Since the time of Darwin,subspecies have been recognized as an initial stage in the evolution of species.However,the impact of dispersal on subspecies richness in birds globally has received little attention,despite d...Since the time of Darwin,subspecies have been recognized as an initial stage in the evolution of species.However,the impact of dispersal on subspecies richness in birds globally has received little attention,despite dispersal being a key factor in determining the rate of evolution and playing a significant role in evolutionary divergence.Therefore,it is important to conduct a comprehensive study to address this issue.In this study,we aimed to assess the association between subspecies richness(measured by the number of subspecies)and dispersal ability(measured by the hand-wing index)on a global scale,using a dataset of over 7000 bird species.Our results revealed a negative correlation between dispersal ability and the number of subspecies,without any quadratic correlation.The wing is a crucial phenotypic trait for birds,and the concept of subspecies is important in speciation theory and conservation biology.Therefore,our findings not only enhance our understanding of the association between avian morphological traits and evolutionary divergence but also have implications for the conservation of avian species diversity.展开更多
The rapid development of electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems demands improvements in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries,a domain in which Lithium-rich layered cathode(...The rapid development of electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems demands improvements in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries,a domain in which Lithium-rich layered cathode(LLO)materials inherently excel.However,these materials face practical challenges,such as low initial Coulombic efficiency,inferior cycle/rate performance,and voltage decline during cycling,which limit practical application.Our study introduces a surface multi-component integration strategy that incorporates oxygen vacancies into the pristine LLO material Li1.2Mn_(0.6)Ni_(0.2)O_(2).This process involves a brief citric acid treatment followed by calcination,aiming to explore rate-dependent degradation behavior.The induced surface oxygen vacancies can reduce surface oxygen partial pressure and diminish the generation of O_(2)and other highly reactive oxygen species on the surface,thereby facilitating the activation of Li ions trapped in tetrahedral sites while overcoming transport barriers.Additionally,the formation of a spinel-like phase with 3D Li+diffusion channels significantly improves Li^(+)diffusion kinetics and stabilizes the surface structure.The optimally modified sample boasts a discharge capacity of 299.5 mA h g^(-1)at a 0.1 C and 251.6 mA h g^(-1)at a 1 C during the initial activation cycle,with an impressive capacity of 222.1 mA h g^(-1)at a 5 C.Most notably,it retained nearly 70%of its capacity after 300 cycles at this elevated rate.This straightforward,effective,and highly viable modification strategy provides a crucial resolution for overcoming challenges associated with LLO materials,making them more suitable for practical application.展开更多
RICHARD MILLE理查米尔腕表与众不同的本质就在于其精密复杂的机械结构、美学设计和服贴手腕的人体工学造型,如同佩戴者的第二层肌肤,轻便、纤薄、运动感十足的表体线条。人体工学作为一个独立学科,满打满算也只有不到50年时间,虽然称...RICHARD MILLE理查米尔腕表与众不同的本质就在于其精密复杂的机械结构、美学设计和服贴手腕的人体工学造型,如同佩戴者的第二层肌肤,轻便、纤薄、运动感十足的表体线条。人体工学作为一个独立学科,满打满算也只有不到50年时间,虽然称不上历史悠久,但是它从人自身出发,在以人为主体的前提下研究人们的一切生活、生产活动中综合分析的新思路,正是顺应着社会发展的潮流和实际生活中的最高应用准则。展开更多
Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed ...Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and K concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO<sub>2</sub> was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH<sub>4</sub> was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N<sub>2</sub>O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.展开更多
基金Financial support for this study was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31901084,32200406,32211530420).
文摘Since the time of Darwin,subspecies have been recognized as an initial stage in the evolution of species.However,the impact of dispersal on subspecies richness in birds globally has received little attention,despite dispersal being a key factor in determining the rate of evolution and playing a significant role in evolutionary divergence.Therefore,it is important to conduct a comprehensive study to address this issue.In this study,we aimed to assess the association between subspecies richness(measured by the number of subspecies)and dispersal ability(measured by the hand-wing index)on a global scale,using a dataset of over 7000 bird species.Our results revealed a negative correlation between dispersal ability and the number of subspecies,without any quadratic correlation.The wing is a crucial phenotypic trait for birds,and the concept of subspecies is important in speciation theory and conservation biology.Therefore,our findings not only enhance our understanding of the association between avian morphological traits and evolutionary divergence but also have implications for the conservation of avian species diversity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2401800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21875022,22179008)+4 种基金the Yibin‘Jie Bang Gua Shuai’(2022JB004)the support from the Beijing Nova Program(20230484241)the support from the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZB20230931)the support from the 4B7B beam line of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility(2021-BEPC-PT-005924,2021-BEPC-PT-005967)BL08U1A beam line of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(2021-SSRF-PT-017710)。
文摘The rapid development of electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems demands improvements in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries,a domain in which Lithium-rich layered cathode(LLO)materials inherently excel.However,these materials face practical challenges,such as low initial Coulombic efficiency,inferior cycle/rate performance,and voltage decline during cycling,which limit practical application.Our study introduces a surface multi-component integration strategy that incorporates oxygen vacancies into the pristine LLO material Li1.2Mn_(0.6)Ni_(0.2)O_(2).This process involves a brief citric acid treatment followed by calcination,aiming to explore rate-dependent degradation behavior.The induced surface oxygen vacancies can reduce surface oxygen partial pressure and diminish the generation of O_(2)and other highly reactive oxygen species on the surface,thereby facilitating the activation of Li ions trapped in tetrahedral sites while overcoming transport barriers.Additionally,the formation of a spinel-like phase with 3D Li+diffusion channels significantly improves Li^(+)diffusion kinetics and stabilizes the surface structure.The optimally modified sample boasts a discharge capacity of 299.5 mA h g^(-1)at a 0.1 C and 251.6 mA h g^(-1)at a 1 C during the initial activation cycle,with an impressive capacity of 222.1 mA h g^(-1)at a 5 C.Most notably,it retained nearly 70%of its capacity after 300 cycles at this elevated rate.This straightforward,effective,and highly viable modification strategy provides a crucial resolution for overcoming challenges associated with LLO materials,making them more suitable for practical application.
文摘Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and K concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO<sub>2</sub> was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH<sub>4</sub> was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N<sub>2</sub>O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.
