Using fuzzy neural networks for RMB/USD real exchange rate forecasting

In order to aim at improving the forecasting performance of the RMB/USD exchange rate, this paper proposes a new architecture of fuzzy neural networks based on fuzzy logic, and the method of point differential, which guarantees not only the direction of weight correction, but also the needed precision for the BP algorithm. In applying genetic algorithms for optimal performance, this approach, in the forecasting of the RMB/USD real exchange rate from 1994 to 2000, obviously outperforms typical BP Neural Networks and exhibits a higher capacity in regard to nonlinear, time-variablility, and illegibility of the exchange rate.

Do the RMB exchange rate and global commodity prices have asymmetric or symmetric effects on China’s stock prices?

With the rapid expansion of the RMB exchange rate’s floating range,the effects of the RMB exchange rate and global commodity price changes on China’s stock prices are likely to increase.This study uses both auto regressive distributed lag(ARDL)and nonlinear ARDL(NARDL)approaches to explore the symmetric and asymmetric effects of the RMB exchange rate and global commodity prices on China’s stock prices.Our findings show that without considering the critical variable of global commodity prices,there is no cointegration relationship between the RMB exchange rate and China’s stock prices,and the coefficient of the RMB exchange rate is not statistically significant.However,when we introduce global commodity prices into the NARDL model,the result shows that the RMB exchange rate has a negative effect on China’s stock prices,that there indeed exists a long-run cointegration relationship among the RMB exchange rate,global commodity prices,and stock prices in the NARDL model,and that global commodity price changes have an asymmetric effect on China’s stock prices in the long run.Specifically,China’s stock prices are more sensitive to increases than decreases in global commodity prices.Thus,increases in global commodity prices cause China’s stock prices to decline sharply.In contrast,the same magnitude of decline in global commodity prices induces a smaller increase in China’s stock prices.

Analysis of the Moderator Effect of RMB Exchange-- Rate on Export The Case of Guangdong Province in China

An important limitation of the research literatures which study the effect on the export of the real effective exchange rates is the lack of application of interaction or moderator effect among the independent variables. To remedy this lacuna, the authors developed a model in which real effective exchange rate moderated the effect of import and utilization of foreign capital on export. The sample comprised 11 years＇ data in Guangdong China. The result showed that real effective exchange rate of RMB affected the export by interacting with utilization of foreign capital. Moreover, to some degree, the real effective exchange rate can also act as moderator between import and export.

Influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income from the perspective of transmission asymmetry

Based on time series data of RMB exchange rate and urban-rural income, this paper makes an empirical study for the influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income by utilizing rolling regression model through direct and indirect transmission mechanisms. According to the results, the transmission effect of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income has features of incompleteness and asymmetry. Moreover, RMB appreciation will help to reduce the urban-rural income gap. Therefore, this paper suggests that the Chinese economy should accelerate the course of transforming mode, adjusting structure and promoting development under the new normal. Meanwhile, reform of RMB exchange rate mechanism should be promoted, living standard of residents must be improved, and the urban-rural income gap should be reduced.

Capital flows, economic growth and the real effective exchange rate: Evidence from China

This paper examines the Granger causal relationship between capital flows and economic growth in China over the period 1998Q1–2019Q2,allowing for real effective exchange rate(REER)effects.As parameter instability tests indicate structural changes,we use bootstrap rolling window causality tests,which suggest that the causal nexus between capital flows and GDP growth is time-varying.We find that the causal links between foreign direct investments(FDIs)and GDP growth are hardly affected by the REER,whereas the REER plays a more important role in affecting the causal connections between portfolio investments and other investments and GDP growth.Our results suggest that cumulative portfolio inflows and cumulative other investment inflows harm GDP growth,whereas cumulative portfolio outflows and cumula-tive other investment outflows positively affect GDP growth.

Structural Evolution of RMB Exchange Rate Reform: Historical Review, Experience and Prospect

The Renminbi(RMB)exchange rate regime reform has gone through three stages roughly once every decade since 1994.It is a structural evolution through the unification of dual exchange rates,increased fluctuations and central parity rate reform in response to the dynamic macro environment in China and abroad.This paper unpacks leading and supporting reforms for each stage and reviews the effects.The reform has developed historical experience in adopting progressive strategies,avoiding sharp exchange rate fluctuations in the near term,maintaining appropriate capital controls,and guaranteeing the reform through domestic structural reforms.Achieving a free-floating exchange rate will be the ultimate goal,but it will not be made easily in the short run.During the transitional period,it is recommended that an annual target zone for RMB's effective exchange rate be arranged for the CFETS currency basket,along with necessary capital controls.

Industry-specific Real Effective Exchange Rate for China:2000-2009

This paper measures the industry-specific real effective exchange rate （REER） for China by matching domestic and foreign industry-level price and trade data series. We find that after 2005 the REER appreciates more in the ＂chemical, plastics, rubber and fuels industry＂ and the ＂＇machinery and equipment industry,＂ but remains roughly constant or even depreciates in other industries. The nominal exchange rate generally accounts for over 50 percent of the aggregate real effective exchange rate JTuetuations, but this conclusion does not apply to three of nine industries. We apply the industry-specific REER to re-examine the relationship between the exchange rate and trade, and find that the industry-specific REER index performs better than the traditional aggregate REER index. We recommend that the Chinese Government officially adopt industry-specific exchange rates instead of using the aggregate effective exchange rates to evaluate the competitiveness of Chinese industries in the international market.

Real Effective Exchange Rate and Regional Economic Growth in China： Evidence from Provincial Data

Using data for the period 2000-2011, we construct province-level real effective exchange rate （REER） indices for China and test the effect of REER depreciation on regional economic growth in a generalized method of moments regression framework. Our results show that REER depreciation, in general, promotes regional economic growth, through increasing net exports and lowering FDI costs. After dividing the full sample into coastal and inland subsamples, we find that REER depreciation influences economic growth in inland areas but not in coastal areas. This is due to the fact that the inland areas have more surplus labor or other resources to expand their production capacity when REER depreciation leads to increased worm demand. Furthermore, compared to inland areas, processing-and-assembly trade comprises a larger share of trade in the coastal areas, where traders import more raw materials and intermediate goods to process and assemble goods. When the exchange rate depreciates, the costs of imported materials and immediate goods increase. In this case, the benefits from REER depreciation in coastal areas are offset to some extent and are thus lower than in inland areas.

The Political Cause of the Movement of RMB Exchange Rate： A Research Based on the Spillover Effects of US Political Cycle

Movement of the renminbi （RMB） exchange rate is not only affected by economic factors, but also by political factors home and aboard. This paper analyzes the transmission mechanism of political cycles on the RMB exchange rate first, and then sets up a ＂political cycle spillover effect model＂ followed by an empirical analysis. We find that： （1） the US political cycle has a direct effect on the RMB exchange rate in the short run, which is mainly transmitted by capital flows and China＇s exchange rate policy control; （2） the RMB exchange rate changes periodically in accordance with the US presidential election and midterm election cycle, with the appreciation ratio significantly lower in the first year of the election cycle, while significantly higher in the year after the midterm election; （3） The effect of the political cycle will not be affected by which party holds power, though it will be affected if the president and parliament are ruled by the same party. This paper not only extends the research of the influencing factors of the RMB exchange rate to the political field, but also sets up a use theoretical model to analyze the impact of political issues on the RMB exchange rate, providing a new perspective to fully understand the external environment of RMB exchange rate reform.

人民币汇率变动与企业创新的“质”与“量”——基于产业链溢出效应

本文利用2000~2014年的中国工业企业数据库、海关贸易数据库、企业专利数据库以及2007年中国投入产出表,基于产业链视角验证了人民币升值对制造业企业创新的影响。研究结果表明,人民币升值能显著提高企业创新能力,并且产业链在其中发挥着异质性效果:企业会因其所处产业链位置表现出创新“量”与“质”的差异。人民币升值对上游企业创新质量的促进作用更强,而对创新数量的影响并不明显。机制分析发现:人民币升值带来的进口中间品增加会在产业链中形成行业间技术溢出效应以及行业内竞争效应,均对企业创新模式产生重要影响;上游企业在全产业链中表现出“质量引领效应”。本研究为企业在“双循环”发展格局下利用行业生产网络效应提高自身创新提供建设性方向。

全球经济政策不确定性、人民币汇率与中国经济波动——基于非对称视角的理论与实证分析

随着全球经济一体化的加深,全球经济政策不确定性和人民币汇率对中国经济波动产生越来越大的影响。基于非对称影响的视角,构建一个融入全球经济政策不确定性、人民币汇率和经济波动的Mundell-Fleming模型,从理论上分析各要素的非对称影响机制。实证结果表明:短期内人民币升值对物价水平的抑制效应大于贬值对物价水平的促进效应,长期内人民币升值对经济增长的抑制效应大于贬值对经济增长的促进效应;此外,无论在短期还是长期,全球经济政策不确定性降低对物价水平和经济增长的促进作用都大于经济政策不确定性上升的抑制效应。以上结果均通过稳健性检验。因此,央行需要加强对汇率与全球经济政策不确定性对物价水平和经济增长的非对称效应的关注,以实现中国经济的平稳运行。

Real Exchange Rate in China:A Long-run Perspective

This paper investigates the RMB exchange rate from a long-run viewpoint. Whether China＇s rapid economic growth brought about real exchange rate appreciation between 1975 and 2002 is empirically examined, based on a supply-side model, the Balassa-Semuelson Hypothesis （BSH）. The same test is conducted on Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and India. Our result indicates that the BSH only exists where the industrial structure has been upgraded and the economy has been successfully transformed from an agricultural economy to a manufacturing economy. Interestingly, China, among those where the BSH does not present, appears to be upgrading its industrial and trade structure. We then try to answer the question of why past rapid growth has no significant relationship with the RMB real exchange rate and what factors are underlying the trend of the RMB real exchange rate. We expect an appreciating trend of RMB real exchange rate in the foreseeable future, presuming that China＇s industrial upgrading process continues and the factors pertaining to the BSH＇s prediction, such as rise of wage rates in both tradables and nontradables, become more significant.

人民币汇率预期对我国房地产价格影响的非线性机制研究——基于STR模型的分析

通过构建时间序列(2005.7~2016.12)的STR模型,本文验证了人民币汇率预期对我国房地产价格的非线性效应。研究结果显示:渐进稳步的升值预期(2005.7~2014.12)通过资本流动效应促进了我国房地产价格的上涨;而大幅度的升值预期将促使房价急剧上涨以及资产泡沫化。由于央行外汇市场干预以及宽松货币信贷政策导致大量流动性进入房地产市场,近年大幅贬值预期(2015.1~2016.12)加剧了我国房地产价格的不断攀升。货币供应量较人民币汇率预期对房价的影响系数更大,表明2005年汇率改革以来我国总体相对宽松的货币政策是房价上涨以及资产泡沫化的主要原因。政策建议为,进一步完善人民币汇率市场化形成机制,积极引导和稳定人民币汇率预期,减弱国际市场对人民币汇率大幅升值或大幅贬值的预期;央行应保持货币政策稳健中性,在保持流动性合理充裕的同时,注重抑制资产泡沫和防范经济金融风险。

基于R/S分析的人民币外汇市场分形特征实证研究

针对人民币汇率时间序列的特征问题,提出了基于R/S分析的赫斯特(Hurst)指数作为测算判据的方法。选取样本区间为2005年7月21日至2007年12月31日,人民币对美元、欧元和日元的日汇率中间价数据为研究对象,样本数目共计为598个,进行了实证研究。实证结果为人民币对美元、欧元和日元汇率的赫斯特指数分别为0.64、0.61和0.62,关联尺度分别为1.42、1.34和1.37;表明人民币外汇市场具有明显的分形结构,三种汇率都有关联性,并表现出状态持续性。这弥补了有效市场理论的不足,并将对相关决策者有着参考作用。

人民币汇率市场分形特征分析——基于R/S分析的实证

以2005年7月21日至2010年10月29日的人民币兑美元汇率,人民币兑欧元汇率和人民币兑日元汇率三种汇率的每日中间报价为研究对象,利用R/S分析方法对其日收益率序列进行研究,结果表明,三个汇率市场不符合有效市场假设,具有明显的分形特征,并具有不同的循环区间长度。

基于SVAR模型的汇率影响因素分析

为了分析汇率与其他宏观经济变量的关系,本文在信息国际化和虚拟资本脱离实体经济迅速发展的假设下,建立SVAR结构的综合效应汇率模型,并实证检验了诸宏观经济变量对人民币汇率的同期效应及滞后效应。研究发现,人民币汇率不但受到外汇储备等宏观经济变量的滞后影响,也受到了信息变化对市场预期和行为的同期影响;在同期,货币供给量和国内股票总值信息变动对其影响尤其大;人民币对特别提款权汇率比人民币对美元汇率更能反映人民币的价值。因此,本文认为货币当局在汇率管理中可以将直接冲击货币价值的因素(如货币供给量)作为主要变量。

经济自由与实际汇率升值:来自102个经济体的经验证据

巴拉萨-萨缪尔森理论是实际汇率决定的经典理论。该理论及其大部分拓展研究都建立在市场完全竞争的假定条件下。然而这一假定与现实存在明显的差异。基于1996—2019年102个经济体的面板数据,实证考察经济自由对实际汇率升值的影响。基准回归结果表明,经济自由程度的增加会导致实际汇率升值。稳健性检验与内生性检验后结果依然成立。机制分析表明,经济自由程度的提高可以通过可贸易品部门的生产率渠道推动实际汇率升值。党的二十大报告指出,中国将稳步推动高标准市场体系的构建,要完善市场经济基础制度和扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放。研究为宏观经济研究者与政策制定者理解制度因素(自由经济制度)与实际汇率变动间的关系提供了经验证据。

人民币汇率变动对我国就业影响的SVAR分析

在国内就业形势不容乐观和人民币逐渐升值的背景下,研究人民币汇率对我国就业的影响具有重要现实意义。在汇率影响就业的理论分析基础上,选择1980-2011年相应变量数据建立SVAR模型并赋予约束条件,实证检验人民币实际有效汇率与就业之间的关系。结果表明,实际有效汇率与就业量存在负向的均衡关系,人民币升值在长短期内都将抑制就业的增长。

中国存在B-S难题吗?

目前中国依赖投资和出口驱动的经济发展模式已经引发诸多弊端和不良效应,在开放条件下,汇率变动对消费影响越来越大,居民消费变动的传递也会影响实际汇率,对中国的经验证据发现,实际汇率升值会抑制当前消费,随着消费增长率的增加,汇率被低估的概率减少,验证了B-S难题(消费—实际汇率悖论)在中国成立。

人民币汇率非线性特征研究——基于R/S分析法的实证检验

以2005年7月21日～2008年3月12日银行间外汇市场六种货币兑人民币汇率数据为样本，采用R／S分析法对其日收益率序列进行了研究，结果表明：六种货币兑人民币汇率日收益率序列均不服从正态分布，普遍地表现为有偏的随机过程；六种货币兑人民币汇率均具有非线性特征，表现为较强的正状态持久性，其波动存在明显的非周期循环。