CLOUD RADIATIVE AND MICROPHYSICAL EFFECTS ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL MEAN RAIN RATE, RAIN INTENSITY AND FRACTIONAL RAINFALL COVERAGE

Cloud radiative and microphysical effects on the relation between spatial mean rain rate, rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage are investigated in this study by conducting and analyzing a series of two-dimensional cloud resolving model sensitivity experiments of pre-summer torrential rainfall in June 2008. The analysis of time-mean data shows that the exclusion of radiative effects of liquid clouds reduces domain mean rain rate by decreasing convective rain rate mainly through the reduced convective-rainfall area associated with the strengthened hydrometeor gain in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by enhancing convective rain rate mainly via the intensified convective rain intensity associated with the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds. The removal of radiative effects of ice clouds decreases domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the suppressed stratiform rain intensity related to the suppressed net condensation in the presence of radiative effects of liquid clouds, whereas it increases domain mean rain rate by strengthening convective rain rate mainly via the enhanced convective rain intensity in response to the enhanced net condensation in the absence of radiative effects of liquid clouds. The elimination of microphysical effects of ice clouds suppresses domain mean rain rate by reducing stratiform rain rate through the reduced stratiform-rainfall area associated with severely reduced hydrometeor loss.

Rainfall Monitoring Using a Microwave Links Network:A Long-Term Experiment in East China

The first long-term rainfall monitoring experiment using the commercial microwave links(CMLs)network in East China is introduced.The network,located in Jiangyin,Jiangsu Province,consists of 49 links with frequencies ranging from 15 GHz to 26 GHz and lengths from 1.14 km to 4.78 km.An OTT PARSIVEL disdrometer is deployed to refine the local rain-induced attenuation relationship,and the CML observations are compared simultaneously with five rain gauges.The inversion parameters of the CML are optimized by minimizing the error of the accumulated rainfall of historical rainfall events.The inversion results show that the daily accumulated rainfall retrieved by the CMLs agrees well with the rain gauge measurements.As an opportunistic approach to monitor near-surface rainfall with high spatiotemporal representativeness and accuracy,the CML network can be used to monitor and forecast urban flood disasters,especially in regions where the widepread deployment of conventional meteorological instruments is impractical.

Retrievals of Rain-Rate over Oceans from SSM/IData Using SOM Model

A Self-Organizing Feature Mapping (SOM) network model was developed for the retrievals of rain-rate (RR) over oceans from SSM / I measurement, by using the SSM / I and corresponding radar-derived rain-rate data provided by National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). Based on the frequency-distribution of rain-rate samples, the SOM model was constructed in different rain-rate ranges. The model was first trained by five-sixths of the data, and the other data were used to test the retrieval ability of the model. The retrieval results of the SOM model were compared with two statistically-based algorithms. It is shown that the SOM model provides better retrievals of rain-rate.

Evaluation on Radar Reflectivity-Rainfall Rate (Z-R) Relationships for Guyana

The constant development of science and technology in weather radar results in high-resolution spatial and temporal rainfall estimates and improved early warnings of meteorological phenomena such as flood [1]. Weather radars do not measure the rainfall amount directly, so a relationship between the reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R), called the Z-R relationship (Z = aRb), where a and b are empirical constants, can be used to estimate the rainfall amount. In this research, mathematical techniques were used to find the best climatological Z-R relationships for the Low Coastal Plain of Guyana. The reflectivity data from the S-Band Doppler Weather Radar for February 17 and 21, 2011 and May 8, 2012 together with the daily rainfall depths at 29 rainfall stations located within a 150 km radius were investigated. A climatological Z-R relationship type Z = 200R1.6 (Marshall-Palmer) configured by default into the radar system was used to investigate the correlation between the radar reflectivity and the rainfall by gauges. The same data sets were used with two distinct experimental Z-R relationships, Z = 300R1.4 (WSR-88D Convective) and Z = 250R1.2 (Rosenfeld Tropical) to determine if any could be applicable for area of study. By comprehensive regression analysis, New Z-R and R-Z relationships for each of the three events aforementioned were developed. In addition, a combination of all the samples for all three events were used to produce another relationship called “All in One”. Statistical measures were then applied to detect BIAS and Error STD in order to produce more evidence-based results. It is proven that different Z-R relationships could be calibrated into the radar system to provide more accurate rainfall estimation.

伊犁河谷流域山区和平原雨滴谱特征统计研究

雨滴谱是理解降水微物理特性和定量降水估测的基础,尤其是在降水机制复杂、时空变异性大的复杂地形中。本文利用Parsivel2激光雨滴谱仪对2020-2022年夏季伊犁河谷流域山区和平原不同降水强度和不同降水类型的雨滴谱特征进行了研究。结果表明:山区和平原降水主要以小雨滴为主,对降水强度R贡献最大的主要是中雨滴。山区降水和平原降水主要出现在午后至傍晚,山区降水大中型雨滴数浓度在各时间段均高于平原。随着雨强增大,雨滴谱的谱宽和各直径档的雨滴数浓度也随之增加,山区降水的大中型粒子数浓度在小雨和大雨时明显大于平原。在相同降水强度和降水类型的情况下,山区降水具有较大的质量加权平均直径(D_(m))和较小的标准化截断参数(log_(10)N_(w))。此外,伊犁河谷流域山区和平原的对流云滴谱均倾向于“大陆性对流簇”。研究发现,两地区降水的μ-Λ关系和Z-R关系也存在显著差异,Z=300R^(1.40)的经验关系显然高估了降水量。研究结果揭示了伊犁河谷流域不同地形条件下的降水微物理特征,为后续利用雷达资料反演降水提供可靠的事实依据。

FY-3D卫星MWRI资料反演洋面台风降雨率

利用FY-3D卫星上搭载的微波成像仪(microwave radiation imager,MWRI)的一级亮温数据,结合二级降雨率沿轨产品,基于极化订正温度及散射指数(polarization corrected temperature and scattering index,PCT-SI)综合法,建立了升轨洋面和降轨洋面两种降雨率反演模型,并通过多个台风个例对本研究建立的两种模型进行验证。结果表明,升轨数据与降轨数据反演降雨的效果差异不大,反演的降雨分布区域比二级产品降雨区域略大;两种模型均倾向于高估降雨低值、低估降雨高值;升轨反演模型的相关系数、平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为0.72632、2.3055mm·h^(−1)和2.7254mm·h^(−1),降轨反演模型的相关系数、平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为0.73363、1.9079mm·h^(−1)和2.3651mm·h^(−1)。

A Study of Air/Space-borne Dual-Wavelength Radar for Estimation of Rain Profiles

In this study, a framework is given by which air/space-borne dual-wavelength radar data can be used to estimate the characteristic parameters of hydrometeors. The focus of the study is on the Global Precipitation Measurement （GPM） precipitation radar, a dual-wavelength radar that will operate in the Ku （13.6 GHz） and Ka （35 GHz） bands. A key aspect of the retrievals is the relationship between the differential frequency ratio （DFR） and the median volume diameter, Do, and its dependence on the phase state of the hydrometeors. It is shown that parametric plots of Do and particle concentration in the plane of the DFR and the radar reflectivity factor in the Ku band can be used to reduce the ambiguities in deriving Do from DFR. A self-consistent iterative algorithm, which does not require the use of an independent pathattenuation constraint, is examined by applying it to the apparent radar reflectivity profiles simulated from a drop size distribution （DSD） model. For light to moderate rain, the self-consistent rain profiling approach converges to the correct solution only if the same shape factor of the Gamma distributions is used both to generate and retrieve the rain profiles. On the other hand, if the shape factors differ, the iteration generally converges but not to the correct solution. To further examine the dual-wavelength techniques, the selfconsistent iterative algorithm, along with forward and backward rain profiling algorithms, are applied to measurements taken from the 2nd generation Precipitation Radar （PR-2） built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Consistent with the model results, it is found that the estimated rain profiles are sensitive to the shape factor of the size distribution when the iterative, self-consistent approach is used but relatively insensitive to this parameter when the forward- and backward-constrained approaches are used.

粤北山区2013—2022年短时强降水的统计特征

针对地形复杂的粤北山区,基于2013—2022年412个地面气象观测站逐小时降水数据,总结粤北山区短时强降水时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)粤北山区短时强降水频次有明显的年际变化,平均强度没有明显年际差异。(2)粤北山区短时强降水5月最多,6月次之,8月更次之;南海季风爆发时间和强度对粤北山区短时强降水频次及雨强甚至极端雨强都没有明显指示意义。(3)粤北山区短时强降水日变化呈双峰型,17:00前后为主高峰、06:00前后为次高峰;从冬到秋季,主高峰由凌晨过渡到傍晚。(4)短时强降水的空间分布大体呈现西南多东北少,易发区主要集中在清远英德到河源龙门一带。4到6月以佛冈为中心显著增多;7到9月短时强降水多发生于山谷地区。

连阴雨对玉米雄穗败育特征的影响

研究连续阴雨对玉米雄穗发育的影响,旨在为筛选玉米雄穗耐阴雨种质材料提供理论基础。以73份玉米自交系和14个玉米杂交组合为试验材料,测定连阴雨6 d后的玉米雄穗长度、主轴长度、主轴败育长度、第1侧枝长度、第1侧枝败育长度、主轴败育率、第1侧枝败育率等与雄穗败育相关的特征,并进行遗传变异和主成分聚类分析。结果表明,连续阴雨条件下玉米自交系和杂交组合的雄穗败育特征表现出丰富的变异。自交系和杂交组合雄穗主轴败育率分别为0~100%和18.40%~100%,平均值分别为37.15%和35.16%;第1侧枝的败育率分别为0~100%和8.59%~100%,平均值分别为38.48%和46.31%。按雄穗败育特性自交系和杂交组合均可聚为3类,自交系和杂交组合第Ⅰ类分别有34份和4个材料,其雄穗、主轴和第1侧枝较长,但主轴败育率、第1侧枝败育率较低,为连续阴雨耐受类型;自交系和杂交组合第Ⅱ类分别有24份和9个材料,其雄穗、主轴和第1侧枝较短,但雄穗主轴败育率、第1侧枝败育率较高,为连续阴雨敏感类型;自交系和杂交组合第Ⅲ类分别有15份和1个材料,其雄穗败育程度中等。研究筛选出34份自交系和4个杂交组合为雄穗耐连阴雨材料。

Effects of sea surface temperature,cloud radiative and microphysical processes,and diurnal variations on rainfall in equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations

The effects of sea surface temperature（SST）,cloud radiative and microphysical processes,and diurnal variations on rainfall statistics are documented with grid data from the two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations.For a rain rate of higher than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor convergence prevails.The rainfall amount decreases with the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃,the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST,or the exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds and radiative effects of water clouds,which are primarily associated with the decreases in water vapor convergence.However,the amount of rainfall increases with the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃,the exclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle,and the exclusion of the radiative effects of ice clouds,which are primarily related to increases in water vapor convergence.For a rain rate of less than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor divergence prevails.Unlike rainfall statistics for rain rates of higher than 3 mm.h 1,the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃ and the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds increase the rainfall amount,which corresponds to the suppression in water vapor divergence.The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds decreases the amount of rainfall,which corresponds to the enhancement in water vapor divergence.The amount of rainfall is less sensitive to the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃ and to the radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.

Understanding the Variability of Z-R Relationships Caused by Natural Variations in Raindrop Size Distributions(DSD):Implication of Drop Size and Number

In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.

A MODELING STUDY OF PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES FOR DEPOSITIONAL GROWTH OF ICE CRYSTAL:FOUR RAINFALL CASES OVER TROPICS AND MIDLATITUDES

Depositional growth of ice crystal is one of the major processes for development of precipitation systems and can be represented by depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water(P_(IDW)) and depositional growth of snow from cloud ice(P_(SFI)) in cloud-resolving model. Four parameterization schemes are analyzed in the cloud-resolving model simulations of four rainfall cases over the tropics and midlatitudes. The comparison of time and model domain mean data shows that Shen's scheme produces the closest rainfall simulation to the observation. Compared to Zeng's scheme,Shen's scheme improves the mean rain-rate simulation significantly through the dramatic decrease in depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water. Compared to other schemes, Shen's scheme produces the better rainfall simulation via the reduction in the mean rain rate associated with the enhanced gain of cloud water and ice.

黔东南州水稻连阴雨保险纯费率厘定

水稻生育中后期至收获阶段的连阴雨是影响其生长和晾晒的限制环境,研究连阴雨保险纯费率,对于降低农业气象灾害风险具有重要意义。本研究利用黔东南州16个县(市)1980-2020年水稻单产数据及气象资料,构建水稻连阴雨减产模型,基于拟合优度检验法,从6种分布模型中筛选各县(市)最优模型估算连阴雨灾害概率,结合连阴雨概率及减产率厘定保险纯费率。结果表明:黔东南州水稻连阴雨综合指数与减产率呈显著的线性关系,线性表达式为Yr=6.66CRI+4.12,连阴雨综合指数越大,水稻减产率越高。连阴雨发生概率随灾害程度加重而降低,各县(市)有30%~50%的概率发生轻度连阴雨,中度和重度连阴雨概率则分别为10%~30%、0~3%;海拔较高的麻江、黄平发生中度、重度连阴雨的概率较其余地区偏高。16个县(市)水稻连阴雨保险纯费率分别在7.38%~10.47%,西北部麻江、黄平两个县保险纯费率较高,达9.5%以上。

Analysis of the Effects of Rainfall Intensity into the Performance of Video Conferencing

Attenuation due to rain is an important limitation in the designing of the microwave communication links operating at frequencies above 10 GHz. Video conferencing performs over high-speed link via high-speed satellite (WINDS satellite) transmission in the Ka-band which is vulnerable to attenuation due to rain. Using the ITU-R proposed models for the prediction of rain attenuation gives a good estimation for the microwave propagation loss caused by rain for the temperate regions, but it underestimates the rain attenuation prediction for the monthly variation of rain rate by averaging annual rain rate for particular region. This study was carried out at the University of Rwanda/Huye Campus. The rain rates were predicted for 0.01 percentage of time from rainfall data measured during two months of July and August using the RD-80 Joss and Waldvogel Disdrometer. From the data collected and analyzed, compared with ITU-R model, we can see that where Rwanda region is situated in region K, what is different from the obtained results because the data are collected during months that coincide with a dry season.

Effects of simulated acid rain on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata

The effects of simulated acid rain with pH values of 6.63 (control, 4.5, 3.0, and 2.0 on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolate, were studied. The results showed that the pH of C.lanceolate, leaf sap and soil decreased as the acidity of rainfall increased. The acid rain with very low pH had significant effects on the photosynthetic rates per plant, but not on that of the per unit weight of dry leaves. The respiration rates of the two species were stimulated. Root and leaf boimass, but not stem biomass, were also reduced tremendously during a seven months period.

Rain Attenuation Effects on 2.6 GHz WiMAX Networks Deployment in Ghana

WiMAX communication systems operating at 2.6 G frequencies are used for broadband multimedia and internet based services. At these frequencies, the signal will be affected by various propagation impairments such as rain attenuation, cloud attenuation, tropospheric scintillation, ionospheric scintillation, water vapour attenuation, and rain and ice depolarization. Among all the pro-pagation impairments, rain attenuation is the most important and critical parameter. In this research, rain attenuation is calculated at KNUST, Kumasi using ITU-R rain attenuation model. The preliminary results of the work will be used to calculate the attenuation experimentally and comparison can be made, which helps to develop a new rain attenuation model at 2.6 G bands. Rain attenuation is an important aspect of signal propagation above 2.6 GHz frequency. The attenuation time series generation from point rain rate measurement is crucial due to unavailability of actual signal measurements. In this research, a simple and realistic approach has been demonstrated for better estimation of rain attenuation using WiMAX-band signal propagation data and ground rain rate measurements in Ghana. The ITU-R model of rain attenuation has been modified by incorporating an effective slant path model. The effective slant path has been estimated and modeled in terms of a power-law relationship of rain rate data of 2007-2008. The methodology has been validated with the measured data of 2014. Comparison with ITU-R and GMET clearly demonstrates the improved predictability of the proposed model at the present tropical location.

无线电波传播年平均到最坏月统计转换模式研究

最坏月分布特性是无线电系统设计和研制过程中需要考虑的重要指标,大多数无线电气象数据和传播数据只能提供年平均分布概率,这就要求提供最坏月分布和年平均分布之间的转换模式.本文首先给出了包含累积分布和互补累积分布完整的最坏月概念.然后分析了对流层散射传输损耗、降雨率和雨衰减、地面视距链路多径衰落等多种电波环境和传播特性的年平均和最坏月概率转换关系,并通过对比分析给出了最优的模型参数,其对应的均方根误差最小,其中对流层散射和雨衰减的均方根误差小于10%,同时论证了雨衰减的转换关系可以由降雨率的转换关系得到.本文的研究将有力支撑无线电系统的最坏月设计.

Modeling 3D Ex-Filtration Process of a Soak-Away Rain Garden

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) model developed using COMSOL Multiphysics to understand the 3D ex-filtration process of a soak-away rain garden. With a design hyetograph of 3-month average rainfall intensities of Singapore, it is found that the average vertical ex-filtration rate that is obtained by dividing the average vertical ex-filtration (drained through bottom of the soak-away rain garden, averaged over the simulation period = 720 min, and expressed in m3) by the surface area of the soak-away rain garden and the simulation time step is almost constant regardless of increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) of the in-situ soil and the surface area of the soak-away rain garden as a percentage of catchment area. However, as depth to groundwater table which is measured from bottom of the filter media increases, in between 0.5 m and 1 m of depth to groundwater table, the average vertical ex-filtration rate decreases significantly (by around 15 - 20 mm/hr) and the decrease is almost twice, compared with that between 1 m and 1.5 m of depth to groundwater table. Furthermore, this study shows that for a given K of in-situ, K of filter media, and depth to groundwater table, as the surface area of the soak-away rain garden increases, the horizontal flow coefficient which is defined as the ratio between total horizontal ex-filtration (drained through sides of the soak-away rain garden, summed over the simulation period, and expressed in m3) and total vertical ex-filtration (drained through bottom of the soak-away rain garden, summed over the simulation period, and expressed in m3) decreases. Moreover, for a given surface area of the soak-away rain garden, K of in-situ, and depth to groundwater table, the horizontal flow coefficient decreases as K of the filter media increases. However, it is found that for a given surface area of the soak-away rain garden, K of in-situ, and K of filter media, the horizontal flow coefficient increases as depth to groundwater table increases.

受酸雨腐蚀混凝土不同应变率作用下抗压性能试验

根据我国酸雨类型配制了pH值为2.0的模拟酸雨溶液,在实验室采用全浸泡加速腐蚀方法,分析不同腐蚀天数下混凝土在4种不同应变率(1×10^(-3) s^(-1)、0.5×10^(-3) s^(-1)、1×10^(-2) s^(-1)和1×10-1 s-1)下混凝土的抗压性能,采用宏观结构和微观结构相结合的方法分析混凝土在酸腐蚀后其力学性能变化及劣化作用机理。结果表明:混凝土受酸雨腐蚀是H+和SO_(4)^(2-)综合作用的结果;随着腐蚀时间的延长,混凝土中性化程度增大,其质量和抗压强度都呈现出先增加后降低的变化趋势;相同腐蚀时间随着应变率增大,抗压强度增大而峰值应变逐渐减小,且不同应变率作用下在不同腐蚀阶段混凝土其抗压强度差值不同,初期阶段最大相差17.42%,后期最大差值仅为2.1%,故混凝土受腐蚀程度较大时应变率大小对抗压强度影响较小。

风电叶片面漆的风场暴露环境和应用损伤分析

以实际挂机运行的风电叶片表面涂层为研究对象,分析了风机叶片涂层(面漆)暴露的环境因素及涂层(面漆)损伤模式,并对比分析面漆损伤速率与环境因素的关联,以期为叶片涂层设计提供参考。研究发现:对于叶片前缘区域,损伤机理主要是雨蚀,仅胶衣加面漆的体系无法提供有效的防护;叶片尖部及大面区域,损伤机理主要是紫外线老化损伤,面漆的损耗速率通常是5μm/a,现有胶衣(干膜125μm)加2道面漆(70~90μm)预计可提供叶片20a的防护。