POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF MADDEN–JULIAN OSCILLATION ON THE SEVERE RAIN-SNOW WEATHER IN CHINA DURING NOVEMBER 2009

Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very active over the Indian Ocean in November 2009.Especially,it maintains 9 days in MJO phase 3,just corresponding to the two strongest rain-snow processes.Composites of MJO events show that when the MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean,the probability of rainfall is significantly increased and the temperature is lower than normal in eastern China,which is consistent with the situation in November of 2009.Atmospheric circulation anomalies of mid-and higher-latitudes can be influenced by the tropical MJO convection forcing and this influence could be realized by teleconnection.When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean,it is favorable for the maintenance of a circulation pattern of two ridges versus one trough at mid-and higher-latitudes.Meanwhile,the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger and more westward than normal,and a significant convective belt appears over eastern East Asia.All these circulation anomalies shown in the composite result also appeared in the observations in November 2009,which indicates the general features of relationships between the MJO and the circulation anomalies over the extratropics.Besides the zonal circulation anomalies,the MJO convection can also lead to meridional circulation anomalies.When the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean,the western Pacific is dominated by anomalous descending motion,and the eastern East Asia is controlled by strong convergence and ascending motion.Therefore,an anomalous meridional circulation is formed between the tropics and middle latitudes,enhancing the northward transportation of low-level moisture.It is potentially helpful to understanding and even forecasting such kind of rain-snow weather anomalies as that in November 2009 using MJO.

Test of newly developed conceptual hydrological model for simulation of rain-on-snow events in forested watershed

A conceptual hydrological model that links the Xin＇anjiang hydrological model and a physically based snow energy and mass balance model, described as the XINSNOBAL model, was developed in this study for simulating rain-on-snow events that commonly occur in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The resultant model was applied to the Lookout Creek Watershed in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon, and its ability to simulate streamflow was evaluated. The simulation was conducted at 24-hour and one-hour time scales for the period of 1996 to 2005. The results indicated that runoffand peak discharge could be underestimated if snowpack accumulation and snowmelt under rain-on-snow conditions were not taken into account. The average deterministic coefficient of the hourly model in streamflow simulation in the calibration stage was 0.837, which was significantly improved over the value of 0.762 when the Xin＇anjiang model was used alone. Good simulation performance of the XINSNOBAL model in the WS 10 catchment, using the calibrated parameter of the Lookout Creek Watershed for proxy-basin testing, demonstrates that transplanting model parameters between similar watersheds can orovide a useful tool for discharge forecastin~, in un^au^ed basins.

The Effects of Power Control on Free-Space Optical Communications during Snowfall and Rainfall

Free-space optical (FSO) communication requires a line-of-sight connection between a transmitter and a receiver in which the information signal is modulated by an optical carrier that propagates in free space. The FSO channel is greatly affected by weather conditions such as fog, rain, and snow. In the literature, several adaptive techniques, such as power control (PC), have been suggested to mitigate channel link degradations. In this paper, we investigate the effects of snow and rain attenuation on the bit error rate (BER) of the FSO system using two types of modulations, the on-off keying (OOK) modulation and the pulse-position modulation (16-PPM). The effect of PC on the performance of FSO communications is also examined in this study. We evaluated the system’s performance with two types of snow, wet snow and dry snow, as well as with different rain regions. Results show that PC improves the BER of the FSO system;a high rate of improvement is found for wet snow and rain. PC has almost no effect with dry snow because of the high attenuation and the limitations on transmitted power. The BER for 16-PPM is better than that for OOK modulation.

The Utility of 1000 - 500 mb Thickness and Weather Type as a Rain-Snow Divide: A 30-Year Study at Albany, NY

Winter synoptic conditions that produce snowfall with bitterly cold temperatures create both social and economic hazards in the capital city of Albany, NY. Sometimes these systems are forecasted in error to produce rain or mixed precipitation. It is beneficial for meteorologists to better understand the commonly used 5400 and 1300 GPM line to better forecast rain versus snow events. Other studies have looked into the use of the 5400 GPM (540 dm) line but none have assessed the validity of this boundary with respect to weather type characterization at Albany. This study aims to determine the reliability of the widely referenced guides for depicting the rain-snow line, and improve forecast aids for the vertical atmosphere during winter precipitation events. The mean daily 500, 850, 925 and 1000 mb heights and weather type frequency of the Spatial Synoptic Classification between November and March of 1980 - 2012 are analyzed. Results indicate that the standard vertical boundaries are inaccurate indicators of a rain versus snow event in Albany. More reasonable rain-snow cut offs for the 1000 - 500 and 1000 - 850 mb thicknesses are 5222 and 1262 GPM. For the 1000 - 925 mb level, 606 GPM is a helpful aid of identifying the rain-snow boundary. Further scrutinizing by weather type indicates that the rain-snow boundary also varies depending on what air mass/weather type is present on a given day. For instance, when the most prominent weather type is observed over Albany (Dry Polar), at the 1000 - 850 mb and 1000 - 500 mb layers, a boundary of 1242 GPM and 5152 GPM is found to be most representative. Results indicate only for the rarest of winter weather types observed over Albany, Moist Tropical, are the standard cut offs useful. Determining the reliability of this precipitation indicator at a specific station, like Albany, could enable meteorologists in other regions of the country to draw parallels between weather type, precipitation, and thickness in their forecast zones.

基于CMA-MESO冰粒子含量的雨雪相态判据应用

利用中国气象局中尺度模式(CMA-MESO)云降水物理直接输出的水凝物混合比,确定基于冰相水凝物占比的雨雪相态判据,并应用于2023年1月14—15日我国大范围降水过程的雨雪相态判别。结果表明:该判据明显改善了基于温度和高度场的厚度判据对我国东部地区雨夹雪范围判别偏大、对分散性雨夹雪漏报的问题,6~18 h时效雨夹雪预报TS评分较厚度判据提升75%~100%,24 h时效降雪预报TS评分较厚度判据提升67%;对全国雨雪范围判别合理,对小范围雨夹雪具有指示作用;对全国3~36 h时效降雨、降雪和雨夹雪预报TS评分为0.76~0.62,0.69~0.63和0.11~0.08;对降雨和降雪存在一定空报和漏报,对24 h时效雨夹雪空报明显;对相态转换过程有较好指示效果,判别代表站相态转换开始时间误差为1~2 h,对我国东部地区代表站的相态转换和雨夹雪持续时间判别优于厚度判据,基于厚度判据雨夹雪预报持续时间偏长。研究结果可为雨雪相态业务预报提供客观预报产品参考。

THE FEATURES OF EAST ASIAN JET STREAM IN PERSISTENT SNOWSTORM AND FREEZING RAIN PROCESSES OVER SOUTHERN CHINA IN EARLY 2008

Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) daily reanalysis data and the upper-level objective analysis data provided by the Meteorological Information Comprehensive Analysis and Process System(MICAPS),the feature of the spatio-temporal variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) in persistent snowstorm and freezing rain processes over southern China in January 2008 have been investigated.Each of the storm events was closely linked with the extraordinarily abnormal variations of East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ) and East Asian polar front jet(EAPJ) at that time.The stronger EASJ with abnormally northward position of the jet axis corresponded to the more intense storm event with broader ranges and longer duration time.The heavy freezing-rain-and-snow event occurred over the region where a strong southerly wind of EASJ prevailed.Meanwhile,the westerly and northerly winds of the EAPJ were significantly intensified,which were also closely related to the beginning,enhancement,and ending of the heavy snowfall.The meridional component of the EAPJ was dominated by the northerly wind during the snowstorm.Thus,the intensification of the snowstorm was attributed to both the strengthening of the meridional wind of EAPJ and the southerly wind of EASJ.Further analysis indicated that wind speed and the zonal wind of the two jets exhibited precursory signals about half a month prior to this extreme event,and the precursory signals were found in the meridional components of the two jets about 20 days preceding the event.The sudden weakening of the meridional component of EASJ and the zonal component of EAPJ signified the ending of this persistent snowstorm.

Comparative Analysis on the Rainfall and Snowfall Weather with Close Interval Time and the Key Point of Forecast

From the circulation situation,the influence system,the temperature stratification characteristics in middle and low levels,the application of numerical forecast products and so on,the rainfall and snowfall weather processes with shorter interval time in February of 2009 were contrasted and analyzed.The results showed that it not only needed analyze in detail the vertical distribution situation of temperature,but also needed exactly forecast the invasion time of cold air and the decline speed of temperature to judge the precipitation form in winter was the rain or the snow.Particularly,the temperature threshold in high-low level which coordinated with the boundary of rain and snow was the key point of rain and snow forecast.Before the precipitation,different temperatures in high-altitude and on the ground were main causes of different precipitation natures.

Simulation of a Freezing Rain and Snow Storm Event over Southern China in January 2008 Using RIEMS 2.0

The Regional Integrated Environmental Model System （RIEMS 2.0） with NCEP Reanalysis II is utilized to simulate the severe freezing rain and snow storm event over southern China in January 2008, which caused severe damage in the region. The relationships between the freezing rain process and the large-scale cir- culation, in terms of the westerly and low-level jets, water vapor transportation, and northerly wind area/intensity indices, were analyzed to tmderstand the mechanisms of the freezing rain occurrence. The results indicate the fol- lowing： （1） RIEMS 2.0 reproduced the pattern of precipi- tation in January 2008 well, especially for the temporal evolution of daily precipitation averaged over the Yangtze River valley and southern China; （2） RIEMS 2.0 repro- duced the persistent trough in the South Branch of the westerlies, of which the southwesterly currents trans- ported abundant moisture into southern China; （3） RIEMS 2.0 reasonably reproduced the pattern of frequencies of light and moderate rain, although it overestimated the frequency of rain in southern China. This study shows that RIEMS 2.0 can be feasibly applied to study extreme weather and climate events in East Asia.

LHAASO-WFCTA中高灵敏度雨雪传感器的研制

高海拔宇宙线观测站(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory,LHAASO)位于四川省稻城县海子山,平均海拔4410 m,属于典型的高寒山地气候,天气变化迅速。广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列(Wide Field of view Cherenkov Telescope Array,WFCTA)是LHAASO三大观测阵列之一,需要在晴朗的夜晚工作。为保证望远镜的正常运行,需要时刻检测雨雪情况,保证广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列在雨雪天气时及时关闭。但由于气温过低,传统的雨雪传感器在站点不能正常工作,因此需要改进仪器增加加热装置。通过实验室研究完成了加热装置设计,并在现场进行了实地检测。结果表明,高灵敏度雨雪传感器可以在站点低温环境下使探测表面温度保持在零度以上,可以实时有效地监测雨雪天气,为广角切伦科夫望远镜的正常运行提供了重要的支撑。

Study of the MSA,nssSO_(4)^(2-)concentration and MSA to nssSO_(4)^(2-)ratio in the snow/ice and atmospheric aerosols of the regions surrounding the Weddell Sea

The MSA and nssSO 2- 4 concentration data from the ice cores and from atmospheric aerosols of the regions surrounding Weddell Sea have been analyzed in the present paper. The results suggest that the high concentration of biogenic sulphur in the snow and ice as well as in the atmospheric aerosols reflects the proximity of the Weddell Sea even though a distinct strength discrepancy exists in the productivity among the areas. The snow/ice shows that the production seems to be higher in the middle of the Antarctic Peninsula than near the Filchner Ronne ice shelf. Despite the factors impacting on the transportation and deposition processes of biogenic surlphur, the concentration of MSA and nssSO 2- 4 in snow and ice shows a regular spatial distribution: decreasing with the distance from the open sea and the altitude above sea level. Nevertheless, below a certain height, the “altitude effect” is no longer significant. The “displacement” of seasonality for MSA concentration observed in ice cores of the regions has been discussed. The “out of phase” pattern in surface layer is attributed to the modification by prevailing meteorological condition to the transport and deposition process; while “relocation” in the deep layers may be caused by migration, a mechanism for which is to be further investigated.The comparative study of the atmospheric and snow/ice samples implies that at the high altitude like the Weddell Sea the atmospheric signal of SO 2- 4 and MSA could be somewhat muted in the snow samples. But the seasonal variations in the airborn sulphate and MSA are reasonably well reproduced in the surface snow, for temporal and spacial distribution. The very close ratio of MSA to nssSO 2- 4 (or to SO 2- 4) of atmospheric aerosol and snow/ice sample is indicative of weak, if any, fraction between the two species during the scavenging and deposition processes. This could serve as the internal cause to explain the relative stable MSA/nssSO 2- 4 ratio, both for atmosphere and snow, an important regional specificity for the study of marine biogenic sulphur.

湖北省持续低温雨雪过程评估与分析

气候变化背景下,极端持续低温雨雪过程时有发生,给社会生活带来诸多不利影响,为了进一步评估持续低温雨雪天气,对湖北省单站持续低温雨雪过程的评估指标进行了修订,同时建立区域性持续低温雨雪过程评估模型,并将修订后的评估指标应用于湖北省单站及区域性持续低温雨雪过程的梳理及分析。结果表明:(1)湖北省最严重的5次区域性持续低温雨雪过程分别出现在1954、1969、1977、1984和2008年,最严重的是1954年12月24日-1955年1月18日的过程,其次是2008年1月12日-2008年2月5日的过程。(2)湖北省区域性持续低温雨雪过程的易发区主要集中在鄂西的高山或半高山地区、江汉平原荆州一带、汉江河谷一带、鄂东南南部低山平原地区以及鄂东北山脉的缺口处。(3)气候变暖的背景下,湖北省单站和区域性持续低温雨雪过程均是在20世纪80年代前发生次数多,90年代后属于减少的阶段,但其强度更趋极端。

2024年2月17—23日中国大范围强寒潮雨雪冰冻强对流过程涉及的若干问题

2024年2月中下旬我国出现一次多灾种高影响天气过程。这是一次几十年一遇的过程,出现了大范围强寒潮雨雪冰冻天气并伴随强对流发生,涉及到强寒潮、沙尘、降雨、降雪、冻雨,以及强对流和伴随的大冰雹和雷暴大风,多种高影响天气在一次过程中都有所呈现,其过程之复杂异常罕见。本文针对此次过程中值得深入探讨的问题、高影响天气发生发展可能机理、相应的预报挑战等进行简要梳理,为后续对此次过程的细致和深入分析研究做一个引子。

我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续性低温雨雪过程与关键环流系统的关系研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和国家气象信息中心提供的753站逐日气温和降水资料,对比分析了我国南方西南和中东部区域两次持续10 d以上的低温雨雪过程,结果表明:(1)两次过程中欧亚大陆中高纬东亚大槽均加深,但环流形势有差异。西南过程呈现"北高南低"形势,关键脊区在贝加尔湖,而中东部区域过程"北高南低"和"西高东低"形势共存,关键脊区从乌拉尔山延伸至贝加尔湖。两次过程异常的环流与北大西洋向东传播的波列有关。(2)西南过程关键脊区提前过程3 d发展并东移至贝加尔湖,形成稳定形势;而中东部区域过程关键脊区提前过程一周发展,在开始日达最强。两次过程均伴随蒙古高压东移南压使地面降温,500 hPa关键脊区超前蒙古高压2 d变化。西南过程降温主要受到冷平流和绝热冷却影响,而中东部区域过程主要受到冷平流的影响。(3)西南过程水汽来自孟加拉湾,只受南支槽支配。中东部区域过程水汽来自孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋,由南支槽和西太平副热带高压的共同影响。两次过程水汽正收支主要来自南边界。

西南地区一次典型冰冻雨雪复合极端灾害天气事件的环流特征及降水相态差异分析

在全球变暖气候背景下,复合型极端灾害天气事件频发。2008年以来我国南方冬季频发的雨雪冰冻,就是一种典型的复合型致灾极端天气事件。因此,本研究分析了西南地区一次典型大雪冻雨复合天气事件的大雪与冻雨期环流特征及降水相态差异,揭示了二者的关联特征。冻雨发生在贵州境内的云贵准静止锋锋面强斜压环境中,降雪主要发生在四川北部,位于静止锋以北的冷区。降雪区和冻雨区的垂直环流存在显著差异:降雪区以上升运动为主,温度基本随高度递减;冻雨区大气中低层存在逆温层,导致温度层结出现冷—暖—冷的分布,垂直运动呈两层环流模态,低层的上升运动受到中层下沉运动抑制,强上升运动不易发展。借助可综合表征环流特征和水汽相变的广义湿位涡理论,分别诊断大雪和冻雨发生发展时期的广义湿位涡分布特点,发现其斜压项的异常能更好体现准静止锋附近的大气斜压性,也可指示出大雪冻雨降水的落区及变化,可作为大雪冻雨区的动力识别特征量之一。通过气压扰动方程的计算分析,表明向下的扰动气压梯度力与浮力的平衡差异,是降雪与冻雨垂直环流特征差异的主要原因。本研究从环流特征入手开展雨雪冰冻复合极端灾害天气分析,可为复合降水相态预报和发电企业电力运行保障提供参考。

我国南方两次低温雨雪天气成因对比分析

2018年末和2021年末我国南方分别发生了一次大范围的低温雨雪天气,通过对比分析两次低温雨雪天气成因,结果表明:两次过程期间,对流层中层中高纬阻塞流场显著,阻高位于贝加尔湖西侧,脊前偏北气流在下游横槽后部堆积,使得西伯利亚高压强度增强。东传的Rossby波在阻高区域发生能量频散,利于阻高减弱、崩溃,横槽转竖引导槽后冷空气南下,导致地面强烈降温,同时在西伯利亚高压东侧和南侧,低频风温度平流是造成强降温的主要原因。低纬南支槽活跃,向北的暖湿空气与中高纬南下的冷空气汇合,造成我国南方大范围的低温雨雪、冻雨天气。与2018年过程相比,2021年过程持续时间较短,降水范围小,关键区域降温幅度更大,是因为2021年过程期间Rossby波能量频散更快,阻高维持时间较短,冷空气从中高纬地区直接南下侵袭我国,而2018年冷空气在贝加尔湖附近发生堆积、西折,向南渗透时势力减弱。

三大洋海温异常对2022年2月中国南方持续低温雨雪的影响

2022年2月,中国南方出现持续低温雨雪天气:区域平均降水量126.6 mm,较多年(1981~2020年)平均偏多99.7%;日最低气温5.1℃,较多年平均偏低2.6℃。分析表明,该地区700 hPa到925 hPa异常强的经向风垂直切变是2月持续低温雨雪期间的关键环流特征。经向风垂直切变与三大洋的海温异常均有联系:在赤道中东太平洋海温偏冷的背景下,热带西太平洋和北太平洋中部海温偏暖可导致东亚槽加深和对流层低层到近地面出现偏北风异常;北大西洋中部海温偏暖可通过西欧—东亚沿岸的北支Rossby波列加强乌拉尔山高压脊和东亚槽,使得西伯利亚高压和中国南方低层偏北风增强;东南印度洋海温偏暖有利于南支槽加深和西北太平洋异常反气旋加强,对流层中层偏南风加强。海温对环流的影响有明显的季内变化,北太平洋中部和北大西洋中部海温与西伯利亚高压仅在2月显著相关,有利于2月气温偏低;东南印度洋海温与1月和2月的南支槽显著相关,与2月西北太平洋异常反气旋显著相关,中国南方地区降水从1月中旬起增多可能与该海域海温持续偏暖有关。因此,上述三个海区的海温异常可能与2021/2022年冬季暖干到冷湿的季内转折以及2022年2月持续低温雨雪有关。

中国南方冰雪灾害对森林火灾火发生短期影响分析--以湖南为例

以湖南省为研究区域,分析冰雪后短期内(3月份)卫星热点的空间分布特征、与受害程度的空间关系,森林火灾发生的特点和扑火人员伤亡情况,以及气象因素对火发生的影响。结果表明:处于受害区确认为森林火灾的卫星热点占总数的61.00%。2008年3月份火灾次数和过火面积异常增高,共发生火灾3097起,过火面积23227.68hm2,火灾次数超过1999—2007年3月份火灾次数的总和,且是1999—2007年3月份火灾次数总和的120.65%,3月份平均火灾次数的10.86倍。过火面积是1999—2007年3月份总和的88.40%,3月份平均过火面积的4.69倍。人员伤亡40人,是1999—2007年3月份人员伤亡总和的72.73%,平均伤亡人数的6.56倍。冰雪灾害后,2008年3月火灾次数、过火面积和人员伤亡人数的异常增高已经超出了气温和降水对火发生正常影响的范围。

低温雨雪过程的粒子群-神经网络预报模型

利用逐日气温和降水量数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及预报场资料,通过分析提取我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程及其预报因子,使用粒子群-神经网络方法建立非线性的统计集合预报模型(PSONN—EPM),对我国南方区域持续性低温雨雪过程进行预报试验。结果表明:以过程的冷湿程度及影响范围为标准,将低温雨雪过程分为一般过程和严重过程,并建立不同的预报模型效果较好。通过10 d独立样本预报试验看,基于粒子群-神经网络方法建立的集合预报模型比基于逐步回归方法建立的预报模型的预报平均相对误差小,对严重过程预报能力高于对一般过程预报,且这种非线性统计集合建模方法在建模过程中不需要调整神经网络参数,在实际预报业务中值得尝试。

2024年2月我国两次雨雪冰冻过程中闪电活动特征对比分析

2024年1月31日-2月5日和2月18-25日(以下分别简称为"0131"和0218"过程)我国南方遭遇两次雨雪冰冻天气,并伴随密集的闪电发生。利用三维闪电定位数据、CLDAS-V2.0降水产品和Himawari-9号卫星红外云图资料,对比分析两次雨雪冰冻天气背景下的地闪时空分布、地闪回击数和雷电流累计概率分布特征,并研究了地闪与降水量及卫星黑体辐射亮温(TBB)间的关系。结果表明:(1)两次过程中共监测到地闪数13万余次,正、负地闪分别为2万和11万余次;两次过程的地闪均具有夜发性,正地闪较总地闪和负地闪峰值滞后约1~2h。两次过程中正地闪产生大电流的概率大于负地闪。(2)"0131"过程中地闪密度大值区出现在贵州南部及贵州、重庆、湖北三省交界处;"0218"过程中地闪密度大值区出现在湖北东部、江西北部、安徽、江苏和浙江大部。(3)"0131"过程中降水量和地闪的时空分布不一致,降水量峰值集中在白天,降水集中在湖南东南部、江西、安徽和江苏南部、浙江和福建大部;而"0218"过程中降水量和地闪的时空分布较一致,地闪出现的峰值较降水量峰值延迟2h。(4)两次过程中地闪的分布均很好地指示了对流区。地闪主要分布在对流云团发展方向的尾部且偏南处TBB变化梯度大的区域;对流合并会导致合并处地闪频数的跃增;对流发展最旺盛的冷云核心区几乎没有地闪发生。两次过程地闪密度随着TBB的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化特征。

2007年3月3-5日强雨雪过程中的干冷空气活动及其作用

利用FY-2卫星资料、多普勒雷达资料、地面观测站常规资料及1°×1°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用红外云图云顶亮温TBB、等熵位涡IPV、水汽通量、位温θ、相对湿度及风场等物理参量对北方晚冬一次强雨雪过程的水汽来源和干冷空气活动及其作用进行了分析。结果表明：江淮气旋为强雨雪的产生提供充沛的水汽,而干冷空气则在不同高度、不同路径活动,扮演着多种角色。对流层低层干冷空气作为“冷垫”锲入暖湿气流中,促进锋生和暖湿空气的抬升、凝结;对流层上层具有高位涡的干冷空气沿320 K等熵面（等位温面）自高纬冲下,给江淮气旋的加强、维持提供了动力和热力条件,同时等熵正位涡高值区（IPV≥10-6m2.s-1.K.kg-1）和相对湿度小于等于45%的干区与红外云图暗区（TBB≥-32℃）对应得非常吻合,这说明利用卫星资料来追踪高位涡轨迹的可行性。云头部次冷输送带干冷空气在2-3 km高度卷入、叠加在暖湿层上,有利于不稳定层结的形成和不稳定能量的释放,是造成渤海西岸局部大到暴雪天气的重要因素。