Comparison of electrochemical behaviors of Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1Fe and Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys in NaNO_(3) solution

The Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1Fe(β-CEZ)alloy is considered as a potential structural material in the aviation industry due to its outstanding strength and corrosion resistance.Electrochemical machining(ECM)is an efficient and low-cost technology for manufacturing theβ-CEZ alloy.In ECM,the machining parameter selection and tool design are based on the electrochemical dissolution behavior of the materials.In this study,the electrochemical dissolution behaviors of theβ-CEZ and Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)alloys in NaNO3solution are discussed.The open circuit potential(OCP),Tafel polarization,potentiodynamic polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and current efficiency curves of theβ-CEZ and TC4 alloys are analyzed.The results show that,compared to the TC4 alloy,the passivation film structure is denser and the charge transfer resistance in the dissolution process is greater for theβ-CEZ alloy.Moreover,the dissolved surface morphology of the two titanium-based alloys under different current densities are analyzed.Under low current densities,theβ-CEZ alloy surface comprises dissolution pits and dissolved products,while the TC4 alloy surface comprises a porous honeycomb structure.Under high current densities,the surface waviness of both the alloys improves and the TC4 alloy surface is flatter and smoother than theβ-CEZ alloy surface.Finally,the electrochemical dissolution models ofβ-CEZ and TC4 alloys are proposed.

STUDY ON DYNAMIC CURVING BEHAVIOR OF TILTING PASSENGER CARS

By using tilting carbodies, train can negotiate at a higher speed withoutreducing the passenger's ride quality. This is a good method to allow a significant increase inspeed at existing track to improve the railway transportation capability, and to enhance thecompetition ability of railways with other transportation systems. With the increase of the curvenegotiation speed, the wheel-rail lateral forces and wheel-rail wear of the tilting train willincrease. The self-steering radial bogie is an effective way to solve the problem. The dynamic modelof the tilting passenger car with self-steering bogies is established in detail, and the curvingperformance of the car is investigated.

Properties of intermediate-frequency vacuum arc in sinusoidal curved contact and butt contact

In this report,two new contact structures of a vacuum interrupter with a sinusoidal curved surface are proposed to improve the capability by increasing the surface area.The experimental investigation of vacuum arc at intermediate frequency(360-800 Hz)was conducted and the results were compared with a butt contact with the same contact diameter(41 mm)and the same material.By analyzing the arc behavior,arc voltage characteristics,arc energy,current interrupting capacity,ablation of the anode contact and condensation of the arc products at a 3 mm gap,the differences in their vacuum arc characteristics were determined.The correlations of their arc energy with the amplitude and the frequency of the current were also achieved.Analysis suggests that the ruled curved contact has strong application potentiality because of its low arc energy,low arc voltage noise and arc voltage peak,light ablation on the surface of the anode contact and high interrupting capacity.

关于脆性陶瓷材料R-曲线行为表达式的讨论

对目前常用的两种R-曲线表达式进行了详细的分析,讨论了它们的适应范围。根据R-曲线的指数形式,得出了增韧效果与基体的初始韧性值有关,并与增韧区的长度与裂纹的长度之比成正比的结论。

Axial segregation characteristics and size-induced flow behavior of particles in a novel rotary drum with curved sidewalls

Particle mixing and segregation are common phenomena in rotary drums,which are challenging to be controlled and driven artificially in powder technology.In this work,the discrete element method(DEM)was applied to construct the novel rotary drum composed of different shaped curved sidewalls.By varying the operation parameters of particle and sidewall shapes as well as the length-to-diameter(L/D)ratio of drums,the axial mixing and segregation processes of binary size-induced particles were investigated.The results show that the axial flow velocity of the particle mixtures is noticeably weakened once the particle angularity increases,making the non-spherical particles to mix better in rotary drums compared to the spherical particles.Besides,in the short drums with size-induced spherical particles,the axial segregation characteristics are significantly enhanced by the convex sidewalls while suppressed by the concave sidewalls.However,for size-induced non-spherical particles,the axial segregation structure can be present in rotary drums with plane and concave sidewalls while not in drums with convex sidewalls.Moreover,the axial segregation band structure of spherical particles eventually increases proportionally with the increased drum L/D ratios.In contrast,the non-spherical particles cannot form obvious multi-proportional segregation bands.

Behavior and Kinetics of Non-isothermal Pyrolysis of Coal at Different Heating Rates

Investigations on the pyrolysis and kinetic behaviors during pyrolysis of fossil fuel samples, such as coal, are fundamental for developing the related technology and practical application. In this work, pyrolysis behavior and kinetics in the pyrolysis process of a coal sample were investigated by the thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 10, 40, 70,100, 200, and 500 °C/min, respectively. The pyrolysis process could be divided into four stages according to the TG/DTG curves. The first stage was mainly attributed to the removal of volatiles, and the second peak was the polycondensation reaction between the volatile components. It was found that more volatiles could be released from coal during pyrolysis at higher heating rate and the higher pyrolysis temperature was necessary for a rapid pyrolysis process. Kinetic analysis revealed that both the model-free(KAS and FWO) and the Coats-Redfern methods were suitable to describing the pyrolysis process, and the variation of activation energy(E) with the two types of kinetic models was consistent during the whole pyrolysis process. Furthermore, the heating rate did not alter the reaction sequence of the whole pyrolysis process, but higher heating rate could make the E value of the initial pyrolysis stage smaller.

Relationship between the specific surface area of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel in a wet–dry acid corrosion environment

The relationship between the specific surface area（SSA） of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel under wet-dry acid corrosion conditions was investigated. The results showed that the corrosion current density first increased and then decreased with increasing SSA of the rust during the corrosion process. The structure of the rust changed from single-layer to double-layer, and the γ-FeOOH content decreased in the inner layer of the rust with increasing corrosion time; by contrast, the γ-FeOOH content in the outer layer was constant. When the SSA of the rust was lower than the critical SSA corresponding to the relative humidity during the drying period, condensed water in the micropores of the rust could evaporate, which prompted the diffusion of O_2 into the rust and the following formation process of γ-FeOOH, leading to an increase of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time. However, when the SSA of the rust reached or exceeded the critical SSA, condensate water in the micro-pores of the inner layer of the rust could not evaporate which inhibited the diffusion of O_2 and decreased the γ-FeOOH content in the inner rust, leading to a decrease of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time.

An Event Alarm System Based on Single and Group Human Behavior Analysis

Due to the increasing demand for security, the development of intelligent surveillance systems has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This study aims to develop a system that is able to identify whether or not the people need help in a public place. Different from previous work, our work considers not only the behaviors of the target person but also the interaction between him and nearby people. In the paper, we propose an event alarm system which can detect the human behaviors and recognize the happening event through integrating the results generated from the single and group behavior analysis. Several new effective features are proposed in the study. Besides, a mechanism capable of extracting one-to-one and multiple-to-one relations is also developed. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can correctly detect human behaviors and provide the alarm messages when emergency events occur.

Hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated expansive clay under repetitive loading

Compacted layers of expansive soils are used in different engineering projects,such as subgrades,engineered clay barriers,and buffers for radioactive waste disposal.These layers are exposed to a variety of stresses and wetting conditions during field serviceability.Coupling between hydraulic and mechanical repeated loading provides insight understanding to the induced progressive deformation of expansive clay.This study was conducted to investigate the hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated compacted expansive clay under repeated loadingeunloading(RLU)conditions.Two series of onedimensional(1D)oedometer tests were conducted under controlled matric suction up to 1500 kPa using the axis translation technique(Fredlund soil-water characteristic curve device,SWC-150).The first test series was carried out at different levels of controlled matric suction for non-repeated loading eunloading(NRLU)cycles.RLU cycles were applied in the second test series at different repetitivestress levels and under different levels of matric suction.The results indicated increasing axial wetting strainε_(a)(s),axial swell pressure ss(s),compression index C_(c)(s),and swell index C_(s)(s)with suction reduction.The estimated loadecollapse(LC)curves obtained from NRLU series(LCN)and RLU series(LCR)indicated increasing yield stress sy(s)with increasing suction.This is attributed to the developed apparent cohesion between soil particles,which in turn rigidifies the material response.Applying repetitive loading induced a notable reduction of compression index C_(c)(s)at the same level of suction,whereas swell index C_(s)(s)seems to be independent of repetitive loading.Finally,repetitive loading exceeding initial yield stresses results in plastic hardening and,hence,enlargement of yield stress locus(i.e.LCR curve).

Electrochemical behaviors of silicon wafers in silica slurry

The electrochemical behaviors of n-type silicon wafers pH value and solid content of the slurry on the corrosion of silicon in silica-based slurry were investigated, and the influences of the wafers were studied by using electrochemical DC polarization and AC impedance techniques. The results revealed that these factors affected the corrosion behaviors of silicon wafers to different degrees and had their suitable parameters that made the maximum corrosion rate of the wafers. The corrosion potential of （100） sttrface was lower than that of（111）, whereas the current density of （100） was much higher than that of（111）.

Experimental study on the shear behavior of the interface between cushion materials and the concrete raft

Cushion is a layer of granular materials between the raft and the ground. The shear behavior of the interface between the cushion and the raft may influence the seismic performance of the superstructure. In order to quantify such influences, horizontal shear tests on the interfaces between different cushion materials and concrete raft under monotonic and cyclic loading were carried out. The vertical pressure P_v, material type and cushion thickness h_c were taken as variables. Conclusions include： 1） under monotonic loading, P_v is the most significant factor; the shear resistance P_（hmax） increases as P_v increases, but the normalized factor of resistance μ_n has an opposite tendency; 2） for the materials used in this study, μ_n varies from 0.40 to 0.70, the interface friction angle δ_s varies from 20° to 35°, while u_（max） varies from 3 mm to 15 mm; 3） under cyclic loading, the interface behavior can be abstracted as a ＂three-segment＂ back-bone curve, the main parameters include μ_n, the displacement u_1 and stiffness K_1 of the elastic stage, the displacement u_2 and stiffness K_2 of the plastic stage; 4） by observation and statistical analysis, the significance of different factors, together with values of K_1, K_2 and μ_n have been obtained.

A RESEARCH ON URBAN RECREATIONISTS' TRAVELING BEHAVIORS IN SHANGHAI

Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilities but also on the development and management of recreational resources. Taking Shanghai as a sample of destinaton and origin of urban recreationists, the author did his study based on data from comprehensive travel measurement and users' survey, including field questionnaire survey, mailing questionnaire survey, home survey, and cordon monitonng. To analyze traveing models of urban recreationists in Shanghai, the author used techniques of Recreational Activity Space (RAS) and the Use Curve (UC) Analysis. Rogarding Shanghai as an origin, the author first discussed types and characteristics of the RASs which are presented by isotourist lines in the proper and outskirts of Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta and the China's Mainland respectively. These RASs reflect the trave directional bias of Shanghainese. Then the author regarded Shanghai as a deshnahon and analyzed the RASs of tounsts from Otier provinces, which demonstrated the attractiveness of and distance decay of Shanghai. He found that a U-shaped UC model existed in the distance decay under the influence of attractiveness and distance. Finally, the author suggested, that the availability, periodicity and attractiveness, besides distance, are the basic mechanisms that affect the urban recreationists' traveling models in a city such as Shanghai.

Cyclic behavior test of a new double-arch steel gate

A new double-arch structure for the gate used as tidal barrage and sluice was adopted in Caoe River Dam in China. It was a spatial structure made up of the right arch, the invert arch, the chord, etc., and was designed to bear bilateral loads. To research the cyclic behavior of the new double-arch structure, a scale-model cyclic test was conducted. First, the test setup and test method were presented in detail, and according to the test results, the cyclic behavior and failure characteristics of this structure were discussed. Then by analyzing the test cyclic envelope curve, it was found the curve was divided into three stages: the elastic stage, the local plastic stage and the failure stage at the local yield point and structural yield point. The gate model has local yield strength and structural yield strength, with both their values being bigger than that of the designing load. Therefore, the gate is safe enough for the projects. At last, dynamic property of the gate was analyzed considering additional mass of the water. It was found that the tidal bore shock would not cause resonance vibration of the gate.

Interface Mechanical Behavior of Flexible Piles Under Lateral Loads in OWT Systems

This paper investigates the interface mechanical behavior of flexible piles with L_p/D>10 under lateral load and an overturning moment in monotonic loading conditions.To modify the beam-on-Winkler-foundation model of piles in offshore wind farms,the energy-based variational method is used.The soil is treated as a multi-layered elastic continuum with the assumption of three-dimensional displacements,the pile modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam.A series of cases using MATLAB programming was conducted to investigate the simplified equations of initial stiffness.The results indicated that the interaction between soil layers and the applied force position should be taken into account in calculating the horizontal soil resistance.Additionally,the distributed moment had a limiting effect on the lateral capacity of a flexible pile.Moreover,to account for the more realistic conditions of OWT systems,field data from the Donghai Bridge offshore wind farm were used.

Experimental investigation and analytically modeling of hysteretic behavior of rigid bus-flexible connectors of 220 kV electrical substations

This paper describes the quasi-static testing and analytical modelling of the hysteretic behavior of aluminum alloy rigid bus-flexible connectors of 220 kV electrical substations.The main objective of the study is to experimentally investigate the hysteretic behavior of six different types of rigid bus-flexible connectors 220 kV electrical substations when subjected to cyclic loading.Another objective is to theoretically study the flexibility and effectiveness of a previously proposed analytical model in fitting the experimental hysteresis loops of the tested rigid bus-flexible connectors.The experimental investigation indicates that the tested rigid bus-flexible connectors exhibit highly asymmetric hysteresis behavior along with tension stiffening effect.The theoretical study demonstrates that the generalized Bouc-Wen model has high flexibility and is effective in fitting the experimental hysteresis resisting force-displacement curves of the six tested rigid bus-flexible connectors.

固态胺吸附去除CO_(2)行为研究

为解决基于固态胺材料的再生式CO_(2)去除技术在便携式生保系统中的应用问题,开展了固态胺材料吸附去除CO_(2)的性能研究。进行了不同吸附温度、入口CO_(2)浓度、气体流量条件下固态胺吸附CO_(2)的穿透试验,获得了相应的穿透曲线;利用Wheeler方程对穿透曲线进行了拟合,得到了相应的拟合方程、平衡吸附量等结果。结果表明:通过Wheeler方程能够准确描述固态胺吸附CO_(2)的行为;获得了CO_(2)穿透率分别为10%和50%时的穿透时间与气体流量间的线性关系方程,方程可应用于预测固态胺反应器性能、切换周期等,使评估反应器性能的试验大为简化。

钢-UHPC轻型组合结构短栓钉抗剪性能试验研究

通过6个钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)轻型组合结构短栓钉推出试验,对其抗剪承载力、破坏形态、栓钉应变及荷载-滑移曲线进行了研究,探讨了栓钉直径、长度、数量以及界面黏结对短栓钉抗剪性能的影响规律.结果表明:所有试件均为栓钉根部剪切破坏,UHPC板除栓钉根部沿承压方向部分UHPC压碎外,其余部分保持完好,UHPC可以抵抗栓钉传递的高压应力;栓钉根部截面屈服后应力强化阶段明显,栓钉发生剪切破坏时,栓钉根部上侧应变超过3500με;长径比为2.0的短栓钉在UHPC中也能发挥全部强度;所有试件的荷载-滑移曲线分为弹性、弹塑性和塑性3个阶段,所有短栓钉的最大滑移量均小于4 mm,工程应用时应按照弹性剪力连接件进行设计;栓钉直径对栓钉抗剪性能提高最显著,直径16 mm的栓钉比直径13 mm的栓钉的抗剪承载力和极限滑移分别提高了46.4%和11%,弹性刚度和塑性刚度分别提高了35.8%和59.1%,增加栓钉长度和界面黏结能有效提高栓钉的剪切刚度,长径比为3.0的栓钉比长径比为2.5的栓钉的弹性刚度提高了12.3%,界面有黏结试件比界面无黏结试件的弹性刚度提高了17.4%;相同间距内,合理增加更多栓钉有利于提高整体抗剪强度,但会降低延性变形能力.最后,结合实验数据和国内外UHPC中栓钉推出试验结果,建立了UHPC中栓钉荷载-滑移曲线和抗剪承载力预测表达式,计算值与试验值吻合良好.

考虑经验驾驶行为的入弯实时类人速度规划方法

为提高自动驾驶汽车的安全性、舒适性与通行效率,提出了一种考虑到滑行及安全速度的类人入弯速度规划策略。该策略基于混沌优化理论与实车弯道行驶速度数据,通过将车辆的入弯速度规划问题构建为多目标优化问题,建立了舒适模式与效率模式。通过定义奇点速度,简化了非线性高阶约束条件。结果表明:在该策略规划中,在不同弯道场景下,横向加速度和纵向加速度均在摩擦圆约束内,可保证车辆的行驶安全。相比于未考虑滑行的方法,在舒适模式下,该策略产生的纵向加速度减小9.76%,通行效率提高61.73%;在效率模式中,纵向加速度为加速度阈值,满足加速度约束,通行效率提高88%。因而,无论舒适模式还是效率模式,该方法均可兼顾舒适性和通行效率。

低周反复荷载作用下圆钢管约束钢筋自应力钢渣混凝土柱弯矩-曲率全过程分析

开展10根圆钢管约束钢筋自应力钢渣混凝土柱和4根圆钢管约束钢筋钢渣混凝土柱低周反复加载试验,分析轴压比、剪跨比、径厚比和钢渣混凝土膨胀率对试件弯矩-曲率骨架曲线的影响规律,结果表明:试件发生弯曲破坏,且随着轴压比和径厚比增大或剪跨比减小,试件抗弯承载力增大但截面曲率减小,试件弯矩-曲率骨架曲线上升段斜率增大;随着钢渣混凝土膨胀率增加,试件抗弯承载力截面曲率均增大,试件弯矩-曲率骨架曲线上升段斜率增大。在试验研究的基础上,选择核心自应力混凝土和钢材本构关系,利用MATLAB软件,编制非线性有限元程序。通过参数分析,进一步探讨了核心混凝土强度、轴压比、剪跨比、径厚比、核心混凝土初始自应力和预留缝宽度等参数,对试件弯矩-曲率骨架曲线的影响规律,结果表明:圆钢管约束钢筋自应力钢渣混凝土柱弯矩-曲率骨架曲线计算值与试验值吻合较好,轴压比、剪跨比和径厚比对试件弯矩-曲率骨架曲线影响规律与试验结果基本一致,且随着核心混凝土强度和初始自应力逐渐增大,试件抗弯承载力逐渐增大,随着核心混凝土强度增大,试件截面曲率均逐渐减小。

用户用电负荷变化的异常检测与识别

在智能电网时代,大部分用电异常行为都会伴随用电负荷的变化,研究用户用电行为对于电力系统的运行和管理都至关重要。为此,提出一种直接利用负荷数据进行计算,通过计算特征用电负荷曲线与日用电负荷曲线之间的相关度来判断用户是否存在异常用电行为的方法。在相关度计算过程中,将欧氏距离与皮尔逊相关系数相结合,以更准确地判断用户的用电负荷是否发生重大变化。此外,为提高判断的准确性和灵活性,采用自适应阈值策略对500组数据进行实验研究。相关度计算的结果表明,其中122组被判断为负荷变化过大,99组数据存在负荷异常事件,该方法的判断准确率达到了81.1%。