Conformity Assessment of Lead Aprons Used in Conventional Radiology: A Multi-Centre Survey in Togo

Aim: Lead aprons are used to protect against scattered radiation from the patient during interventional procedures and certain special conventional radiological examinations. Given the importance of the role lead aprons are supposed to play in radiation protection, we propose to assess their conformity in medical imaging departments in public and religious hospitals in Togo. Materials and method: A multi-centre survey conducted from 26 November to 06 December 2021 in the radiology departments of public and religious health facilities in Togo. All aprons in use were included. The evaluation criteria were physical (visual), quantitative (radiographic) and qualitative (dosimetric). Results: We had registred 43 aprons among wich 27 (62.79%) leaded aprons were labelled non-compliant and 16 (37.21%) were labelled compliant. Of the aprons judged to be non-compliant, 70.37% were more than 10 years old and 96.30% showed defects on the radiographic images. The most common defects were vampire marks (18.64%), multiple folds (16.96%), cracks (16.96%), multiple cracks (15.25%), tears (8.47%), absence of lead (5.08%), holes (3.39%) and lead corrosion (1.69%). Defective aprons (62.96%) had at least two defects. The defects were of thoraco-abdomino-pelvic (74.07%), thoracic (14.82%) and abdomino-pelvic (11.11%) topography. For indirect exposure at 50 and 70 kilovolts, all the aprons had an attenuation factor greater than 90%. After dosimetric measurement, 13.95% of aprons had attenuation factors below 90% for indirect exposure at 100 kilovolts. Conclusion: The compliance of the leaded decks is trifactorial (physical, radiographic and dosimetric). However, there is no significant difference in X-ray attenuation capacity between defective and normal decks.

Interdepartmental miscommunication regarding radiology:Addressing chronic challenges and exploring solutions

Effective communication and collaboration among healthcare professionals are crucial for delivering high-quality patient care.Interdepartmental miscommunication poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems,potentially undermining the quality of healthcare services provided.In the same manner,communication barriers between referring physicians and radiologists can specifically affect radiology services and patient outcomes.This article attempts to put the spotlight on the ever-present chronic challenges of this issue and prompt readers to recognize the relevant potential pitfalls in their daily clinical practice.Practical solutions are explored and proposed,which should be tailored to the specific needs and issues that each individual institution may face.

Assessing the Impact of Regulations on Radiation Safety Culture and Practices in Radiology Departments

Background: The need to establish a strong culture around radiation safety is derived from the assertion that medical practitioners, patients, and third parties should not be exposed to unnecessary radiation. Authorities have endeavored to enact policies to protect all employers and patients in radiology departments. Objectives: To assess the impact of radiation safety practices and regulations on the ongoing improvements in radiation safety culture and practices in radiology departments. This will be achieved through a subjective assessment of national and international rules and regulations by healthcare professionals. Materials and Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey in the radiology departments of three JCI-accredited hospitals in the Riyadh region to identify and assess the impact of national radiation regulations and the accompanying processes on the improvement of radiation safety culture and practices in radiology departments. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the grading system results among various groups of respondents, based on their educational level. Also, there are statistically significant differences between the assessments of safety level results in the answers provided by various groups of respondents according to education level in favor of the master’s degree. Conclusion: The study concludes that technicians with a diploma degree require stricter regulation. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that an exposure tracking system and a regulatory action supporting it may be useful in the ongoing task of improving patients’ radiation safety.

Profile of Radiological Examinations in the Radiology and Medical Imaging Department of the Medical Clinic “KALALE” in Mali

Introduction: Radiology and medical imaging examinations bring together the means of acquiring and restoring images of the human body from different physical phenomena such as the absorption of X-rays, nuclear magnetic resonance, reflection of ultrasound waves or radioactivity, with which we sometimes associate optical imaging techniques such as endoscopy. The objective of our study was to study the profile of radiological examinations in the radiology and medical imaging department of the “KALALE” medical clinic. Methodology: This was a descriptive, prospective study that took place over a period of six (6) months in the radiology and medical imaging department of the “KALALE” medical clinic and the centers of health of communes III and IV of Bamako in Mali. Data collection was carried out on a survey form. The parameters studied were sociodemographic data, clinical data, radiological data. Results: We recorded 6030 radiology examinations of which 19% of the examination frequency cases came from the “KALALE” medical clinic and 81% of the cases were referrals from the reference health centers of communes III and IV. There were 1500 X-rays or 24.9% of cases including 54% cases of bone X-rays;5% of cases of skull and face X-rays;5% of cases of Intravenous Urography (IVU);4% of cases of Hysterosalpingography (HSG);3% of cases of Retrograde Ureterocystography (UCR) and 1% of cases of X-ray of the Abdomen without preparation (ASP). We found 4530 ultrasounds or 75.1% of cases. Conclusion: Medical imaging has become essential in the study of the human body and now constitutes an essential tool for the detection and treatment of most pathologies, from simple fractures to the most serious tumors.

Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries

AIMTo assess the state of radiology education across Europe by means of a survey study.METHODSA comprehensive 23-item radiology survey was distributed via email to the International Society of Radiology members, national radiological societies, radiologists and medical physicists. Reminders to complete the survey were sent and the results were analyzed over a period of 4 mo (January-April 2016). Survey questions include length of medical school and residency training; availability of fellowship and subspecialty training; number of residency programs in each country; accreditation pathways; research training; and medical physics education. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and summarize data.RESULTSRadiology residency training ranges from 2-6 years with a median of 5 years, and follows 1 year of internship training in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Subspecialty fellowship training is offered in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Availability for specialization training by national societies is limited to eight countries. For nearly all respondents, less than fifty percent of radiologists travel abroad for specialization. Nine of 22 (41%) European countries have research requirements during residency. The types of certifying exam show variation where 64% (14 out of 22) European countries require both written and oral boards, 23% (5 out of 22) require oral examinations only, and 5% (1 out of 22) require written examinations only. A degree in medical physics is offered in 59% (13 out of 22) European countries and is predominantly taught by medical physicists. Nearly all respondents report that formal examinations in medical physics are required.CONCLUSIONComparative learning experiences across the continent will help guide the development of comprehensive yet pragmatic infrastructures for radiology education and collaborations in radiology education worldwide.

Translating radiology reports into plain language using ChatGPT and GPT-4 with prompt learning:results,limitations,and potential

The large language model called ChatGPT has drawn extensively attention because of its human-like expression and reasoning abilities.In this study,we investigate the feasibility of using ChatGPT in experiments on translating radiology reports into plain language for patients and healthcare providers so that they are educated for improved healthcare.Radiology reports from 62 low-dose chest computed tomography lung cancer screening scans and 76 brain magnetic resonance imaging metastases screening scans were collected in the first half of February for this study.According to the evaluation by radiologists,ChatGPT can successfully translate radiology reports into plain language with an average score of 4.27 in the five-point system with 0.08 places of information missing and 0.07 places of misinformation.In terms of the suggestions provided by ChatGPT,they are generally relevant such as keeping following-up with doctors and closely monitoring any symptoms,and for about 37%of 138 cases in total ChatGPT offers specific suggestions based on findings in the report.ChatGPT also presents some randomness in its responses with occasionally over-simplified or neglected information,which can be mitigated using a more detailed prompt.Furthermore,ChatGPT results are compared with a newly released large model GPT-4,showing that GPT-4 can significantly improve the quality of translated reports.Our results show that it is feasible to utilize large language models in clinical education,and further efforts are needed to address limitations and maximize their potential.

Radiation Doses in Diagnostic Radiology and Method for Dose Reduction

Objective: The current research study aims to calculate entrance surface air kerma for skull, chest, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and pelvic X-ray examinations in interior posterior and posterior interior positions and generate a method for chest dose reduction to decrease radiation risk. Materials and Methods: The indirect dose measurement was used in the current research. The X-ray tube output was measured using RAD-CHECK Plus ionization chamber and the indirect entrance surface air kerma was calculated via applying physical acquisition parameters such as a focus on skin distance, tube current times exposure time (mAs), and applied tube voltage (kV), and applying a mathematical model. Results: The main findings were obtained from comparing the radiation doses with the reference levels of International organizations such as the American College of Radiology and the International Atomic Energy Authority. The mean entrance skin dose for the skull (AP), skull (PA), skull (LAT), cervical spine (PA), cervical spine (LAT), lumbar spine (AP), lumbar spine (LAT), pelvis (AP), and pelvis (LAT) of adult X-ray examinations was within the diagnostic reference dose level values obtained by ACR (2018) except for the ESD for chest (AP) which was 0.88 mGy. Conclusions: The results of the study concluded that by adjusting the applied tube voltage, kV, and tube current product time, mAs decreased the radiation dose to the chest X-ray by 58%.

Detection of Omicron Caused Pneumonia from Radiology Images Using Convolution Neural Network(CNN)

COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has created social and economic disruption across theworld.The ability of the COVID-19 virus to quickly mutate and transfer has created serious concerns across the world.It is essential to detectCOVID-19 infection caused by different variants to take preventive measures accordingly.The existing method of detection of infections caused by COVID-19 and its variants is costly and time-consuming.The impacts of theCOVID-19 pandemic in developing countries are very drastic due to the unavailability of medical facilities and infrastructure to handle the pandemic.Pneumonia is the major symptom of COVID-19 infection.The radiology of the lungs in varies in the case of bacterial pneumonia as compared to COVID-19-caused pneumonia.The pattern of pneumonia in lungs in radiology images can also be used to identify the cause associated with pneumonia.In this paper,we propose the methodology of identifying the cause(either due to COVID-19 or other types of infections)of pneumonia from radiology images.Furthermore,because different variants of COVID-19 lead to different patterns of pneumonia,the proposed methodology identifies pneumonia,the COVID-19 caused pneumonia,and Omicron caused pneumonia from the radiology images.To fulfill the above-mentioned tasks,we have used three Convolution Neural Networks(CNNs)at each stage of the proposed methodology.The results unveil that the proposed step-by-step solution enhances the accuracy of pneumonia detection along with finding its cause,despite having a limited dataset.

CVIP-Net: A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Model for Forensic Radiology Image Classification

Automated and autonomous decisions of image classification systems have essential applicability in this modern age even.Image-based decisions are commonly taken through explicit or auto-feature engineering of images.In forensic radiology,auto decisions based on images significantly affect the automation of various tasks.This study aims to assist forensic radiology in its biological profile estimation when only bones are left.A benchmarked dataset Radiology Society of North America(RSNA)has been used for research and experiments.Additionally,a locally developed dataset has also been used for research and experiments to cross-validate the results.A Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)-based model named computer vision and image processing-net(CVIP-Net)has been proposed to learn and classify image features.Experiments have also been performed on state-of-the-art pertained models,which are alex_net,inceptionv_3,google_net,Residual Network(resnet)_50,and Visual Geometry Group(VGG)-19.Experiments proved that the proposed CNN model is more accurate than other models when panoramic dental x-ray images are used to identify age and gender.The specially designed CNN-based achieved results in terms of standard evaluation measures including accuracy(98.90%),specificity(97.99%),sensitivity(99.34%),and Area under the Curve(AUC)-value(0.99)on the locally developed dataset to detect age.The classification rates of the proposed model for gender estimation were 99.57%,97.67%,98.99%,and 0.98,achieved in terms of accuracy,specificity,sensitivity,and AUC-value,respectively,on the local dataset.The classification rates of the proposed model for age estimation were 96.80%,96.80%,97.03%,and 0.99 achieved in terms of accuracy,specificity,sensitivity,and AUC-value,respectively,on the RSNA dataset.

Current status of radiology in China

INTRODUCTIONRadiology has been greatly advanced in China sinceits founding in 1949 and has been developed fasterand further more since China adopted the policy ofsocioeconomic reform in 1978.It plays anincreasingly important role in the medical healthcare and treatment in the country and has reachedthe world’s advanced level in certain fields.We nowbriefly review the history of China’s radiology so asto give a clear picture of its development.

Diagnostic neuroradiology for the interventional neuroradiologist

In order to further improve the impact of the continuously evolving neurointerventional techniques, the interventional neuroradiologist needs to have at his disposal more powerful techniques to image the central nervous system. With the recent development of diagnostics techniques that are computed tomography and magnetic resonance based we are now able to assess not just morphology, but also physiology, physiopathology and function. This review discusses the place of diagnostic techniques in the evaluation that the interventional neuroradiologist hast to make when confronted with patients. We provide an overview of current techniques for the brain and spine.

Awareness of Radiologists and Radiographers toward Patient Care in the Interventional Radiology Department

Background: The hospitals and health care centres are organized around the patient, a model in which healthcare providers partner with patients and families to identify and satisfy patients’ needs and preferences. Providers respect patients’ values and preferences, address their emotional and social needs, and involve them and their families in decision making. According to the best of our knowledge, there is no evidence to prove, radiologists and radiographers are aware enough about the patient safety, care, and code of conduct with their patients in the interventional radiology department. Objective: This article aims to measure the awareness of radiologists and radiographers toward care and safety in an interventional radiology department. Material and Method: This study was carried in period from 15 February to 20 April 2022. One hundred sixty-four radiographers and radiologists participating in this study completed the questionnaire, which equals a response rate of approximately 82%. The questionnaire was fully completed by almost all responders;only a few of them gave partial answers. Results: The first question for radiographers and radiologists was “the sufficient awareness about the patient safety and care during the interventional radiology procedure. Also, the majority of the radiographers and radiologists are providing the patients with sufficient information when he/she ask for help or queries. A large number of radiographers and radiologists were participating in this study explaining the procedures to patients before starting the examinations in a structured way. Finally, the result shows both radiographers and radiologists respect the patient’s rights, privacy, and dignity and also kept the radiation protection during the interventional radiology procedures. Conclusion: This article summarizes the key categories of awareness of patient care issues in the provision of interventional radiology services, from the joint perspectives of radiographers and radiologists, and provides references for further reading in all major relevant areas.

Current trends and perspectives in interventional radiology for gastrointestinal cancers

Gastrointestinal(GI)cancers often require a multidisciplinary approach involving surgeons,endoscopists,oncologists,and interventional radiologists to diagnose and treat primitive cancers,metastases,and related complications.In this context,interventional radiology(IR)represents a useful minimally-invasive tool allowing to reach lesions that are not easily approachable with other techniques.In the last years,through the development of new devices,IR has become increasingly relevant in the context of a more comprehensive management of the oncologic patient.Arterial embolization,ablative techniques,and gene therapy represent useful and innovative IR tools in GI cancer treatment.Moreover,IR can be useful for the management of GI cancer-related complications,such as bleeding,abscesses,GI obstructions,and neurological pain.The aim of this study is to show the principal IR techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of GI cancers and related complications,as well as to describe the future perspectives of IR in this oncologic field.

Importance of establishing radiation protection culture in Radiology Department

The increased use of ionization radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, the rapid advances in computed tomography as well as the high radiation doses delivered by interventional procedures have raised serious safety and health concerns for both patients and medical staff and have necessitated the establishment of a radiation protection culture(RPC) in every Radiology Department. RPC is a newly introduced concept. The term culture describes the combination of attitudes, beliefs, practices and rules among the professionals, staff and patients regarding to radiation protection. Most of the time, the challenge is to improve rather than to build a RPC. The establishment of a RPC requires continuing education of the staff and professional, effective communication among stakeholders of all levels and implementation of quality assurance programs. The RPC creation is being driven from the highest level. Leadership, professionals and associate societies are recognized to play a vital role in the embedding and promotion of RPC in a Medical Unit. The establishment of a RPC enables the reduction of the radiation dose, enhances radiation risk awareness, minimizes unsafe practices, and improves the quality of a radiation protection program. The purpose of this review paper is to describe the role and highlight the importance of establishing a strong RPC in Radiology Departments with an emphasis on promoting RPC in the Interventional Radiology environment.

Role of interventional radiology in the management of acute gastrointestinal bleeding

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB) can lead to significant morbidity and mortality without appropriate treatment. There are numerous causes of acute GIB including but not limited to infection, vascular anomalies, inflammatory diseases, trauma, and malignancy. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach of GIB depends on its location, severity, and etiology. The role of interventional radiology becomes vital in patients whose GIB remains resistant to medical and endoscopic treatment. Radiology offers diagnostic imaging studies and endovascular therapeutic interventions that can be performed promptly and effectively with successful outcomes. Computed tomography angiography and nuclear scintigraphy can localize the source of bleeding and provide essential information for the interventional radiologist to guide therapeutic management with endovascular angiography and transcatheter embolization. This review article provides insight into the essential role of Interventional Radiology in the management of acute GIB.

Spectrum of diagnostic errors in radiology

Diagnostic errors are important in all branches of medicine because they are an indication of poor patient care. Since the early 1970s,physicians have been subjected to an increasing number of medical malpractice claims. Radiology is one of the specialties most liable to claims of medical negligence.Most often,a plaintiff's complaint against a radiologist will focus on a failure to diagnose. The etiology of radiological error is multi-factorial.Errors fall into recurrent patterns.Errors arise from poor technique,failures of perception,lack of knowledge and misjudgments.The work of diagnostic radiology consists of the complete detection of all abnormalities in an imaging examination and their accurate diagnosis. Every radiologist should understand the sources of error in diagnostic radiology as well as the elements of negligence that form the basis of malpractice litigation.Error traps need to be uncovered and highlighted,in order to prevent repetition of the same mistakes.This article focuses on the spectrum of diagnostic errors in radiology, including a classification of the errors,and stresses the malpractice issues in mammography,chest radiology and obstetric sonography.Missed fractures in emergency and communication issues between radiologists and physicians are also discussed.

Interventional radiology procedures in adult patients who underwent liver transplantation

Interventional radiology has acquired a key role in every liver transplantation(LT)program by treating the majority of vascular and non-vascular post-transplant complications,improving graft and patient survival and avoiding,in the majority of cases,surgical revision and/or re-transplantation.The aim of this paper is to review indications,technical consideration,results achievable and potential complications of interventional radiology procedures after deceased donor LT and living related adult LT.

Evaluation of CdZnTe spectrometer performance in measuring energy spectra during interventional radiology procedure

Interventional radiology has been beneficial for patients for over 30 years of age with the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The radiation affecting occupationally exposed workers should be evaluated by means of the energy spectra and flux of X-rays in the treatment room. The present study aims to obtain the energy spectra of interventional procedures and study the capability of some detectors to evaluate the dose in interventional procedures. These measurements were taken by silicon-drift, CdTe, and CdZnTe detectors. The energy spectra were corrected by the energy-response curve of each detector. The energy-response curves of silicon-drift and CdTe detectors provided by the manufacturers specification were used. The energy response of the CdZnTe detector was measured by 133Ba and 152Eu γ sources. The experimental data were compared with the simulation results, and their perfect agreement provides a way to correct the energy or dose response, which can be used for the personal dosimeter developed by our group. Moreover, the measured energy spectra can be used in individual radiation protection. The present study shows that the CdZnTe detector is a good candidate detector in interventional procedures.

100 classic papers of interventional radiology: A citation analysis

AIM: To define the 100 citation classic papers of interventional radiology.METHODS: Using the database of Journal Citation Reports the 40 highest impact factor radiology journals were chosen. From these journals the 100 most cited interventional radiology papers were chosen and analysed.RESULTS: The top paper received 2497 citations and the 100 th paper 200 citations. The average number of citations was 320. Dates of publication ranged from 1953- 2005. Most papers originated in the United States(n = 67) followed by Italy(n = 20) and France(n = 10). Harvard University(n = 18) and Osped Civile(n = 11) were the most prolific institutions. Ten journals produced all of the top 100 papers with "Radiology" and "AJR" making up the majority. SN Goldberg and T Livraghi were the most prolific authors. Nearly two thirds of the papers(n = 61) were published after 1990.CONCLUSION: This analysis identifies many of the landmark interventional radiology papers and provides a fascinating insight into the changing discourse within the field. It also identifies topics, authors and institutions which have impacted greatly on the specialty.

Risk management in radiology departments

Medical imaging and interventional radiology sustained prompt changes in the last few years, mainly as aresult of technology breakthroughs, rise in workload, deficit in workforce and globalization. Risk is considered to be the chance or possibility of incurring loss or of a negative event happening that may cause injury to patients or medical practitioners. There are various causes of risks leading to harm and injury in radiology departments, and it is one of the objectives of this paper to scrutinize some of the causes. This will drive to consideration of some of the approaches that are used in managing risks in radiology. This paper aims at investigating risk management in radiology, and this will be achieved through a thorough assessment of the risk control measures that are used in the radiology department. It has been observed that the major focus of risk management in such medical setting is to reduce and eliminate harm and injury to patients through integration of various medical precautions. The field of Radiology is rapidly evolving due to technology advances and the globalization of healthcare. This ongoing development will have a great impact on the level of quality of care and service delivery. Thus, risk management in radiology is essential in protecting the patients, radiologists, and the medical organization in terms of capital and widening of the reputation of the medical organization with the patients.