BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic disrupted healthcare in the United States.AIM To investigate COVID-19-related and non-COVID-19-related death and characteristics associated with excess death a...BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic disrupted healthcare in the United States.AIM To investigate COVID-19-related and non-COVID-19-related death and characteristics associated with excess death among inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)decedents.METHODS We performed a register-based study using data from the National Vital Statistics System,which reports death data from over 99%of the United States population,from January 1,2006 through December 31,2021.IBD-related deaths among adults 25 years and older were stratified by age,sex,race/ethnicity,place of death,and primary cause of death.Predicted and actual age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs)per 100000 persons were compared.RESULTS 49782 IBD-related deaths occurred during the study period.Non-COVID-19-related deaths increased by 13.14%in 2020 and 18.12%in 2021[2020 ASMR:1.55 actual vs 1.37 predicted,95%confidence interval(CI):1.26-1.49;2021 ASMR:1.63 actual vs 1.38 predicted,95%CI:1.26-1.49].In 2020,non-COVID-19-related mortality increased by 17.65%in ulcerative colitis(UC)patients between the ages of 25 and 65 and 36.36%in non-Hispanic black(NHB)Crohn’s disease(CD)patients.During the pandemic,deaths at home or on arrival and at medical facilities as well as deaths due to neoplasms also increased.CONCLUSION IBD patients suffered excess non-COVID-19-related death during the pandemic.Excess death was associated with younger age among UC patients,and with NHB race among CD patients.Increased death at home or on arrival and due to neoplasms suggests that delayed presentation and difficulty accessing healthcare may have led to increased IBD mortality.展开更多
While some research has explored racial and ethnic differences in disordered eating, this study may be the first to examine these differences in orthorexia nervosa, involving obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behavior...While some research has explored racial and ethnic differences in disordered eating, this study may be the first to examine these differences in orthorexia nervosa, involving obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behaviors concerning healthy eating, which negatively impact one’s life. Adult participants, recruited from college courses and social media, completed an online survey with the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI) and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Regarding racial and ethnic background, 743 were White, 249 were Hispanic, 87 were Black, 61 were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 110 were biracial/multiracial. A MANCOVA revealed that the racial and ethnic groups did not differ on the ONI subscales assessing orthorexic behaviors, impairments, and emotions, after accounting for gender, BMI, and EAT-26 total scores that were covariates. In contrast, a second MANCOVA did reveal group differences on the EAT-26 subscales, after accounting for gender, BMI, and ONI total scores that were covariates. Black participants scored significantly lower than the other racial and ethnic groups on the subscale assessing dieting behaviors characteristic of anorexia nervosa, and the subscale assessing binge-eating and purging behaviors characteristic of bulimia nervosa. Further, Hispanic participants scored significantly lower than White participants on the latter subscale. These findings suggest that while orthorexic symptomatology does not differ based on race and ethnicity, a Black race and Hispanic ethnicity may be protective factors against disordered eating, perhaps related either to cultural norms concerning body image or to the resiliency and social support among the Black and Hispanic communities.展开更多
This paper reveals the effect of Chinese-style fiscal decentralization on regional total factor productivity(TFP),i.e.,whether it leads to a race to the bottom or a race to the top.Theoretical analysis shows that Chin...This paper reveals the effect of Chinese-style fiscal decentralization on regional total factor productivity(TFP),i.e.,whether it leads to a race to the bottom or a race to the top.Theoretical analysis shows that Chinese-style fiscal decentralizations affects technological progress by changing the conditions of resource allocation.The empirical results show that Chinese-style fiscal decentralization has significantly improved the level of TFP in China,but it also generates the problems of factor mismatch and distortion of fiscal expenditure structure,and cause the distortion of factor market to a certain extent,which is not conducive to technological progress.Based on further observation of the internal composition of TFP,it is concluded that fiscal decentralization has caused technological progress(TP)and technical efficiency(TE)to show a more obvious race to the top,but the race to the top of TFP is weakening.展开更多
Resistance to maize southern leaf spot disease was induced by the low-concentration filtrate of Bipolaris maydis race T cultivation in an experiment. The nuclear neterogeny corn C103 was used as the test material. The...Resistance to maize southern leaf spot disease was induced by the low-concentration filtrate of Bipolaris maydis race T cultivation in an experiment. The nuclear neterogeny corn C103 was used as the test material. The lesion area on the leaves was significant difference by connalysis. The lesion areas on pretreated leaves were (0.3±0.05)- (0.9±0.5) mm^2, but those on the control were (23.1±8.7) mm^2. At the same time, the changes in peroxidase, phenylalanine, ammonialyase, and malondialdehvde activities were determined. During 0-96 h of inspection, phenylalanine and ammonialyase (PAL) activities increased by 64.2%, peroxidase (POD) activities increased by 41.2%, but the malondialdenvde (MDA) content decreased by 29.7% compared with the control. It seems that the low-concentration filtrate of Bipolaris maydis race T cultivation itself can be used as an elicitor to enhance the induced resistance.展开更多
In order to clarify the main pathogens of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi Province, China, morphological identification, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) sequence analysis, specific primer amplification and pathoge...In order to clarify the main pathogens of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi Province, China, morphological identification, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) sequence analysis, specific primer amplification and pathogenicity tests were applied to study the isolates which were recovered from diseased plants collected from 17 different districts of Shanxi Province. The results were as follows: 1) Through morphological and molecular identification, the following 7 species of Fusarium were identified: F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. chlamydosporum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. semitectum; 2) 56 isolates of F. oxysporum were identified using specific primer amplification, among which, 29, 5 and 6 isolates were respectively identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici physiological race 1, race 2, and race 3; 3) pathogenicity test indicated the significant pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, and F. subglutinans to tomato plant. Therefore, among these 4 species confirmed as pathogenic to tomato in Shanxi, the highest isolation rate (53.3%) corresponded to F. oxysporum. Three physiological species, race 1, race 2, and race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici are detected in Shanxi, among which race 1 is the most widespread pathogen and is also considered as the predominant race.展开更多
Ninety isolates collected from five different provinces and cities (Hebei, Yunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Inner Mongolia ) during 1997 - 1998 were tested with potato clones possessed 8 dominant mono-genes R1, R3, R4, R6, ...Ninety isolates collected from five different provinces and cities (Hebei, Yunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Inner Mongolia ) during 1997 - 1998 were tested with potato clones possessed 8 dominant mono-genes R1, R3, R4, R6, R7, R9, R10, R11 and the combination of R1-R4 of the international late blight differential host. It concluded that: (1) in the 90 isolates tested 21 different races were detected, of which the 1.3.4. 7. 9. 10. 11 was very common with frequency of 32. 2%, followed by 1. 3. 4. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11 and 3.4.7. 9. 11 with frequency of 10.0%; (2) all tested resistant genes were compatible to the virulent gene of isolates of Phytophthora infestans assayed, which indicated that the virulent genes were very common in the tested population of Phytophthora infestans.展开更多
EDITOR’S NOTE: The Chongqing Publishing House has published a set of eight books under the general title of Series Books on Folk Art in Tibet, covering clay molding art, mask art, garments, tangka painting, weaving, ...EDITOR’S NOTE: The Chongqing Publishing House has published a set of eight books under the general title of Series Books on Folk Art in Tibet, covering clay molding art, mask art, garments, tangka painting, weaving, building and decoration, Mani stone carving, and sculpturing. They contain some 20,000 illustrations to enhance reader interest.展开更多
Tomato leaf mold samples collected from tomato plants cultivated in plastic house in three northeastern provinces of China were studied by artifical spray inoculation at seedling stage,consulting Hubbcling physiologic...Tomato leaf mold samples collected from tomato plants cultivated in plastic house in three northeastern provinces of China were studied by artifical spray inoculation at seedling stage,consulting Hubbcling physiological race differential hosts and adopting Day's classification system(1971).The results indicated that there were three races in these provinces;they were races 1,2,3,race 1,3 and race 3.Among them race 1,2,3 was the predominant.展开更多
The rice( Oryza L. ) variety, Lijiangxintuanheigu(LTH), is a universally susceptible variety. A set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of rice which has single resistance gene for each line was developed by use of LTH as r...The rice( Oryza L. ) variety, Lijiangxintuanheigu(LTH), is a universally susceptible variety. A set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of rice which has single resistance gene for each line was developed by use of LTH as recurrent parent and Kusabue,Tsuyuake, K1, PiNo. 4, K60 and BL1, which are from Kiyosawa's differential varieties(KDV), as donor parents. Differentiating ability of these NILs to Philippine isolates was compared with that of their donor parents, KDV and IRRI' s NILs. The results of comparative studies were as follows: (1) Differentiating ability of Chinese NILs to Philippine isolates was much stronger than that of their donor parents and that of KDV. (2) Chinese NILs had similar ability to differentiate races to IRRI's NILs or higher differentiating ability than them. But IRRI's NILs almost had no differentiating ability to isolates from japonica rice-growing regions. They can not be used to differentiate races of isolates from japonica ricegrowing regions. Whereas, Chinese NILs can be used to differentiate races of isolates from both japonica ricegrowing regions and indica rice-growing regions. It was concluded that the set of Chinese NILs can be used as international differentials.展开更多
Fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1) is one of the important transporter proteins involved in fatty acid transmembrane transport and fat deposition. To study the relationship between FATP-1 mRNA expression and fa...Fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1) is one of the important transporter proteins involved in fatty acid transmembrane transport and fat deposition. To study the relationship between FATP-1 mRNA expression and fat deposition, chicken (Gallus gallus) FATP-1 sequence was first cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Tissue samples of chest muscle, leg muscle, subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat were collected from six male and six female broilers each, at 22 days, 29 days, and 42 days, respectively. The tissue specificity and ontogenesis expression pattern of the FATP-1 mRNA of yellow-feathered broilers was studied by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the fat deposition laws in different tissues were also compared. A 2,488 bp cDNA sequence of chicken FATP-1 was cloned by RACE (GenBank accession no. DQ352834), including 547 bp 3' end untranslated region (URT) and 1,941 bp open reading frame (ORF). Chicken FATP-1 encoded 646 amino acid residues, which shared 83.9% and 83.0% identity with those of human and rat, respectively. The results of quantitative PCR demonstrated a constant FATP-1 mRNA expression level in the chest muscle and subcutaneous fat of both male and female broilers at three stages, whereas the expression level of the FATP-1 mRNA in the leg muscle at 42 days was significantly higher than that at 22 days or 29 days. In the abdominal fat of male broilers, the gene expression significantly increased with age, whereas the female broilers showed a dramatic downregulation of FATP-1 expression in abdominal fat at 42 days. This suggested a typical tissue-and gender-specific expression pattern of chicken FATP-1, mediating the specific process of fatty acid transport or utilization in muscle and adipose tissues.展开更多
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase) is one of the key enzymes in Calvin circle and starch biosynthesis. In this study, the full-length of cpFBPase gene from Pyropia haitanensis was cloned by using rapid amplificatio...Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase) is one of the key enzymes in Calvin circle and starch biosynthesis. In this study, the full-length of cpFBPase gene from Pyropia haitanensis was cloned by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) technology. The nucleotide sequence of PhcpFBPase consists of 1 400 bp, including a 5′ untranslated region(UTR) of 92 bp, a 3′?UTR of 69 bp, and an open reading frame(ORF) of 1 236 bp, which can be translated into a 412-amino-acid putative peptides with a molecular weight of 44.3 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.23. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that the protein belonged to the chloroplast FBPase enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the protein assembled with the cpFBPase of a thermal tolerant unicellular red micro-algae Galdieria sulphuraria. Expression patterns analyzed by qRT-PCR revealed that the expression of PhcpFBPase gene in the thallus phage was 7-fold higher than in the conchocelis phage, which suggested the different mechanisms of inorganic carbon utilization among the different life phages of P. haitanensis. And the different response modes of PhcpFBPase mRNA levels to high temperature and desiccation stress indicated that PhcpFBPase played an important role in responsing to abiotic stress.展开更多
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races ...Soybean cyst nematode (SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.展开更多
James Fenimore Cooper is a very famous and popular writer in America who is the founder of the America literature on romanticism, so he is called the first American novelist. In 1820, Cooper publishes his first novel,...James Fenimore Cooper is a very famous and popular writer in America who is the founder of the America literature on romanticism, so he is called the first American novelist. In 1820, Cooper publishes his first novel, from then on he publishes over 50 novels altogether. The characters we are talking about are from one of his best known novels"The Last of the Mohicans",the second part of The Leatherstocking Tales which is his most famous and influencing novel. Through the novel, the author believes that the process of the early American movement towards the west is actually a process of massacre of American Indians.The article points out that James Fenimore Cooper has sympathy with American Indians, but at the same time showing his ambiguities on many issues.展开更多
BACKGROUND: The prevalences of hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, etc. are higher in Mongolian population because of the influence of various factors including genetics, geography, diet, etc. Therefore, it is he...BACKGROUND: The prevalences of hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, etc. are higher in Mongolian population because of the influence of various factors including genetics, geography, diet, etc. Therefore, it is helpful for prevention to develop researches on the genetics of various diseases including hypertension in Mongolian population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between C825T polymorphisms of G-protein beta 3 subunit gene (GNB3), the important candidate gene of various disease of cardiovascular system, and Mongolian patients with essential hypertension. DESIGN: A comparative observation. SETTINGS: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College; Wulate Houqi Red Cross Society. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 267 Mongolian residents, whose blood relations of 3 generations were all Mongolians, were selected from Wulate Houqi, Inner Mongolia. The patients were screened based on the diagnostic standard of hypertension set by WHO in 1999, and the enrolled subjects were divided into two groups according to the level of blood pressure: ① Normal blood pressure group (n =124): 64 males and 60 females, systolic blood pressure (SBP) 〈 140 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 〈 90 mm Hg;②Essential hypertension group (n =143): 71 males and 72 females, including 60 patients with simple high SBP (SBP ranged 145 to 195 mm Hg, whereas DBP 〈 90 mm Hg). METHODS: Peripheral venous blood (5 mL) was drawn from all the subjects, the genome DNA was extracted, and the polymorphisms of the GNB3 C825T genotype were detected with the Sequenom system. Polyrnerase chain reaction (PCR) experiment and SNP detection were performed in Beijing Huada gene laboratory. Then the univariate analysis of variance was applied in the sample comparison among groups, and the chi-square test was used to compare the genotypes and allele frequencies. The odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The distributions of GNB3 C825T genotypes and alleles were observed. RESULTS: All the 267 Mongolian subjects were involved in the analysis of results.① GNB3 C825T genotypes: In Mongolian population, the frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes at GNB3 C825T site in the essential hypertension group (48%, 41%, 11%) were not obvious different from those in the normal blood pressure group (43%, 47%, 10%, x^2 =0.162, P =0.688; OR:1.176, 95%CI: 0.533- 2.592), whereas there were also no obvious differences between the simple high SBP group (57%, 35%, 8%) and the normal blood pressure group (x^2 =0.733, P =0.392; OR:1.957, 95%CI: 0.623- 6.143). ②GNB3 C825T alleles: In Mongolian population, The frequencies of C and T alleles in the essential hypertension group (69%, 31%) were not obviously different from those in the normal blood pressure group (67%, 33%, x^2 =0.094, P = 0.759; OR:0.945, 95%CI:0.657 - 1.358), whereas there were also no obvious differences between the simple high SBP group (74%, 26%) and the normal blood pressure group ( x^2 =2.133, P =0.144; OR:0.697, 95%CI: 0.428- 1.133). CONCLUSION: GNB3 C825T site may be not a genetic marker of essential hypertension and simple high SBP in Mongolian population.展开更多
Introduction Primary liver cancer,the second most common cause of cancer related death worldwide1,presents ethnic,etiological,sex,and geographical diversity2(Figure 1A).At the histological level,liver cancer includes ...Introduction Primary liver cancer,the second most common cause of cancer related death worldwide1,presents ethnic,etiological,sex,and geographical diversity2(Figure 1A).At the histological level,liver cancer includes two major types:hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC,about 80%)and cholangiocarcinoma(CCA,about 15%).Many etiological factors contribute to HCC development,such as hepatitis展开更多
Fusarium wilt of banana, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), is a serious soil-borne fungal disease. Now, the epigenetic molecular pathogenic basis is elusive. In this stu...Fusarium wilt of banana, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), is a serious soil-borne fungal disease. Now, the epigenetic molecular pathogenic basis is elusive. In this study, with methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique, DNA methylation was compared between the leaves inoculated with Foc TR4 and the mock-inoculated leaves at different pathogenic stages. With 25 pairs of primers, 1 144 and 1 255 fragments were amplified from the infected and mock-inoculated leaves, respectively. DNA methylation was both changed and the average methylated CCGG sequences were 34.81 and 29.26% for the infected and the mock-inoculated leaves. And DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation were induced by pathogen infection during all pathogenic stages. Further, 69 polymorphic fragments were sequenced and 29 of them showed sequence similarity to genes with known functions. And RT-PCR results of four genes indicated that their expression patterns were consistent with their methylation patterns. Our results suggest that DNA methylation plays important roles in pathogenic response to Foc TR4 for banana.展开更多
We proposed an improved graphics processing unit(GPU)acceleration approach for three-dimensional structural topology optimization using the element-free Galerkin(EFG)method.This method can effectively eliminate the ra...We proposed an improved graphics processing unit(GPU)acceleration approach for three-dimensional structural topology optimization using the element-free Galerkin(EFG)method.This method can effectively eliminate the race condition under parallelization.We established a structural topology optimization model by combining the EFG method and the solid isotropic microstructures with penalization model.We explored the GPU parallel algorithm of assembling stiffness matrix,solving discrete equation,analyzing sensitivity,and updating design variables in detail.We also proposed a node pair-wise method for assembling the stiffnessmatrix and a node-wise method for sensitivity analysis to eliminate race conditions during the parallelization.Furthermore,we investigated the effects of the thread block size,the number of degrees of freedom,and the convergence error of preconditioned conjugate gradient(PCG)on GPU computing performance.Finally,the results of the three numerical examples demonstrated the validity of the proposed approach and showed the significant acceleration of structural topology optimization.To save the cost of optimization calculation,we proposed the appropriate thread block size and the convergence error of the PCG method.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic disrupted healthcare in the United States.AIM To investigate COVID-19-related and non-COVID-19-related death and characteristics associated with excess death among inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)decedents.METHODS We performed a register-based study using data from the National Vital Statistics System,which reports death data from over 99%of the United States population,from January 1,2006 through December 31,2021.IBD-related deaths among adults 25 years and older were stratified by age,sex,race/ethnicity,place of death,and primary cause of death.Predicted and actual age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs)per 100000 persons were compared.RESULTS 49782 IBD-related deaths occurred during the study period.Non-COVID-19-related deaths increased by 13.14%in 2020 and 18.12%in 2021[2020 ASMR:1.55 actual vs 1.37 predicted,95%confidence interval(CI):1.26-1.49;2021 ASMR:1.63 actual vs 1.38 predicted,95%CI:1.26-1.49].In 2020,non-COVID-19-related mortality increased by 17.65%in ulcerative colitis(UC)patients between the ages of 25 and 65 and 36.36%in non-Hispanic black(NHB)Crohn’s disease(CD)patients.During the pandemic,deaths at home or on arrival and at medical facilities as well as deaths due to neoplasms also increased.CONCLUSION IBD patients suffered excess non-COVID-19-related death during the pandemic.Excess death was associated with younger age among UC patients,and with NHB race among CD patients.Increased death at home or on arrival and due to neoplasms suggests that delayed presentation and difficulty accessing healthcare may have led to increased IBD mortality.
文摘While some research has explored racial and ethnic differences in disordered eating, this study may be the first to examine these differences in orthorexia nervosa, involving obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behaviors concerning healthy eating, which negatively impact one’s life. Adult participants, recruited from college courses and social media, completed an online survey with the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI) and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Regarding racial and ethnic background, 743 were White, 249 were Hispanic, 87 were Black, 61 were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 110 were biracial/multiracial. A MANCOVA revealed that the racial and ethnic groups did not differ on the ONI subscales assessing orthorexic behaviors, impairments, and emotions, after accounting for gender, BMI, and EAT-26 total scores that were covariates. In contrast, a second MANCOVA did reveal group differences on the EAT-26 subscales, after accounting for gender, BMI, and ONI total scores that were covariates. Black participants scored significantly lower than the other racial and ethnic groups on the subscale assessing dieting behaviors characteristic of anorexia nervosa, and the subscale assessing binge-eating and purging behaviors characteristic of bulimia nervosa. Further, Hispanic participants scored significantly lower than White participants on the latter subscale. These findings suggest that while orthorexic symptomatology does not differ based on race and ethnicity, a Black race and Hispanic ethnicity may be protective factors against disordered eating, perhaps related either to cultural norms concerning body image or to the resiliency and social support among the Black and Hispanic communities.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China“Choice of Suitability Innovation Model and Regional Total Factor Productivity Improvement:Based on Innovation Value Chain and Space Spillover”(71403115)National Social Science Foundation“Strategy for China’s Industrial Technological Advances Based on Technology Authorization”(15CJY009)Jiangsu Province 333 Project“Why Haven’t Innovation Investments Been Turned into Technological Progress:Research Based on Suitability Innovation Model”.The authors are grateful for the support by Jiangsu Province Brand Major and Jiangsu Province Superior Discipline Construction Project.The authors take sole responsibility for their view in this paper.
文摘This paper reveals the effect of Chinese-style fiscal decentralization on regional total factor productivity(TFP),i.e.,whether it leads to a race to the bottom or a race to the top.Theoretical analysis shows that Chinese-style fiscal decentralizations affects technological progress by changing the conditions of resource allocation.The empirical results show that Chinese-style fiscal decentralization has significantly improved the level of TFP in China,but it also generates the problems of factor mismatch and distortion of fiscal expenditure structure,and cause the distortion of factor market to a certain extent,which is not conducive to technological progress.Based on further observation of the internal composition of TFP,it is concluded that fiscal decentralization has caused technological progress(TP)and technical efficiency(TE)to show a more obvious race to the top,but the race to the top of TFP is weakening.
文摘Resistance to maize southern leaf spot disease was induced by the low-concentration filtrate of Bipolaris maydis race T cultivation in an experiment. The nuclear neterogeny corn C103 was used as the test material. The lesion area on the leaves was significant difference by connalysis. The lesion areas on pretreated leaves were (0.3±0.05)- (0.9±0.5) mm^2, but those on the control were (23.1±8.7) mm^2. At the same time, the changes in peroxidase, phenylalanine, ammonialyase, and malondialdehvde activities were determined. During 0-96 h of inspection, phenylalanine and ammonialyase (PAL) activities increased by 64.2%, peroxidase (POD) activities increased by 41.2%, but the malondialdenvde (MDA) content decreased by 29.7% compared with the control. It seems that the low-concentration filtrate of Bipolaris maydis race T cultivation itself can be used as an elicitor to enhance the induced resistance.
基金partially supported by the Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project,China (20120311019-3)the Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Foundation Platform Construction Project,China (1105-0104)the Shanxi Provincial Graduate Education Innovation Project,China (2017BY065)
文摘In order to clarify the main pathogens of tomato Fusarium wilt in Shanxi Province, China, morphological identification, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) sequence analysis, specific primer amplification and pathogenicity tests were applied to study the isolates which were recovered from diseased plants collected from 17 different districts of Shanxi Province. The results were as follows: 1) Through morphological and molecular identification, the following 7 species of Fusarium were identified: F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. chlamydosporum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. semitectum; 2) 56 isolates of F. oxysporum were identified using specific primer amplification, among which, 29, 5 and 6 isolates were respectively identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici physiological race 1, race 2, and race 3; 3) pathogenicity test indicated the significant pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, and F. subglutinans to tomato plant. Therefore, among these 4 species confirmed as pathogenic to tomato in Shanxi, the highest isolation rate (53.3%) corresponded to F. oxysporum. Three physiological species, race 1, race 2, and race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici are detected in Shanxi, among which race 1 is the most widespread pathogen and is also considered as the predominant race.
文摘Ninety isolates collected from five different provinces and cities (Hebei, Yunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Inner Mongolia ) during 1997 - 1998 were tested with potato clones possessed 8 dominant mono-genes R1, R3, R4, R6, R7, R9, R10, R11 and the combination of R1-R4 of the international late blight differential host. It concluded that: (1) in the 90 isolates tested 21 different races were detected, of which the 1.3.4. 7. 9. 10. 11 was very common with frequency of 32. 2%, followed by 1. 3. 4. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11 and 3.4.7. 9. 11 with frequency of 10.0%; (2) all tested resistant genes were compatible to the virulent gene of isolates of Phytophthora infestans assayed, which indicated that the virulent genes were very common in the tested population of Phytophthora infestans.
文摘EDITOR’S NOTE: The Chongqing Publishing House has published a set of eight books under the general title of Series Books on Folk Art in Tibet, covering clay molding art, mask art, garments, tangka painting, weaving, building and decoration, Mani stone carving, and sculpturing. They contain some 20,000 illustrations to enhance reader interest.
文摘Tomato leaf mold samples collected from tomato plants cultivated in plastic house in three northeastern provinces of China were studied by artifical spray inoculation at seedling stage,consulting Hubbcling physiological race differential hosts and adopting Day's classification system(1971).The results indicated that there were three races in these provinces;they were races 1,2,3,race 1,3 and race 3.Among them race 1,2,3 was the predominant.
文摘The rice( Oryza L. ) variety, Lijiangxintuanheigu(LTH), is a universally susceptible variety. A set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of rice which has single resistance gene for each line was developed by use of LTH as recurrent parent and Kusabue,Tsuyuake, K1, PiNo. 4, K60 and BL1, which are from Kiyosawa's differential varieties(KDV), as donor parents. Differentiating ability of these NILs to Philippine isolates was compared with that of their donor parents, KDV and IRRI' s NILs. The results of comparative studies were as follows: (1) Differentiating ability of Chinese NILs to Philippine isolates was much stronger than that of their donor parents and that of KDV. (2) Chinese NILs had similar ability to differentiate races to IRRI's NILs or higher differentiating ability than them. But IRRI's NILs almost had no differentiating ability to isolates from japonica rice-growing regions. They can not be used to differentiate races of isolates from japonica ricegrowing regions. Whereas, Chinese NILs can be used to differentiate races of isolates from both japonica ricegrowing regions and indica rice-growing regions. It was concluded that the set of Chinese NILs can be used as international differentials.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2004CB117501)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.30500367)+1 种基金Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Program of Research Team(No.04205804)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,Ministry of Education of China.
文摘Fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1) is one of the important transporter proteins involved in fatty acid transmembrane transport and fat deposition. To study the relationship between FATP-1 mRNA expression and fat deposition, chicken (Gallus gallus) FATP-1 sequence was first cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Tissue samples of chest muscle, leg muscle, subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat were collected from six male and six female broilers each, at 22 days, 29 days, and 42 days, respectively. The tissue specificity and ontogenesis expression pattern of the FATP-1 mRNA of yellow-feathered broilers was studied by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the fat deposition laws in different tissues were also compared. A 2,488 bp cDNA sequence of chicken FATP-1 was cloned by RACE (GenBank accession no. DQ352834), including 547 bp 3' end untranslated region (URT) and 1,941 bp open reading frame (ORF). Chicken FATP-1 encoded 646 amino acid residues, which shared 83.9% and 83.0% identity with those of human and rat, respectively. The results of quantitative PCR demonstrated a constant FATP-1 mRNA expression level in the chest muscle and subcutaneous fat of both male and female broilers at three stages, whereas the expression level of the FATP-1 mRNA in the leg muscle at 42 days was significantly higher than that at 22 days or 29 days. In the abdominal fat of male broilers, the gene expression significantly increased with age, whereas the female broilers showed a dramatic downregulation of FATP-1 expression in abdominal fat at 42 days. This suggested a typical tissue-and gender-specific expression pattern of chicken FATP-1, mediating the specific process of fatty acid transport or utilization in muscle and adipose tissues.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41176151 and 41276177the National High Technology Research&Development Program of China under contract No.2012AA100811the Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists of Fujian Province of China under contract No.2010J06016
文摘Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase) is one of the key enzymes in Calvin circle and starch biosynthesis. In this study, the full-length of cpFBPase gene from Pyropia haitanensis was cloned by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) technology. The nucleotide sequence of PhcpFBPase consists of 1 400 bp, including a 5′ untranslated region(UTR) of 92 bp, a 3′?UTR of 69 bp, and an open reading frame(ORF) of 1 236 bp, which can be translated into a 412-amino-acid putative peptides with a molecular weight of 44.3 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.23. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that the protein belonged to the chloroplast FBPase enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the protein assembled with the cpFBPase of a thermal tolerant unicellular red micro-algae Galdieria sulphuraria. Expression patterns analyzed by qRT-PCR revealed that the expression of PhcpFBPase gene in the thallus phage was 7-fold higher than in the conchocelis phage, which suggested the different mechanisms of inorganic carbon utilization among the different life phages of P. haitanensis. And the different response modes of PhcpFBPase mRNA levels to high temperature and desiccation stress indicated that PhcpFBPase played an important role in responsing to abiotic stress.
基金The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30490250)the National Key Basic Research Program (2002CB 111304, 2004CB7206)+1 种基金the National 863 Program (2002AA211052)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT).
文摘Soybean cyst nematode (SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.
文摘James Fenimore Cooper is a very famous and popular writer in America who is the founder of the America literature on romanticism, so he is called the first American novelist. In 1820, Cooper publishes his first novel, from then on he publishes over 50 novels altogether. The characters we are talking about are from one of his best known novels"The Last of the Mohicans",the second part of The Leatherstocking Tales which is his most famous and influencing novel. Through the novel, the author believes that the process of the early American movement towards the west is actually a process of massacre of American Indians.The article points out that James Fenimore Cooper has sympathy with American Indians, but at the same time showing his ambiguities on many issues.
基金a grant from the Great Program of Inner Mongolia Medical College, No. NY2004ZD006
文摘BACKGROUND: The prevalences of hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, etc. are higher in Mongolian population because of the influence of various factors including genetics, geography, diet, etc. Therefore, it is helpful for prevention to develop researches on the genetics of various diseases including hypertension in Mongolian population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between C825T polymorphisms of G-protein beta 3 subunit gene (GNB3), the important candidate gene of various disease of cardiovascular system, and Mongolian patients with essential hypertension. DESIGN: A comparative observation. SETTINGS: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College; Wulate Houqi Red Cross Society. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 267 Mongolian residents, whose blood relations of 3 generations were all Mongolians, were selected from Wulate Houqi, Inner Mongolia. The patients were screened based on the diagnostic standard of hypertension set by WHO in 1999, and the enrolled subjects were divided into two groups according to the level of blood pressure: ① Normal blood pressure group (n =124): 64 males and 60 females, systolic blood pressure (SBP) 〈 140 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 〈 90 mm Hg;②Essential hypertension group (n =143): 71 males and 72 females, including 60 patients with simple high SBP (SBP ranged 145 to 195 mm Hg, whereas DBP 〈 90 mm Hg). METHODS: Peripheral venous blood (5 mL) was drawn from all the subjects, the genome DNA was extracted, and the polymorphisms of the GNB3 C825T genotype were detected with the Sequenom system. Polyrnerase chain reaction (PCR) experiment and SNP detection were performed in Beijing Huada gene laboratory. Then the univariate analysis of variance was applied in the sample comparison among groups, and the chi-square test was used to compare the genotypes and allele frequencies. The odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The distributions of GNB3 C825T genotypes and alleles were observed. RESULTS: All the 267 Mongolian subjects were involved in the analysis of results.① GNB3 C825T genotypes: In Mongolian population, the frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes at GNB3 C825T site in the essential hypertension group (48%, 41%, 11%) were not obvious different from those in the normal blood pressure group (43%, 47%, 10%, x^2 =0.162, P =0.688; OR:1.176, 95%CI: 0.533- 2.592), whereas there were also no obvious differences between the simple high SBP group (57%, 35%, 8%) and the normal blood pressure group (x^2 =0.733, P =0.392; OR:1.957, 95%CI: 0.623- 6.143). ②GNB3 C825T alleles: In Mongolian population, The frequencies of C and T alleles in the essential hypertension group (69%, 31%) were not obviously different from those in the normal blood pressure group (67%, 33%, x^2 =0.094, P = 0.759; OR:0.945, 95%CI:0.657 - 1.358), whereas there were also no obvious differences between the simple high SBP group (74%, 26%) and the normal blood pressure group ( x^2 =2.133, P =0.144; OR:0.697, 95%CI: 0.428- 1.133). CONCLUSION: GNB3 C825T site may be not a genetic marker of essential hypertension and simple high SBP in Mongolian population.
基金supported,in part,by the Precision Medical Research Program from Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.YL 2017YFC0908400)National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Disease and Funding(Grant No.YL 17-163-12-ZT-005-095-01)+2 种基金Science and Technology Commission in Ministry of National Defense of China(Grant No.YL 17-163-12-ZT-005-095-01)Xinwei Wang was supported by the intramural research program of the Center for Cancer Research,National Cancer Institute of the United StatesJunfang Ji was supported by the Thousand Young Talents Plan of China,National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81672905)
文摘Introduction Primary liver cancer,the second most common cause of cancer related death worldwide1,presents ethnic,etiological,sex,and geographical diversity2(Figure 1A).At the histological level,liver cancer includes two major types:hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC,about 80%)and cholangiocarcinoma(CCA,about 15%).Many etiological factors contribute to HCC development,such as hepatitis
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30860149 and 31360364)the Joint Support Program from Tropical Crop Breeding Engineering Center of Ministry of Education of China+1 种基金the Crop Science National Key Disciplines of China (lhxm-2012-2)the Key Scientific Research Program from Hainan Province,China (ZDZX2013023)
文摘Fusarium wilt of banana, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), is a serious soil-borne fungal disease. Now, the epigenetic molecular pathogenic basis is elusive. In this study, with methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique, DNA methylation was compared between the leaves inoculated with Foc TR4 and the mock-inoculated leaves at different pathogenic stages. With 25 pairs of primers, 1 144 and 1 255 fragments were amplified from the infected and mock-inoculated leaves, respectively. DNA methylation was both changed and the average methylated CCGG sequences were 34.81 and 29.26% for the infected and the mock-inoculated leaves. And DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation were induced by pathogen infection during all pathogenic stages. Further, 69 polymorphic fragments were sequenced and 29 of them showed sequence similarity to genes with known functions. And RT-PCR results of four genes indicated that their expression patterns were consistent with their methylation patterns. Our results suggest that DNA methylation plays important roles in pathogenic response to Foc TR4 for banana.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51875493,51975503,11802261)The financial support to the first author is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘We proposed an improved graphics processing unit(GPU)acceleration approach for three-dimensional structural topology optimization using the element-free Galerkin(EFG)method.This method can effectively eliminate the race condition under parallelization.We established a structural topology optimization model by combining the EFG method and the solid isotropic microstructures with penalization model.We explored the GPU parallel algorithm of assembling stiffness matrix,solving discrete equation,analyzing sensitivity,and updating design variables in detail.We also proposed a node pair-wise method for assembling the stiffnessmatrix and a node-wise method for sensitivity analysis to eliminate race conditions during the parallelization.Furthermore,we investigated the effects of the thread block size,the number of degrees of freedom,and the convergence error of preconditioned conjugate gradient(PCG)on GPU computing performance.Finally,the results of the three numerical examples demonstrated the validity of the proposed approach and showed the significant acceleration of structural topology optimization.To save the cost of optimization calculation,we proposed the appropriate thread block size and the convergence error of the PCG method.