Aim: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare and heterogeneous disease for which there is no generally accepted standard of care. Thus, it is critical that MG experts develop consensus guidelines based on their practice and ...Aim: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare and heterogeneous disease for which there is no generally accepted standard of care. Thus, it is critical that MG experts develop consensus guidelines based on their practice and disease management to assist clinicians and provide advice for insurance companies, health organizations and institutional review boards. Methods: An international treatment guidance was developed based on national guidelines established in the US, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Europe. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method (RAM) was applied to reach consensus among 15 worldly renowned experts and experienced clinicians. Results: This paper introduced the RAM procedure with its principles and applications and conducted a brief review of the resulting 2016 international consensus guidance for MG in comparison to clinical experience and management of Chinese MG patients. Conclusion: The 2016 international consensus guidance is a major contribution to the treatment and management of MG, providing an up-to-date expert consensus to assist clinicians around the world, especially those with limited experience and/or practice in countries/regions that have limited resources to develop local treatment guidelines. It is also an important contribution showing how RAM can help to develop consensus guidance for treatment of rare diseases based on scientific findings and expert experience.展开更多
The obligation to license standards essential patents on'Fair,Reasonable and Non-discriminatory'( F / RAND rule) terms are designed to eliminate the potential for 'holdup ' brought by patentees whose p...The obligation to license standards essential patents on'Fair,Reasonable and Non-discriminatory'( F / RAND rule) terms are designed to eliminate the potential for 'holdup ' brought by patentees whose patents are thereafter asserted at unreasonable rates,and to fully compensate these patentees on'fair,reasonable and non-discriminatory'terms. Due to the globalization of manufacturing and technology, differing national approaches towards standardization and the role of the market,and the ambiguity of the F / RAND concept itself,related litigations occur quite often in major jurisdictions for emerging new technologies,such as those incorporated into smart phones and cellular networks. As the first decision in which the license rates were determined all over the world,Huawei v.IDC has had a great impact both home and abroad. Starting with a briefing and analysis of the Huawei decision,while making reference to the relevant decisions in the United States,the European Union,Japan and other jurisdictions,this article studies such significant issues as the definition, values, determination of F / RAND license rates and interventions thereto by antitrust laws in China, and provides some suggestions for the improvement of the F / RAND rule both in China and in other markets.展开更多
[研究目的]研究兰德公司涉华报告中灰色文献引述态度,揭露兰德公司的态度和立场以及态度立场的附加方式,为我国开源情报寻找新方法。[研究方法]构建灰色文献引述评价性分析情报流程,从系统功能语言学视角出发,以兰德公司2022年8月发布...[研究目的]研究兰德公司涉华报告中灰色文献引述态度,揭露兰德公司的态度和立场以及态度立场的附加方式,为我国开源情报寻找新方法。[研究方法]构建灰色文献引述评价性分析情报流程,从系统功能语言学视角出发,以兰德公司2022年8月发布的《大国战争的回归》报告为例,通过典型例句质性分析方法和运用UAM Corpus Tool软件量化统计分析方法对报告中引述灰色文献的态度立场进行研究。[研究结论]兰德公司对中国在可能出现的中美冲突中的反应持消极态度,且引用灰色文献话语介入报告时附加了兰德公司自身的立场观点。其通过报告话语诱导决策者实施对中国的消极政策,为美国决策者精准制衡中国提供了重要参考。展开更多
文摘Aim: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare and heterogeneous disease for which there is no generally accepted standard of care. Thus, it is critical that MG experts develop consensus guidelines based on their practice and disease management to assist clinicians and provide advice for insurance companies, health organizations and institutional review boards. Methods: An international treatment guidance was developed based on national guidelines established in the US, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Europe. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method (RAM) was applied to reach consensus among 15 worldly renowned experts and experienced clinicians. Results: This paper introduced the RAM procedure with its principles and applications and conducted a brief review of the resulting 2016 international consensus guidance for MG in comparison to clinical experience and management of Chinese MG patients. Conclusion: The 2016 international consensus guidance is a major contribution to the treatment and management of MG, providing an up-to-date expert consensus to assist clinicians around the world, especially those with limited experience and/or practice in countries/regions that have limited resources to develop local treatment guidelines. It is also an important contribution showing how RAM can help to develop consensus guidance for treatment of rare diseases based on scientific findings and expert experience.
文摘The obligation to license standards essential patents on'Fair,Reasonable and Non-discriminatory'( F / RAND rule) terms are designed to eliminate the potential for 'holdup ' brought by patentees whose patents are thereafter asserted at unreasonable rates,and to fully compensate these patentees on'fair,reasonable and non-discriminatory'terms. Due to the globalization of manufacturing and technology, differing national approaches towards standardization and the role of the market,and the ambiguity of the F / RAND concept itself,related litigations occur quite often in major jurisdictions for emerging new technologies,such as those incorporated into smart phones and cellular networks. As the first decision in which the license rates were determined all over the world,Huawei v.IDC has had a great impact both home and abroad. Starting with a briefing and analysis of the Huawei decision,while making reference to the relevant decisions in the United States,the European Union,Japan and other jurisdictions,this article studies such significant issues as the definition, values, determination of F / RAND license rates and interventions thereto by antitrust laws in China, and provides some suggestions for the improvement of the F / RAND rule both in China and in other markets.
文摘[研究目的]研究兰德公司涉华报告中灰色文献引述态度,揭露兰德公司的态度和立场以及态度立场的附加方式,为我国开源情报寻找新方法。[研究方法]构建灰色文献引述评价性分析情报流程,从系统功能语言学视角出发,以兰德公司2022年8月发布的《大国战争的回归》报告为例,通过典型例句质性分析方法和运用UAM Corpus Tool软件量化统计分析方法对报告中引述灰色文献的态度立场进行研究。[研究结论]兰德公司对中国在可能出现的中美冲突中的反应持消极态度,且引用灰色文献话语介入报告时附加了兰德公司自身的立场观点。其通过报告话语诱导决策者实施对中国的消极政策,为美国决策者精准制衡中国提供了重要参考。
