Potential application of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Rhubarb for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease based on network pharmacology and cell culture experimental verification

BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus,and the existing treatments cannot meet the needs of today's patients.Traditional Chinese medicine has been validated for its efficacy in DKD after many years of clinical application.However,the specific mechanism by which it works is still unclear.Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-rhubarb drug pair(NRDP)for the treatment of DKD will provide a new way of thinking for the research and development of new drugs.AIM To investigate the mechanism of the NRDP in DKD by network pharmacology combined with molecular docking,and then verify the initial findings by in vitro experiments.METHODS The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP)database was used to screen active ingredient targets of NRDP.Targets for DKD were obtained based on the Genecards,OMIM,and TTD databases.The VENNY 2.1 database was used to obtain DKD and NRDP intersection targets and their Venn diagram,and Cytoscape 3.9.0 was used to build a"drug-component-target-disease"network.The String database was used to construct protein interaction networks.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis and Gene Ontology analysis were performed based on the DAVID database.After selecting the targets and the active ingredients,Autodock software was used to perform molecular docking.In experimental validation using renal tubular epithelial cells(TCMK-1),we used the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay to detect the effect of NRDP on cell viability,with glucose solution used to mimic a hyperglycemic environment.Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle progression and apoptosis.Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of STAT3,p-STAT3,BAX,BCL-2,Caspase9,and Caspase3.RESULTS A total of 10 active ingredients and 85 targets with 111 disease-related signaling pathways were obtained for NRDP.Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways was performed to determine advanced glycation end products(AGEs)-receptor for AGEs(RAGE)signaling as the core pathway.Molecular docking showed good binding between each active ingredient and its core targets.In vitro experiments showed that NRDP inhibited the viability of TCMK-1 cells,blocked cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase,and reduced apoptosis in a concentrationdependent manner.Based on the results of Western blot analysis,NRDP differentially downregulated p-STAT3,BAX,Caspase3,and Caspase9 protein levels(P<0.01 or P<0.05).In addition,BAX/BCL-2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 ratios were reduced,while BCL-2 and STAT3 protein expression was upregulated(P<0.01).CONCLUSION NRDP may upregulate BCL-2 and STAT3 protein expression,and downregulate BAX,Caspase3,and Caspase9 protein expression,thus activating the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,inhibiting the vitality of TCMK-1 cells,reducing their apoptosis.and arresting them in the G0/G1 phase to protect them from damage by high glucose.

Identification of potential anti-pneumonia pharmacological components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma after the treatment with Gan An He Ji oral liquid

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,a traditional Chinese medicine also known as Gan Cao(GC),is frequently included in clinical prescriptions for the treatment of pneumonia.However,the pharmacological components of GC for pneumonia treatment are rarely explored.Gan An He Ji oral liquid(GAHJ)has a simple composition and contains GC liquid extracts and paregoric,and has been used clinically for many years.Therefore,GAHJ was selected as a compound preparation for the study of GC in the treatment of pneumonia.We conducted an in vivo study of patients with pneumonia undergoing GAHJ treatments for three days.Using the intelligent mass spectrometry data-processing technologies to analyze the metabolism of GC in vivo,we obtained 168 related components of GC in humans,consisting of 24 prototype components and 144 metabolites,with 135 compounds screened in plasma and 82 in urine.After analysis of the metabolic transformation relationship and relative exposure,six components(liquiritin,liquiritigenin,glycyrrhizin,glycyrrhetinic acid,daidzin,and formononetin)were selected as potential effective components.The experimental results based on two animal pneumonia models and the inflammatory cell model showed that the mixture of these six components was effective in the treatment of pneumonia and lung injury and could effectively downregulate the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS).Interestingly,glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited the strongest inhibition on iNOS and the highest exposure in vivo.The following molecular dynamic simulations indicated a strong bond between glycyrrhetinic acid and iNOS.Thus,the current study provides a pharmaceutical basis for GC and reveals the possible corresponding mechanisms in pneumonia treatment.

Anti-fatigue effect from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma:a suggestive and promising treatment for long COVID

Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,an increasing number of patients continue to suffer from long COVID(LC),persistent symptoms,and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond the initial 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms.Constant fatigue is one of the most common LC symptoms,leading to severely reduced quality of life among patients.Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma—known as the King of Herbs in traditional Chinese medicine—has shown clinical anti-fatigue effects.In this review,we summarize the underlying anti-fatigue mechanisms of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma extracts and their bioactive compounds,with a special focus on anti-viral,immune remodeling,endocrine system regulation,and metabolism,suggesting that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is a potentially promising treatment for LC,especially regarding targeting fatigue.

Identification of Mucilage Cavity as a Significant Microscopic Characteristic Existing in Phloem Instead of Pith of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei

The morphologic and microscopic features of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei were studied. The study verified that the mucilage cavities did exist in phloem of rhizomes and roots or abnormal vascular bundles. Also, they were in similar distribution in three species of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. The diagnostic characteristic for microscopic identification was found to be the similar distribution of abnormal vascular bundles in pith of rhizomes in all three species. And the appearance of the crude drug varied more depending on the plants＇ geographical origin and different preliminary treatment on the spot of collection than on the species differences. Our findings, having not been delineated clearly so far in the previous reports, are helpful for clarifying current descriptions in different literatures or standards and make a full understanding on microscopic and macroscopic identification of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei.

Study on the mechanism and active components of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on molecular docking

Objective:To explore the mechanism and active components of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease(AD)based on molecular docking.Methods:22 major components of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei were screened from TCMSP and related literatures,which docked with the key targets of NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway.NLRP3,Caspase-1,GSDMD inhibitors MCC950,ML132 and LDC7559 were used as positive control to analyze the docking results.Results:The docking results showed that the main components of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei had different degrees of binding with NLRP3,Caspase-1 and GSDMD targets,and the potential active components were mutanochrome and physciondiglucoside.Conclusion:Molecular docking predicts that the main components of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei may act on NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway,and the active components may be mutanochrome and physciondiglucoside,which provides theoretical basis for revealing the anti-inflammatory mechanism and active components of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei in the treatment of AD.

Effect of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Eupolyphaga Steleophaga on liver protection mechanism based on pharmacokinetics and metabonomics

Objective:Based on metabonomics technology of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(^(1)H NMR),the pharmacokinetic characteristics and therapeutic mechanism of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma(RhRR,Dahuang in Chinese),Eupolyphaga Steleophaga(EuS,Tubiechong in Chinese)combined with RhRR acting on acute liver injury were explored.Methods:Models of acute liver injury were established,and the pharmacokinetic methods of five components of RhRR-EuS in rats were found by HPLC-MS/MS.The liver tissues of different groups of mice were analyzed by ^(1)H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the metabolomics of RhRR-EuS and RhRR.Results:Pharmacokinetic results showed there were different levels of bimodal phenomenon in different groups,and the absorption of free anthraquinone in RhRR increased after compatibility with EuS.In addition,the pathological state of acute liver injury in rats can selectively promote the absorption of emodin,chrysophanol,physcion and aloe emodin.Through 15 differential metabolites in the liver tissue of acute liver injury mice,it was revealed that RhRR-EuS and RhRR could protect the liver injury by regulating the metabolism of glutamine and glutamic acid,alanine,aspartic acid and glutamic acid,and phosphoinositide.However,the regulation of RhRR was weaker than that of RhRR-EuS.Conclusion:For the first time,we studied the pharmacokinetics and metabolomics differences of RhRREuS and RhRR in rats and mice with acute liver injury,in order to provide theoretical reference for clinical treatment of liver disease by DHZCP.

Differential metabolite analysis of the pharmacodynamic differences between different ratios of Dahuang(Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei Palmati)-Taoren(Semen Persicae) herb pair

OBJECTIVE: To explore the material basis of the difference of efficacy of Dahuang(Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei Palmati)-Taoren(Semen Persicae)(DT) drugs with different proportions. METHODS: Samples of different ratios of Dahuang(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Palnati, DH) to Taoren(Semen Persicae, TR)(Group A 1∶1, B 2∶3, C 3∶2) were analyzed based on gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomics technique. RESULTS: A total of 240 primary metabolites were detected. Forty-one differential metabolites involved nine differential metabolic pathways, of which four were closely related to the efficacy of DT in the treatment of heat and blood stasis syndrome. These pathways included the biosynthesis of amino acid(phenylalanine tyrosine and tryptophan), flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids, and the glycolysis/glycogenesis pathway. CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in the efficacy of different ratios of DT drugs, and their optimal ratio for the treatment of heat and blood stasis syndrome should be 1∶1.

Isolation of exogenous fungi from Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma and preliminary analysis of toxigenic fungi

Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma(Sanqi in Chinese)is a precious traditional Chinese herbal medicine.It has the effect of dispersing blood stasis and stopping bleeding,reducing swelling and fixing pain.However,it tends to contaminate with harmful fungi during storage,which may make it much less effective.In order to understand the fungal contamination of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma and master its composition of the exogenous fungi.The surface fungi of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma samples collected from six Chinese provinces and districts were investigated by using dilution plate method.Detection of aflatoxins by UPLC-MS/MS.The results showed that Penicillium citrinum was dominantly isolated from Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma samples from No.1 to No.4.Aspergillus flavus,which produces aflatoxin,was dominantly isolated from Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma samples from No.5 and No.6.In addition,kinds of mycotoxin were assayed which were produced by three of those identified A.flavus.All three fungi strains produced aflatoxin B1(AFB1)and one strain HBSQ1-5 additionally produced other three kinds of mycotoxin,AFB2,AFG1 and AFG2.It is the results implied that it will be very important to take serious cautions when using Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma.As well as,understanding the composition of the exogenous fungi of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma and the strains of toxin-producing fungi,which can play an important role in guiding the storage of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma.

An online automatic sorting system for defective Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra using deep learning

Objective:To establish a deep-learning architecture based on faster region-based convolutional neural networks(Faster R-CNN)algorithm for detection and sorting of red ginseng(Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra)with internal defects automatically on an online X-ray machine vision system.Methods:A Faster R-CNN based classifier was trained with around 20000 samples with mean average precision value(mAP)of 0.95.A traditional image processing method based on feedforward neural network(FNN)obtained a bad performance with the accuracy,recall and specificity of 69.0%,68.0%,and70.0%,respectively.Therefore,the Faster R-CNN model was saved to evaluate the model performance on the defective red ginseng online sorting system.Results:An independent set of 2000 red ginsengs were used to validate the performance of the Faster RCNN based online sorting system in three parallel tests,achieving accuracy of 95.8%,95.2%and 96.2%,respectively.Conclusion:The overall results indicated that the proposed Faster R-CNN based classification model has great potential for non-destructive detection of red ginseng with internal defects.

Simultaneous determination of five major components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in Xiaoer Zhike Tangjiang with standardized reference extract

In this study, we developed a novel and simple HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of five major components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma （GRR） in Xiaoer Zhike Tangjiang （XEZKTJ） with standardized reference extract （SRE）. The five analytes （liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, liquirigenin and glycyrrhizic acid） were well separated with good linearity, precision, stability and repeatability. The recovery rates ranged from 95.69% to 100.80%. The content of the five compounds in 34 batches of commercial XEZKTJ products was determined using standardized GRR extract （SRE method） and individual chemical reference standards （CRS method）. Highly similar results were obtained from the two methods, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed SRE method. Taken together, we proposed an efficient and low-cost way to perform multi-component quality control of XEZKTJ in this study.

A Quantitative Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Anthraquinones with One Marker in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma

Objective To develop a quantitative method for simultaneously determining multi-components in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma using one chemical reference substance.Methods The contents of multi-components were calculated by the UV relative correction factors(RCFs)of chrysophanol,physcion,and rhein to emodin.Results The values of RCFs at 274 nm for rhein,chrysophanol,and physcion to emodin were 0.712,0.674,and 1.051.The calibration curves were linear over the ranges of 0.02-4.08,0.02-4.12,0.07-12.92,and 0.02-3.68μg/mL for rhein,emodin, chrysophanol,and physcion,respectively.The contents of emodin in 18 samples were determined by the external standard method,and the contents of the other three anthraquinone aglycones were calculated according to their RCFs. Conclusion No significant difference is found in comparison with the classical method,indicating that the RCFs have high reliability within their linear ranges and could be used in quality control of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma.The quantitative analysis of multi-component with a single marker is especially suitable for herbal medicines containing unstable or hard to be purified components as quality control markers.

Chemical fingerprint analysis of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma by high-performance liquid chromatography

Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma(also called "Longdan" in Chinese)is commonly used for eliminating damp-heat and quenching the fire of liver and gall bladder in traditional Chinese medicine.In this study,a novel and reliable method using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was developed both for quantitative analysis of four bioactive compounds(loganic acid,swertiamarin,gentiopicroside and sweroside)and chemical fingerprint analysis of "Longdan".In quantitative analysis,four compounds showed good regressions(R^(2)>40.9987)within the test ranges and the recovery of the method was in the range 97.61-102.49%.In fingerprint analysis,ten characteristic peaks were selected to evaluate the similarities of the crude drugs,and the HPLC chromatograms of twenty samples from different regions of China showed similar patterns.The results demonstrated that the combination of the quantitative and chromatographic fingerprint analyses offered an efficient way to evaluate the quality consistency of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma.

Simultaneous determination of seven principal constituents in Asari Radix et Rhizoma by HPLC

A method using high-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of seven principal constituents including xanthoxylol, kakuol, methyleugenol,l-sesamin, safrole, sarisan, and l-asarinin in Asari Radix et Rhizoma （Xixin in Chinese） was developed. Fifty five samples of Asari Radix et Rhizoma from different sources （35 samples from Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum, 3 samples from Asarum sieboldii var. seoulense, and 17 samples from Asarum sieboldii） were analyzed with this method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column （4.6 mm×25 cm, 5 μm） using a gradient elution with mobile phase of aqueous （A） and acetonitrile （B）. The assay was carried out at 20 ℃ and with detection at 287 nm. All calibration curves showed good linearity （r2〉0.999） within the tested ranges. The average recoveries were in the range of 96.0%-103.1% with relative standard deviation （RSD） less than 2.54%. The developed method was accurate with high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The content of volatile methyleugenol in LiaoXixin （the root and rhizome ofA. heterotropoides var. mandshuricum and A. sieboldii var. seoulense） was （6.17±5.13） rag/g, which was higher than （0.58±0.40） mg/g in HuaXixin （the root and rhizome ofA. sieboldii）. The toxic safrole in LiaoXixin was （2.66±2.16） mg/g, which was lower than （6.44±3.89） mg/g in HuaXixin. This is the first report on the simultaneous and quantitative determination of anthoxylol and sarisan in Asari Radix et Rhizoma.

Rapid Determination of Total Content of Five Major Anthraquinones in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma by NIR Spectroscopy

Objective To establish a new method with near-infrared（NIR） spectroscopy to determine the total content of emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, aloeemodin, and physcion. NIR was used in this study to provide rapid and nondestructive analysis results. Methods In the first place, HPLC was used to measure the total content of emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, aloe-emodin and physcion in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma（RR） as a reference. In the second place, the spectral regions, regression methods, pretreatment methods, and partial least squares（PLS） factors were compared to increase the feasibility of the model. In the last, the root mean square error of calibration（RMSEC）, root mean square error of cross validation（RMSECV）, root mean square error of prediction（RMSEP）, and correlation coefficient（r） were used as assessment parameters. Results PLS with first derivative pretreatment in the ranges of 4242-5581 cm^（-1）, 5885-6233 cm^（-1） and 6394-7011 cm^（-1） provided the best results. The RMSEC and RMSEP obtained were 0.134 and 0.226 respectively. The according determination coefficients of the quantitative model were 0.99 and 0.94. Conclusion NIR spectroscopy as a quick and nondestructive analytical method may be used to determine the total content of emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, aloeemodin, and physcion for the quality control of RR.

Asari Radix et Rhizoma consumption lacks relevance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients:A retrospective cohort study

Objective:Although some studies have linked Asari Radix et Rhizoma(Asari Radix)administration to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),few studies have examined the association between the development of HCC and use of Asari Radix among patients in China's Mainland.This study aimed to evaluate the realworld association between Asari Radix and HCC in patients to strengthen the understanding of Asari Radix safety.Methods:A retrospective cohort study among hepatitis B virus(HBV)-monoinfected patients and nonHBV-monoinfected patients were performed.Patients over 18 years of age were eligible for inclusion.Prescription records of inpatients and outpatients were inquired to distinguish Asari Radix users and nonusers.The risk of developing HCC among Asari Radix users and nonusers in the HBV cohort and the non-HBV cohort was analyzed.Results:There were 49500 HBV and 133148 non-HBV patients involved in the two cohorts.Among HBV patients(2901 users;46599 nonusers),the prevalence of HCC in Asari Radix users was lower than that in nonusers(145.70 vs.265.43 per 105).Among non-HBV patients(5042 users;128106 nonusers),the prevalence of HCC in Asari Radix users was lower than that in nonusers(81.62 vs.134.11 per 105).None of the hazard ratios(HRs)of Asari Radix exposure ranging from 1 g to 200 g in the two cohorts showed correlation between Asari Radix exposure and hepatocarcinogenesis.Conclusion:An obvious irrelevancy was found between the consumption of Asari Radix and HCC development both in patients with and in those without HBV infection.Use of Asari Radix under 200 g appears safe in terms of HCC risk in the Chinese population;further prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.

Challenges and strategies in progress of drug delivery system for traditional Chinese medicine Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma(Danshen)

Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs), with a history of thousands of years, are widely used clinically with effective treatment. However, the drug delivery systems(DDSs) for TCMs remains major challenges due to the characteristics of multi-components including alkaloids, flavones, anthraquinones, glycosides,proteins, volatile oils and other types. Therefore, the novel preparations and technology of modern pharmaceutics is introduced to improve TCM therapeutic effects due to instability and low bioavailability of active ingredients. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the radix and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Danshen in Chinese), is a well known Chinese herbal medicine for protecting the cardiovascular system, with active ingredients mainly including lipophilic tanshinones and hydrophilic salvianolic acids.In this review, this drug is taken as an example to present challenges and strategies in progress of DDSs for TCMs. This review would also summary the characteristics of active ingredients in it including physicochemical properties and pharmacological effects. The purpose of this review is to provide inspirations and ideas for the DDSs designed from TCMs by summarizing the advances on DDSs for both singleand multi-component from Danshen.

Mechanism of Inhibitory Effect of Essential Oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix on Activation of Microglia

[Objectives]To investigate the inhibitory effect and possible mechanism of essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix on microglia activation induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS).[Methods]The LPS-induced microglia activation model was established and treated with different doses of essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix.MTT assay was used to detect cell viability,ELISA to detect IL-6 secretion,RT-PCR to detect mRNA expression levels of IL-6,IL-1β,NF-κB,and IκBα,Western blotting to detect the protein expression of IL-6,IL-1β,NF-κB,IκBα,and their phosphorylated products.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the model group showed increased IL-6 content(P<0.01),upregulated mRNA and protein levels of IL-6,IL-1β,and NF-κB(P<0.01),and elevated ratio of P-IκBα/IκBα(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,4 and 2μg/L essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix reduced the content of IL-6(P<0.05),while 4,2,and 1μg/L essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6,IL-1β,and NF-κB to varying degrees(P<0.05 or P<0.01),up-regulate the mRNA expression of IκBα(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and decreased the ratio of P-IκBα/IκBα(P<0.05 or P<0.01).[Conclusions]Essential oil from Valerianae Jatamansi Rhizoma et Radix can inhibit LPS-induced microglia activation,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-κB/IκBαsignaling pathway.

甘草抗炎活性物质基础及其作用机制研究进展

炎症是机体对于刺激所产生的一种防御反应,随着炎症的发展可能导致组织的变异和增生,进一步加剧疾病的进程。甘草作为“众药之王”“国之药老”,早在《神农本草经》中就记载其清热作用较强,能“主五脏六腑寒热邪气”。现代研究表明,甘草提取物对肾小球肾炎、结肠炎症状改善明显,甘草及其制剂在治疗肝炎、胃炎、支气管炎、心肌炎、强直性脊柱炎等炎症性疾病方面亦具有一定的独特优势和发展潜力。该文旨在通过对近期国内外甘草抗炎活性物质基础及其作用机制方面的相关文献进行收集和整理,探索甘草发挥抗炎作用的主要活性成分及靶点通路,以期为甘草抗炎作用的进一步研究及抗炎药物的研发提供思路和参考。

Box-Behnken响应面法优化复合益生菌发酵三七药渣工艺及体外抗氧化活性研究

目的以三七药渣为原料,通过益生菌发酵比较不同益生菌以及复合益生菌对各指标成分影响的差异,探究最佳发酵工艺。方法采用单因素、Box-Behnken响应面法优化发酵工艺,并通过体外抗氧化实验评价发酵产物的抗氧化能力。结果最佳发酵工艺为有氧发酵48 h、厌氧发酵36 h,嗜热链球菌、两歧双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌的比例为2∶3∶1,料液比0.14 g·mL^(-1),接菌量5%,温度33℃。在最佳发酵工艺条件下,三七药渣中性多糖、酸性多糖、总黄酮的含量分别提高了105.64%、96.98%、123.83%,相较于单菌发酵均显著升高。发酵产物清除DPPH、ABTS自由基的IC 50值分别为1.774、3.065 mg·mL^(-1),还原Fe^(3+)的能力为0.138 mmol FeSO_(4)·g^(-1),较未发酵药渣显著增强。结论最佳发酵工艺能显著提高三七药渣中各指标成分含量,显著增强其抗氧化能力,相较单菌发酵各指标成分含量均显著提高,提示上述益生菌之间没有明显的拮抗作用。研究结果为三七药渣的资源化利用提供了科学依据和数据支撑。

三七药对的研究进展

三七作为临床常用中药,在临床应用中有多种药对形式。围绕近年来基于网络药理学的三七药对、传统三七药对及三七药对配伍前后化学成分变化的实验研究进行归纳和总结,系统阐释三七药对在临床应用的作用机制和科学内涵,为进一步研究三七药对使用规律、配伍理论、临床应用等方面提供新的思路。