Effect of antenna helicity on discharge characteristics of helicon plasma under a divergent magnetic field

The characteristics of the blue core phenomenon observed in a divergent magnetic field helicon plasma are investigated using two different helical antennas, namely right-handed and lefthanded helical antennas. The mode transition, discharge image, spatial profiles of plasma density and electron temperature are diagnosed using a Langmuir probe, a Nikon D90 camera,an intensified charge-coupled device camera and an optical emission spectrometer, respectively.The results demonstrated that the blue core phenomenon appeared in the upstream region of the discharge tube at a fixed magnetic field under both helical antennas. However, it is more likely to appear in a right-handed helical antenna, in which the plasma density and ionization rate of the helicon plasma are higher. The spatial profiles of the plasma density and electron temperature are also different in both axial and radial directions for these two kinds of helical antenna. The wavelength calculated based on the dispersion relation of the bounded whistler wave is consistent with the order of magnitude of plasma length. It is proved that the helicon plasma is part of the wave mode discharge mechanism.

Two-dimensional investigation of characteristic parameters and their gradients for the self-generated electric and magnetic fields of laser-induced zirconium plasma

Two-dimensional diagnosis of laser-induced zirconium(Zr)plasma has been experimentally performed using the time-of-flight method by employing Faraday cups in addition to electric and magnetic probes.The characteristic parameters of laser-induced Zr plasma have been evaluated as a function of different laser irradiances ranging from 4.5 to 11.7 GW cm-2 at different axial positions of 1–4 cm with a fixed radial distance of 2 cm.A well-supporting correlation between the plume parameters and the laser-plasma-produced spontaneous electric and magnetic(E and B)fields was established.The measurements of the characteristic parameters and spontaneously induced fields were observed to have an increasing trend with the increasing laser irradiance.However,when increasing the spatial distance in both the axial and radial directions,the plasma parameters(electron/ion number density,temperature and kinetic energy)did not show either continuously increasing or decreasing trends due to various kinetic and dynamic processes during the spatial evolution of the plume.However,the E and B fields were observed to be always diffusing away from the target.The radial component of electron number densities remained higher than the axial number density component,whereas the axial ion number density at all laser irradiances and axial distances remained higher than the radial ion number density.The higher axial self-generated electric field(SGEF)values than radial SGEF values are correlated with the effective charge-separation mechanism of electrons and ions.The generation of a self-generated magnetic field is observed dominantly in the radial direction at increasing laser irradiance as compared to the axial one due to the deflection of fast-moving electrons and the persistence of two-electron temperature on the radial axis.

Implications for Discovery of Strong Radial Magnetic Field at the Galactic Center—Challenge to Black Hole Models

The black hole model will be excluded by a very strong radial magnetic field near the Galactic Center which has been detected in 2013. Following it, the explosion mechanism, for both supernova and the hot big bang of the Universe, driven by magnetic monopoles is proposed in this paper.

Radial magnetic field in magnetic confinement device

The intrinsic radial magnetic field（B r） in a tokamak is explored by the solution of the Grad–Shafranov equation in axisymmetric configurations through an expansion of the four terms of the magnetic surfaces. It can be inferred from the simulation results that at the core of the device, the tokamak should possess a three-dimensional magnetic field configuration, which could be reduced to a two-dimensional one when the radial position is greater than 0.6a. The radial magnetic field and the amzimuthal magnetic field have the same order of magnitude at the core of the device. These results can offer a reference for the analysis of the plasma instability, the property of the core plasma, and the magnetic field measurement.

Reversal of radial glow distribution in helicon plasma induced by reversed magnetic field

In this work, the reversal of radial glow distribution induced by reversed magnetic field is reported. Based on the Boswell antenna which is symmetric and insensitive to the magnetic field direction, it seems such a phenomenon in theory appears impossible. However, according to the diagnostic of the helicon waves by magnetic probe, it is found that the direction of magnetic field significantly affects the propagation characteristic of helicon waves, i.e., the interchange of the helicon waves at the upper and the lower half of tube was caused by reversing the direction of magnetic field. It is suggested that the variation of helicon wave against the direction of magnetic field causes the reversed radial glow distribution. The appearance of the traveling wave does not only improve the discharge strength, but also determines the transition of the discharge mode.

Effect of non-uniform temperature gradient and magnetic field on onset of Marangoni convection heated from below by a constant heat flux

This paper investigates the effect of non-uniform temperature gradient and magnetic field on Marangoni convection in a horizontal fluid layer heated from below and cooled from above with a constant heat flux. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various parameters on the convection onset is analyzed. Six non-uniform basic temperature profiles are considered, and some general conclusions about their desta- bilizing effects are presented.

On the heating mechanism of electron cyclotron resonance thruster immerged in a non-uniform magnetic field

To study the heating mechanism of electron cyclotron resonance thruster(ECRT)immersed in a non-uniform magnetic field,experiments and simulations are performed based on an electron cyclotron resonance plasma source at ASIPP.It is found that the first harmonic of electron cyclotron resonance is essential for plasma ignition at high magnetic field(0.0875 T),while the plasma can sustain without the first and second harmonics of electron cyclotron resonance at low magnetic field(till 0.0170 T).Evidence of radial hollow density profile indicates that upper hybrid resonance,which has strong edge heating effect,is the heating mechanism of low-field ECRT.The heating mode transition from electron cyclotron resonance to upper hybrid resonance is also revealed.Interestingly,the evolutions of electron temperature and electron density with input power experience a‘delayed’jump,which may be correlated with the different power levels required for cyclotron and ionization.Moreover,when the field strength decreased,the variation of electron density behaves in an opposite trend with that of electron temperature,implying a possible competition of power deposition between them.The present work is of great interest for understanding the plasma discharge in ECRT especially immersed in a non-uniform magnetic field,and designing efficient ECRT using low magnetic field for economic space applications.

Magnetic Field and Operating Performance Analysisof Conical-rotor Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

In order to accurately analyze the magnetic field of conical-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor(CR-PMSM),the effectiveness of two methods was studied on handling of problems concerned with non-uniform distribution of magnetic field along axial direction in CR-PMSM,which were sectional calculation(SC)method and three-dimensional finite element(3-D FE)method.On this basis,the influence of the axial displacement and dq-axis currents on the operating characteristics of axial magnetic force and torque is analyzed by using the 3-D FE model.Analysis results show that the axial magnetic force and torque decrease with the increase of axial displacement of the rotor,and the amplitude regularity of the axial magnetic force is affected by the d-axis current.A prototype machine is fabricated and tested,in order to validate the design theory.

Influence of Magnetic Field and Temperature on the Transient Density and Voltage in a Radial Junction Solar Cell in Dynamic Regime under Pulsed Multispectral Illumination

This study examines the influence of magnetic field and temperature on the transient voltage of a polycrystalline silicon radial junction solar cell in a dynamic regime under multispectral illumination. Radial junction solar cells represent a major advancement in photovoltaic technologies, as they optimize light absorption and charge collection efficiency. The focus is on the impact of the magnetic field and temperature on the decay of transient voltage, which provides crucial information on recombination processes and the lifetime of minority carriers. The results reveal that the magnetic field tends to increase the transient voltage by directly affecting the transient electron density. Indeed, for B > 7 × 10−5 T, the magnetic field prolongs the relaxation time by increasing the transient voltage amplitude. Additionally, rising temperatures accelerate (ranging from 290 K to 450 K) recombination processes, thereby reducing the transient voltage, although this effect is moderated by the presence of a magnetic field. The study highlights the complex interaction between magnetic field and temperature, with significant impacts on the transient behaviour.

A radial non-uniform helicon equilibrium discharge model

Helicon discharges have attracted great attention in the electric propulsion community in recent years. To acquire the equilibrium properties, a self-consistent model is developed, which combines the helicon/Trivelpiece-Gould （TG） waves- plasma interaction mechanism and the plasma flow theory under the confinement of the magnetic field. The calculations reproduce the central peak density phenomenon observed in the experiments. The results show that when operating in the wave coupling mode, high magnetic field strength B0 results in the deviation of the central density versus B0 from the linear relationship, while the density rise becomes flatter as the radiofrequency （rf） input power Prf grows, and the electron temperature Te radial profile is mainly determined by the characteristic of the rf energy deposition. The model could provide suggestions in choosing the B0 and Prf for medium power helicon thrusters.

Effects of resonant magnetic perturbations on the loss of energetic ions in tokamak pedestal

Resonant magnetic perturbations(RMPs) are extensively applied to mitigate or suppress the edge localized mode in tokamak plasmas, but will break the axisymmetric magnetic field configuration and increase the loss of energetic ions. The mechanism of RMPs induced energetic ion loss has been extensively studied, and is mainly attributed to resonant effects. In this paper,in the perturbed non-axisymmetric tokamak pedestal, we analytically derive the equations of guiding center motion for energetic ions including the bounce/transit averaged radial drift velocity and the toroidal precession frequency modified by strong radial electric field. The loss time of energetic ions is numerically solved and its parametric dependence is analyzed in detail.We find that passing energetic ions cannot escape from the plasma, while deeply trapped energetic ions can escape from the plasma. The strong radial electric field plays an important role in modifying the toroidal precession frequency and resulting in the drift loss of trapped energetic ions. The loss time of trapped energetic ions is much smaller than the corresponding slowdown time in DIII-D pedestal. This indicates that the loss of trapped energetic ions in the perturbed non-axisymmetric pedestal is important, especially for the trapped energetic ions generated by perpendicular neutral beam injection.

Calculating magnetic shielding effectiveness for high-power dc comparator by magnetic circuit method

Magnetic shielding is very important in the design of a high-power dc comparator. This paper addressed the application of magnetic circuit method to calculate the magnetic shielding effectiveness of high-power dc comparators when an external radial magnetic field is added. The mathematical relationship between the magnetic shielding effectiveness and the parameters of the magnetic shielding body were obtained. To verify the validity of the calculation method, we developped a procedure to measure the magnetic shielding effectiveness of the magnetic body by measuring the induction voltage of the detection winding instead of the magnetic intensity at a point in the magnetic shielding body, making the manipulation much easier. The result calculated with the magnetic circuit method turns out to be closer to the measured one compared with that calculated with a conventional algorithm proposed by Ren, suggesting that the magnetic circuit method is an applicable tool for estimating the toroidal cavity magnetic shielding effectiveness of a heavy current comparator when a radial magnetic field is added.

Effect of transverse static magnetic field on radial microstructure of hypereutectic aluminum alloy during directional solidification

The effect of different scales thermoelectric magnetic convection(TEMC)on the radial solidification microstructure of hypereutectic Al alloy has been investigated under transverse static magnetic field during directional solidification,focusing on the formation of freckle.Our experimental and numerical simulation results indicate that the TEMC circulation at sample scale under transverse static magnetic field leads to the enrichment of solute Al on one side of the sample.The TEMC and the solute enrichment degree increase with the increase of magnetic field when the magnetic field increases to 0.5 T.The enrichment degree of solute elements under magnetic field is affected by temperature gradient and growth rate.The non-uniform distribution of solute Al in the radial direction of the sample results in the non-uniform distribution of primary dendrite arm spacing(PDAS).Moreover,the applied magnetic field can lead to freckle formation and its number increases with the increase of magnetic field.The change of freckle is consistent with the anisotropy TEMC caused by the anisotropy of primary dendrite or primary dendrite network under magnetic field.Finally,the mechanism of synergism effect of the anisotropy TEMC,the distribution of solute Al and the PDAS on freckle formation and evolution is studied during directional solidification under magnetic field.

Effect of non-uniform magnetic field on crystal growth by floating-zone method in microgravity

The magnetic damping effect of the non-uniform magnetic field on the floating-zone crystal growth process in microgravity is studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the non-uni-form magnetic field with designed configuration can effectively reduce the flow near the free surface and then in the melt zone. At the same time, the designed magnetic field can improve the impurity concen-tration non-uniformity along the solidification interface. The primary principles of the magnetic field con-figuration design are also discussed.

Convective heat and mass transfer in MHD mixed convection flow of Jeffrey nanofluid over a radially stretching surface with thermal radiation

Mixed convection flow of magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) Jeffrey nanofluid over a radially stretching surface with radiative surface is studied. Radial sheet is considered to be convectively heated. Convective boundary conditions through heat and mass are employed. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations. Convergent series solutions of the resulting problems are derived. Emphasis has been focused on studying the effects of mixed convection, thermal radiation, magnetic field and nanoparticles on the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. Numerical values of the physical parameters involved in the problem are computed for the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed.

The Landau-level structure of a single polaron in a nanorod under a non-uniform magnetic field

Nanorod is a unique low-dimensional nanometer structure in which the Landau level arrangement of polaron is essential for understanding its quasiparticle system. However, the stability of the polaron level is susceptible to external factors, such as changing magnetic fields.In this manuscript, the Pekar variational method is employed to calculate the external magnetic field's effect on the nanorod's polaron Landau level. It was found that different magnetic fields have different effects on the polaron energy levels of the nanorod, which demonstrated that the external environment had critical effects on the polaron energy levels. This study provides a theoretical basis for regulating the interaction between electrons and phonons in low-dimensional nanomaterials.

Numerical analysis of a magnetohydrodynamic duct flow with flow channel insert under a non-uniform magnetic field

This study performs a numerical analysis of three-dimensional liquid metal(LM) magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) flows in a square duct with an FCI in a non-uniform magnetic field. The current study predicts detailed information on flow velocity, Lorentz force, pressure, current and electric potential of MHD duct flows for different Hartmann numbers. Also, the effect of the electric conductivity of FCI on the pressure drop along the main flow direction in a non-uniform magnetic field is examined. The present study investigates the features of LM MHD flows in consideration of the interdependency among the flow variables.

Entropy generation under the influence of radial magnetic field and viscous dissipation of generalized Couette flow in an annulus

This paper investigates the combined effect of radial magnetic field and viscous dissipation on entropy generation in horizontal co-axial cylinders of generalized Couette flow.The analytical solutions for velocity and temperature profiles are obtained and utilized to compute the entropy generation,Bejan number as well as the average entropy generation number.The effect of relevant parameters on temperature field,velocity field,entropy generation,average entropy and Bejan number are portrayed graphically and discussed.We isoflux heating near the inner surface of the fixed outer cylinder with higher dominance in the case of isoflux heating.The reverse is seen on the moving inner cylinder.

Novel transit-time oscillator(TTO) combining advantages of radial-line and axial TTO

A novel transit-time oscillator(TTO)is proposed in this paper.An axial cathode which has been widely used in high power microwave(HPM)source and an extractor with radial feature are adopted.In this way,the inherent advantages of axial and radial TTO,both of which can be utilized as high-quality intense relativistic electron beam(IREB),can be generated and the power capacity is also increased.The working mode isπ/2 mode of TM01 based on small-signal theory,and under the same energy storage,the maximum electric field in extractor decreases 16.3%.Besides,by utilizing the natural bending of the solenoid,this TTO saves over 60%of the length required by the uniform magnetic field,and consequently reduces the energy consumed by solenoid.The PIC simulation shows that by using 1.0-T decreasing magnetic field generated by the shorter solenoid,3.37-GW microwave at 12.43 GHz is generated with 620-kV and 13.27-kA input,and the overall conversion efficiency is 41%.

变频驱动下电机高频径向电磁力波研究

采用场路耦合法对永磁同步电机高频径向电磁力特征频率产生原因和主要组成成分进行研究。通过解析法分析谐波电流的产生机理及谐波特性,并利用数值仿真对其进行验证;结合磁动势−磁导法和麦克斯韦张量法分析出高频径向电磁力特征频率的分布;对有限元计算得到的气隙磁场进行时空分解,采用麦克斯韦张量法计算磁场相互作用产生的高频径向电磁力。结果表明,变频驱动下永磁同步电机的高频径向电磁力主要是由变频器谐波电流引入的谐波磁场和定子基波磁场的相互作用产生,这对永磁同步电机的研究提供了一定的指导意义。