = 0.0602 and wR = 0.1548 for 3943 independent （Rint = 0.0639） and 3414 observed （I 〉 2σ（I）） reflections, lntermolecular N-H…O and π-π stacking interactions contributed to the stability of the structure. The preliminary biological test indicated the title compound exhibited cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell lines.

Synthesis,Structure and Biological Activities of a Novel Anionic Organotin(Ⅳ)Complex{[(pClC6H4CH2)Sn(H2O)(Cl)2OCOCH(O)CH(O)CO2Sn(H2O)(Cl)2(p-ClC6H4CH2)]·2(HNEt3)}

A novel anionic organotin(Ⅳ) complex {[(pClCHCH)Sn(HO)(Cl)OCOCH(O)CH(O)COSn(HO)(Cl)(p-ClCHCH)]·2(HNEt)}(1) was synthesized by the reaction of di(p-chlorobenzy)tin dichloride with the D-tartaric acid in 2:1 molar in the presence of an organic base triethylamine. The structure was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TG, XRD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in triclinic, P1 space group, with a = 0.7067(1), b = 1.9762(3), c = 2.2383(3) nm, α = 91.544(2)°, β = 90.075(2)°, γ = 90.110(2)°, V = 3.1247(7) nm~3, Z = 3, Dc = 1.621 g/cm~3, m(Mo Kα) = 16.29 cm–1, F(000) = 1530, R = 0.0394, wR = 0.1092,(Δρ)max = 1224 and(Δρ)min = –840 e/nm~3. The stabilities, orbital energies and composition characteristics of some frontier molecular orbitals of 1 have been carefully investigated with quantum chemistry calculation. In addition, the in vitro antitumor activity suggested that 1 had stronger inhibitory activity on H460, MCF7 than on A549.

Syntheses and Vasodilatory Activities of New Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones

A series of novel pyrazolo [ 4,3-d ] pyrimidin-7-ones was designed and synthesized in order to find new potent phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors（PDE5）. The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by IR, ^1H NMR and MS; their in vitro vasodilatory activities were tested on isolated rabbit aortic spiral strips. Among them, compound X3 displays a significant vasodilatory activity, which is more potent than verapamil.

Influence of extraction solvents on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the pulp and seed of Anisophyllea laurina R.Br.ex Sabine fruits

Objective:To evaluate the influence of extraction solvents on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the pulp and seed of Anisophyllea laurina R.Br.ex Sabine fruits.Methods:The antibacterial activities of pulp and seed extracts were tested by using disk diffusion method against eight bacterial strains and three fungal strains.Total phenolic,flavonoid,monomeric anthocyanin and tannin contents,and antioxidant activities were determined by spectrometric methods.Results:The antioxidant analysis of pulp extract revealed the strong radical scavenging capacity and total phenolic content(4 329.66 mg of gallic acid/100 g),while seed extract showed the high antioxidant activity and total tannin content(5 326.78 mg catechin equivalent/100 g).Antibacterial and antifungal activities of methanol and ethanol extracts exhibited potent growth inhibitory activity against Aeromonas hydrophila,Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli O157:H7,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 125 to 250 μg/mL.However,seed extract had the strongest potential activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration value of 500 μg/mL compared to pulp extract.Conclusions:Our results therefore demonstrated that ethanol and methanol extractions were more efficient in extracting antioxidants and bioactive compound in pulp and seed.These results support that these plant extracts can be used for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Biological Activities of Two Enantiomeric 2-Trifluoromethylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Derivatives

Two enantiomeric 2-trifluoromethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d] pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of two chiral amines with 4-chloro-2-trifiuoromethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4~5]thieno[2-3-d]pyrimidine, which started from 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid （TFA） and phosphoryl trichloride via one-pot procedure. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Enantiomer （R）-3,（R）-N-（1-phenylethyl）-2-trifluoromethyl-6,7- dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine crystallizes in the tetragonal system, space group P43 with a = 8.6847（6）, b = 8.6847（6）, c = 22.419（2） A, V= 1690.9（3） A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.428 g/cm^3, p = 0.228 mm-1, F（000） = 752, the final R = 0.0463 and wR = 0.1257 for 3442 observed reflections with 1〉 20（/）. Enantiomer （S）-3,（S）-N-（1-phenylethyl）-2-trifluoromethyl-6,7-dihydro- 5H-cycloperita[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine crystallizes in the tetragonal system, space group P41 with a = 8.688, b = 8.688, c = 22.421 A, V = 1692.4 A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.426 g/cm^3, μ= 0.227 mm^-1, F（000） = 752, the final R = 0.0682 and wR = 0.1806 for 3182 observed reflections with ≥20（I）. The preliminary bioassay indicated that the R-enantiomer exhibits higher antitumor activity against MCF-7 than gefitinib.

Crystal Structure and Biological Activities of (R)-N′-[2-(4-Methoxy-6-chloro)-pyrimidinyl]-N-[3-methyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)butyryl]-urea

The title compound （R）-N′-[2-（4-methoxy-6-chloro）-pyrimidyl]-N-[3-methyl-2-（4- chlorophenyl）butyryl]-urea has been synthesized, and its crystal structure and biological behaviors were studied. Crystallographic data： C17H18C12N4O3, Mr = 397.25, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 12.331（2）, b = 14.025（3）, c = 23.085（5） A, β = 99.607（4）°, Z = 8, V = 3936.2（13） A3, Dc = 1.341 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1648, R = 0.0718, wR = 0.1585 and/t（MoKα） = 0.353 mm^-1. The preliminary biological tests showed that the title compound has definite insecticidal and fungicidal activities.

The associations of TMJ pain and bone characteristics on the activities of daily living

The aim of this investigation was to analyze the associations of TMJ pain/discomfort and bone characteristics on the activities of daily living in a population based study. Methods: The study included 95 randomly selected participants. The impact of temporomandibular joint pain/discomfort on the daily activeties was assessed by using the daily living scale by List and Helkimo (1995). The levels of serum type I collagen telopeptide fragments (P1NP), C-telopeptide crosslaps of type I collagen (CTX-1), and vitamin D (25 (OH) D) were analysed. The Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman rank correlation coefficent (rs) were used for statistical analyses. Results: Activities of daily living were influenced by temporomandibular joint pain/discomfort to varying degrees. The degree of pain/discomfort during eating was correlated with the level of C-telopeptide crosslaps of type I collagen (p = 0.02) and type 1 collagen telopeptide fragments (p = 0.04). The females in the study had significantly lower vitamin D levels compared to males (p = 0.04). Conclusions: This population based study indicates that TMJ pain/discomfort exerts a significant negative influence on activities of daily living and is related to the biochemical markers of bone turnover and 25 (OH) D level. Several functions of daily activities such as social life, exercising and eating are the most disturbed.

Synthesis of Pyrroles and Condensed Pyrroles as Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Multiple Activities and Their Molecular Docking Study

We herein disclose a series of novel pyrrole derivatives as well as fused pyrrolopyridines 6a,b and 7a,b, pyrrolopyrazoles 8a, b, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 10a-d, 12a,b, 14a,b, 18a,b, 20a,b, 21a,b, 22a,b, 23a,b, 24a,b, 31a,b, 36a,b, 40a,b, pyrrolo[1,2,6]thiadiazine derivatives 19a,b, pyrrolotriazolopyrimidines 25a,b, 26a,b, 27a,b and 28a,b, pyrrolo[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazine derivatives 32a,b and pyrrolo[2,3-d][1,3]oxazine derivatives 39a,b as novel compounds. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic (compared to the reference drug Indomethacin) and antimicrobial activities (compared to the reference drug Ampicillin and Fluconazole). Compounds 4d, 5b-d, 6a,b, 9c,d, 10d, 12ab, 13b, 19a,b, 21b, 23b, 31a,b, 38b and 40a were found to be the most active anti-inflammatory drugs exhibiting potency ranging from 1 - 1.01 compared to the reference drug indomethacin. In addition to docking study of these highly active twenty compounds against the active site of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme (COX-2), among the tested compounds, compounds 5d, 9d, 11b, 12a, 13b and 32a showed multiple activities;anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-bacterial activities.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Antitumor Activities of N,N,1-Triphenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-amine Derivatives

In order to discover the novel antitumor agents,a series of N,N,1-triphenyl-1Hbenzo[d]imidazol-5-amine derivatives were designed and synthesized,and the structures were characterized by IR,H-RMS,1H and 13C NMR.X-ray crystallography showed that 4c is in monoclinic system,space group P1 with a=9.209(2),b=9.533(3),c=14.097(3)?,β=102.069(3)°,V=1202.2(5)?3,Z=2,F(000)=528,μ=1.74 mm–1,S=1.024,the final R=0.0448 and wR=0.1109.The in vitro antitumor activities of target compounds were evaluated by MTT assay against human cancer cell lines K562,HL-60,HeLa and BGC-823.The target compounds demonstrated weak or moderate antitumor activities against these cell lines.

Propagation of Superluminous L-O Mode Waves During Geomagnetic Activities

The effect of the azimuthal angle φ of the wave vector k on the propagation characteristics of the superluminous L-O mode waves （together with a case of the R-X mode） during different geomagnetic activities using a three-dimensional （3D） ray-tracing method is investigated. This work is primarily an extension of our previous two-dimensional study in which the wave azimuthal angle was not considered. We present numerical simulations for this mode which is generated in the source cavity along a 70° night geomagnetic field line at the specific altitude of 1.5RE （where RE is the Earth＇s radius）. It is found that, as in the two-dimensional case, the trajectory of L-O mode starting in the source meridian plane （or the wave azimuthal angle φ = 180°） can reach the lowest latitude; whereas it basically stays at relatively higher latitudes starting off the source meridian plane （or φ=180°）. The results reveal that under appropriate conditions, the superluminous L-O mode waves may exist in the radiation belts of the Earth, but this remains to be supplemented by observational data.

A new compound with cytotoxic activities from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

A new compound, 3,6,20（S）-trihydroxy- 12,23-epoxydammar-24-ene,6,20-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, was isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, whose structural elucidation was carried out by means of spectral analysis （including IR, HR- FAB-MS and NMR）. This compound showed the moderate cytotoxic activities against U937 and HeLa cells by using the MTT method.

Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms Russula spp. of Côte d’Ivoire: Total Phenolic Content, HPLC-Profiles of Phenolic Compounds and Organic Acids, Antioxidant Activities

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic compounds content, HPLC-profiles of phenolic compounds and organic acids, and also antioxidant activities via the ability to scavenge DPPH radical of three wild edible mushrooms belonging to Russula genus and being collected in center of Côte d’Ivoire. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins contents of methanolic extracts were assessed by colorimetric assays. So, the obtained values of these chemical parameters ranged from 394.05 to 513.50 mg/100 g DW, 94.50 to 139.95 mg/100 g DW and from 124.20 to 165 ± 0.54 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Otherwise, HPLC-profiles of the methanolic extracts revealed that quercetin, salicylic acid and tannin ol were the main phenolic compounds in R. delica whereas R. lepida contained gallic acid, catechin and protocatechuic acid as main phenolic compounds. Besides, it showed that the phenolic compounds such as salicylic acid, tannin ol and catechin were observed in R. mustelina. As for HPLC-profiles of organic acid, the fumaric and malic acid were recorded as the main organic acids in the three species of wild edible mushrooms. However, citric acid content was found to be highest in R. lepida. The methanolic extracts of the three mushrooms exhibited high DPPH radical scavenging activities ranging from 74.92% to 58.92%. These wild edible mushrooms could be considered a potential supply source of adequate natural antioxidant for local population.