Effects of Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Raphanus sativus L.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth in radish（Raphanus sativus L.）.[Method] First,effects of soaking seeds with clear water and different concentrations of saline solution were compared; then,different concentrations of salt solution （0.2％-1.0％） was used to treat radish during the whole germination period.[Result] soaking seeds with clear water can improve the germination indicators of radish seeds exposed to high salt stress; low salt concentration（0.2％,0.4％） had little effect on the growth indicators of radish seedlings,and 0.2％ salt concentration can even promote the growth of radish seedlings,however,the high salinity had a bad inhibition on seedling growth,the higher the salt concentration,the stronger the inhibition.[Conclusion] According to the comprehensive comparison,the order of the six varieties in salt-tolerance was as follows：Xinxiayuanbai＞W1029,Xiayuanbai ＞ Nanyangbailizhi,Chunyidianhong＞ Sijihong 3.

The Cumulative Effects of Sewage Sludge Compost on Raphanus sativus L: Growth and Soil Properties

The main goal of this research study was to establish the physicochemical characteristics of sewage sludge, and the nutrients needed to enhance the properties of soil with a view to exploiting were potential for agriculture. The example used was the cultivation of radish (Raphanus sativus). The findings are intended as a contribution towards making agriculture sustainable. This study was carried out to assess the response of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) to doses of sewage sludge applied in medium texture soils, and the socioeconomic contributions that such cultivation of radish would make. Levels of 0.25 and 75 ton/ha of sewage sludge plus the equivalent dose of 25 ton/ha of sewage sludge vermin compost by California Red were used after making a randomized experimental design with three replicates. 30 days after sowing radish seeds, the following data were collected: the number of leaves per plant (NLP);plant height (PH in cm);root diameter (RD) and tubercle production (TP ton/ha). In addition, the pH, EC-electric conductivity (EC), and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. Statistical analysis showed that 25 and 50 tons/ha gave the best results for the parameters assessed. The estimated increase in family mean income from selling radish crops fertilized with sewage sludge is around 17%.

Remineralization of a Dystric Ferralsol Using Basalt and Tephra Dusts,Effective Microorganisms Manure and NPK 20-10-10 for Rad­ish(Raphanus sativus)Production in Bamougoum(Cameroon Western Highlands)

This paper studies the effect of basalt and tephra dusts,as alternatives to chemical fertilizers,on soil fertility and Radish(Raphanus sativus)production.The experiment was conducted in the field and in the labo­ratory in the years 2017 and 2018 on two separate plots so as to annul residual effects of fertilizers).The experimental design in the field was a randomized complete block design(56 m^(2)),including five treatments and three replications:control(T_(0)),basalt dust(T_(1)),tephra dust(T_(2)),effective micro-organism(EM)fertilizer(T_(3))and NPK 20-10-10(T_(4)).The main results show the following decreasing trend based on yield:T_(1)>T_(3)>T_(0)>T_(4)>T_(2).The best yields appear in T_(1) and T_(3) probably because they supplied the highest levels of soil nutrients to match the needs of the crops.Although T_(2) plants performed poorly,soil properties like pH.H_(2)O(6.14 to 6.49),sum of exchangeable bases,base saturation,available phosphorus and cation balance were improved after tephra treatment.T_(2) plants might have performed poorly due to intrinsic properties of the tephra dust like low availability of trace elements compared to T_(1) and T_(3).T_(4) plants show the highest number of leaves,leaf area index and plant height.The Fe,Mn,Cu and Zn levels in bulbs and leaves will not pose danger of toxicity to human upon consumption and could serve as nutri­ent supplement for children and expectant mothers.The most profitable treatment is T_(1) permitting to recommend the popularization of basalt dust for radish cultivation as an alternative to chemical fertilizers.

Identification and Molecular Mapping of the Rs Dm R Locus Conferring Resistance to Downy Mildew at Seedling Stage in Radish(Raphanus sativus L.)

Downy mildew （DM）, caused by the fungus Peronospora parasitica, is a destructive disease of radish （Raphanus sativus L.） worldwide. Host resistance has been considered as an attractive and environmentally friendly approach to control the disease. However, the genetic mechanisms of resistance in radish to the pathogen remain unknown. To determine the inheritance of resistance to DM, F1, F2 and BC1F1 populations derived from reciprocal crosses between a resistant line NAU-dhp08 and a susceptible line NAU-qtbjq-06 were evaluated for their responses to DM at seedling stage. All F1 hybrid plants showed high resistance to DM and maternal effect was not detected. The segregation for resistant to susceptible individuals statistically iftted a 3：1 ratio in two F2 populations （F2（SR） and F2（RS））, and 1：1 ratio in two BC1F1 populations, indicating that resistance to DM at seedling stage in radish was controlled by a single dominant locus designated as RsDmR. A total of 1 972 primer pairs （1 036 SRAP, 628 RAPD, 126 RGA, 110 EST-SSR and 72 ISSR） were screened, and 36 were polymorphic between the resistant and susceptible bulks, and consequently used for genotyping individuals in the F2 population. Three markers （Em9/ga24370, NAUISSR826700 and Me7/em10400） linked to the RsDmR locus within a 10.0 cM distance were identiifed using bulked segregant analysis （BSA）. The SRAP marker Em9/ga24370 was the most tightly linked one with a distance of 2.3 cM to RsDmR. These markers tightly linked to the RsDmR locus would facilitate marker-assisted selection and resistance gene pyramiding in radish breeding programs.

Ameliorating effects of Raphanus sativus leaves on sodium arsenite-induced perturbation of blood indices in Swiss albino mice

Objective: To evaluate the ameliorating effects of Raphanus sativus leaves(RSL)against sodium arsenite(Sa)-induced adverse effects through mice experiments.Methods: Swiss albino mice were divided into four equal groups: control, Sa, RSL,RSL + Sa. Sa(10 mg/kg body weight/day), and powder form of RSL(50 mg/kg body weight/day) were provided as food supplement orallty. Blood indices were measured using commercially available kits through colorimetric methods.Results: It was observed that lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities were significantly(P < 0.05)higher in Sa-treated mice than those in the control group. RSL significantly reduced Sainduced elevation of the activities of these enzymes in serum significantly(P < 0.05).Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity and high density lipoproteins cholesterol levels in Satreated mice were significantly(P < 0.05) lower than the control group, and the food supplementation of RSL could significantly(P < 0.05) prevent the reduction of Sa-mediated serum butyryl cholinesterase activity and high density lipoproteins cholesterol levels. RSL could also reduce the Sa-induced elevation of serum urea level significantly(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Results of this study suggest the protective or ameliorating effects of RSL on Sa-induced perturbation of blood indices are related to the hepatic, cardiovascular and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, RSL may be useful to reduce arsenic toxicity in human in the future.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Pollen Development Related Gene RsMF2 from Raphanus sativus L.

In the paper, the full length cDNA of RsMF2 gene, homologous with the BcMF2 gene encoding pollen-specificpolygalacturonase of Chinese cabbage-pak-choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino) was cloned from Raphanussativus L. cv. Yuanbai by PCR, with a pair of primer designed according to the coding sequence of BcMF2. The largestopening reading frame of RsMF2 gene is 1 266 bp in length and encodes a protein of 421 amino acids with a predictedmolecular mass of 43.9 kDa. Sequence analysis revealed that it has three potential N-glycosylation sites and onepolygalacturonase active position (RVTCGPGHGLSVGS). And the first 32 amino acids of the predicted RsMF2 proteinform a N-terminal hydrophobic domain which displays the properties of a signal peptide. The predicted secondarystructure composition for the protein has 6.9% helix, 42.0% sheet and 51.1% loop. Four domains which are highly conservedin the whole plant and fungal PGs is present in RsMF2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RsMF2 falls into the categoryof clade-C, which includes PGs related to pollen. These results indicate that RsMF2 may act as polygalacturonase relatedto pollen development.

Efficient in Vitro Micropropagation System for Radish （Raphanus sativus L.） Var. Beeralu Rabu

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of explants and hormone combinations on the callogenesis, calli growth and regeneration of local variety of radish （Beeralu Rabu）. As well as three explant types： hypocotyl, leaf and root, seven hormone combination based on Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium as 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D） with 0.1 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） and without hormones （control） were employed. Then immerged calli were transferred to regenerate in MS with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg/L benzyl adenine （BA）. Healthy regenerated shoots were introduced to MS medium with 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid （IBA） for rooting. After one month the callogenesis, diameter of fresh callus, shoots regeneration, number of regenerated shoots and roots were evaluated. Observations were made that, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D with 0.1 mg/L NAA and hypocotyl explant of radish was the best showing significantly highest callus diameter （〉 2 cm）. Medium with 2.5 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA was the best hormonal combination for the in vitro shoot regeneration （6.6 shoots/explant） while the highest number of roots were observed from MS medium with 0.25 mg/L.

A Preliminary Study on the Quality Standard of Raphanus sativus L. Produced in Guizhou Province

[Objectives]This study was conducted to analyze the Raphanus sativus L.medicinal materials from different origins and batches in Guizhou Province to explore its quality standards.[Methods]The plant morphology,material shape and microscopic characteristics of R.sativus were identified;and qualitative identification was performed by the TLC method.[Results]The plant morphology,material shape and microscopic characteristics of the R.sativus medicinal materials were described;and the TLC identification method of the R.sativus medicinal materials was established,with clear spots,good separation,and good specificity.[Conclusions]The method is accurate,simple,highly sensitive,interference-free,has good reproducibility,and can be used as a data support for the formulation of quality standards for R.sativus medicinal materials.

Allelopathic Effects of Corrigiola Telephiifolia Root Extracts on Germination and Seedling Growth of Raphanus Sativus and Triticum Aestivum

The allelopathic potential of aqueous and organic solvent extacts from Corrigiola telephiifolia Pour which is an aromatic and medicinal plant in mediterranean regions, was investigated under laboratory conditions on two plant species： Raphanus sativus and Triticum aestivum. The aqueous extract of Corrigiola telephiifolia roots had an important inhibitory effect on the seed germination of the two tested plant species. The dichloromethane and the methanol extracts significantly reduced the growth of radish roots up to 84.44% and 68.85% respectively. The butanol, the dichloromethane and the ethyl acetate extracts had a high inhibitory effect on seed germination and roots growth of wheat. The presence of saponins in butanol extracts and tanins in dichlorometane and ethyl acetate extracts may be responsible of these allelopathic activities. These results suggest that Corrigiola telephiifolia Pour have allelopathic effects and contains potent allelochemicals which should be used for weeds management.

萝卜(Raphanus sativus)Dof基因家族全基因组鉴定分析

Dof(DNA-binding with one finger)蛋白是一类在植物中起着关键作用的转录因子。本研究对萝卜Dof转录因子基因家族进行了系统进化关系、保守模体、染色体位置分布及不同组织表达模式分析。研究发现,萝卜基因组中鉴定出的63个Dof基因,分布于9条染色体上,可以分为9个亚族。十字花科(Brassicaceae)四种作物系统进化树的分析表明,该家族基因在植物中具有高度同源性。对其在不同组织和发育时期的表达模式研究发现,该基因家族具有一定的时空表达特异性。基因RsaDof03和RsaDof25在各个组织中表达量均相对较高,预测其参与萝卜不同的发育过程。本研究为进一步研究萝卜Dof基因家族的功能提供科学依据。

Establishing VIGS and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to verify RsPDS function in radish

Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein(CRISPR/Cas)systems are effective technologies for rapid and accurate gene function verification in modern plant biotechnology.However,the investigation of gene silencing and editing in radish remains limited.In this study,a bleaching phenotype was generated through the knockdown of RsPDS using tobacco rattle virus(TRV)-and turnip yellow mosaic virus(TYMV)-mediated gene silencing vectors.The TYMV-mediated gene silencing efficiency was higher than the TRV-based VIGS system in radish.The expression level of RsPDS was significantly inhibited using VIGS in'NAU-067'radish leaves.The rootless seedlings of‘NAU-067'were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes using the 2300GN-Ubi-RsPDS-Cas9 vector with two target sequences.Nine adventitious roots were blue with GUs staining,and four of these adventitious roots were edited at target sequence 1 of the RsPDS gene as indicated by Sanger sequencing.Furthermore,albino lines were generated with A.tumefaciens-mediated transformation of radish cotyledons.Five base substitutions and three base deletions occurred at target sequence 2 in Line 1,and three base insertions and three base substitutions occurred at target sequence 1 in Line 2.This study shows that VIGS and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques can be employed to precisely verify the biological functions of genes in radish,which will facilitate the genetic improvement of vital horticultural traits in radish breeding programs.

Black radish root extract alleviates sodium valproate-induced liver damage via inhibiting mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and oxidative stress in mice

Objective:To explore the effect of black radish(Raphanus sativus L.var niger)root extract on liver enzymes,oxidative stress,and histopathological alterations in mice with sodium valproate-induced hepatotoxicity.Methods:Thirty-two mice were divided into four groups:the control group received drinking water by gavage,the second group was administered with 100 mg/kg of sodium valproate,the third group received 300 mg/kg of black radish root extract,and the fourth group was given both sodium valproate(100 mg/kg)and black radish root extract(300 mg/kg).After 28 days,the mice were euthanized,and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP),along with liver malondialdehyde(MDA),reactive oxygen species(ROS),mitochondrial parameters,tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)gene expression,and histopathological changes were assessed.Results:Sodium valproate caused hepatic damage in mice,characterized by elevated serum levels of liver enzymes,increased MDA and ROS levels and TNF-αgene expression,as well as histopathological alterations.The black radish root extract significantly alleviated sodium valproate-caused hepatic injury by decreasing the serum levels of ALT and AST,MDA,ROS,TNF-αgene expression,as well as mitochondrial impairment,but did not have a significant effect on sodium valproate-induced histopathological changes.Conclusions:The black radish root extract demonstrates protective effects against sodium valproate-induced liver injury,possibly through mitigating oxidative stress,mitochondrial impairment,and inflammatory mediator expression.

萝卜ERF11基因克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR技术克隆了心里美萝卜ERF11基因CDS序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,RsERF11基因开放阅读框全长507 bp,无内含子,编码168个氨基酸,相对分子量约为41 513 u,理论等电点为5.18,属于亲水性蛋白质,亚细胞定位预测其主要定位于细胞核。RsERF11含有1个AP2保守结构域,不含跨膜结构域和信号肽。系统进化分析表明,该蛋白质与甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)、甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)和白菜(Brassica rapa)等十字花科物种的同源性较高。

优化施肥对鄂西高山萝卜-甘蓝轮作体系产量、品质和养分利用率的影响

以常规施肥为对照,研究了鄂西高山地区不同施肥模式对萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)-甘蓝(Brasscia oleracea L.)轮作体系产量、品质及养分利用率的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥对照相比,优化施肥和有机肥替代30%化肥氮处理萝卜产量分别增加了11.09%和38.59%,且除优化施肥处理的钾素回收利用率外,2个处理氮、磷、钾素的回收利用率、农学利用率、偏生产力和收获指数均不同程度增加。与常规施肥对照相比,优化施肥模式磷肥施用量减少了50.00%,钾肥施用量减少了16.67%,但甘蓝产量仅减少了1.68%,且除氮素农学利用率和偏生产力有所降低外,其他氮、磷、钾素养分利用率指标和收获指数均有所增加;与常规施肥对照相比,有机肥替代30%化肥氮甘蓝产量增加了4.49%,氮、钾素的回收利用率、农学利用率、偏生产力,磷素的农学利用率、偏生产力均有所增加。由此可知,优化施肥和有机肥替代30%化肥氮在提高鄂西高山萝卜-甘蓝轮作体系的产量及养分利用率方面效果显著。

天门市多宝白萝卜特色产业发展现状与对策

天门市多宝镇白萝卜种植历史悠久,萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)产业是当地推动乡村振兴的重要支柱产业。针对萝卜产业存在生产不规范,农业投入品使用较为随意;采收及采后商品化处理环节机械化滞后,用工成本高;市场价格波动大,产销信息不畅,“卖菜难”现象时有发生;精深加工发展缓慢,产品附加值低;品牌效应带动不强,产品辨识度不高等问题,结合产业发展实际,提出应注重科技支撑,提高萝卜全程机械化标准化生产水平和提升产品品质;政府引导促进有序产销;大力发展精深加工提高产品附加值;实施品牌发展战略使之尽快产生品牌效益等解决对策,以期促进多宝白萝卜特色产业提质增效,高质量发展。

萝卜SCPL3基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

采用RT-PCR技术克隆了萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)SCPL3基因CDS序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,萝卜SCPL3基因CDS序列全长1 434 bp,编码477个氨基酸,分子式为C_(2493)H_(3762)N_(632)O_(709)S_(21),相对分子质量为54.6 kD,理论等电点为6.33,脂肪系数为81.30,不稳定系数为39.26,平均亲水值为-0.227,是稳定亲水蛋白;亚细胞定位预测该蛋白最有可能定位于液泡,存在1个信号肽和3个跨膜结构,含有SC族羧肽酶中的S10蛋白家族结构域;系统进化分析表明其与十字花科作物SCPL蛋白同源性较高。

湖北高山参展萝卜品种评价

在海拔1800 m高山蔬菜主产区长阳土家族自治县火烧坪乡湖北省高山蔬菜试验站进行了172个参展萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)评价试验。结果表明,共筛选出15个优秀品种,白皮棒状萝卜综合性表现好的品种有RD-16、RD-17、RD-31、RD-53、RD-68、RD-85、RD-154、RD-167、RD-170。白皮扁平形萝卜综合性表现好的品种有RD-15。青皮萝卜综合性表现好品种有RD-171。红皮、紫皮萝卜综合性表现好品种有RD-39、RD-41、RD-42、RD-124。

应用分子标记快速检测楚玉2号萝卜新品种对根肿病的抗性研究

运用3个分子标记对从50 kg楚玉2号萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)种子随机取样的64粒种子进行了根肿病抗性的分子标记检测,同时开展了室内接种鉴定。结果表明,64个样本均含有3个分子标记的特异抗病条带,显示具有抗病性,与室内接种鉴定结果一致,说明该批种子具有根肿菌的3个抗性位点。

Use of Human Urine （ALW） in Cultivation of Radish

Inefficient fertilizer use can lead to deficient soil nutrition. There is little information on whether human urine （ALW） can be used as a nutrient source in crop cultivation. A study was conducted to explore the potential of human urine in cultivation of radish （Raphanus sativus L.）. The ALW was provided to radish in a pot trial. Comparison was with combinations of using synthetic fertilizers. Human urine contained N （0.45%）, P （0.18%）, K （0.16%）, Ca （4.25 me Ll）, Mg （5.15 me L＂t） and Na （0.36%）. The highest available nutrients N, P and K contents in soil at harvest, and the more number of leaves, tallest, root length, root yield and root diameter were from the in 3：1 ALW--three parts of ALW （human urine and one part of water used pot）. Water treatment applied in two splits compared to the recommended fertilizer rate （75：37.5：37.5 kg hal of N, P and K） and absolute control （no fertilizer and no ALW added）.

Physiological and Phytosanitary Potentials of Coriander and Radish Seeds

Information on seed vigor of the vegetable crops is always important and necessary due to the increasing demand of high quality seeds for sowing and high-value commercial. The cultivation of these species, conducted intensively, should be established with seed high potential physiological and health for the development of a more productive and sustainable agriculture. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential physiological of seed lots of radish and coriander. The experiment was conducted at the laboratory of seed analysis and greenhouse of the plant science department of the Federal University of Pelotas in South Brazil. Four radish seed lots, cultivar ＂Saxa＂, and four coriander seed lots, cultivar ＂Verdito＂ were used. Germination seed test, first count of germination, accelerated aging test, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence were used to evaluate the physiological quality of the lots. The experimental design was completely randomized design with five replications. Means were compared by Tukey test. The accelerated aging test was the most efficient test in assessing the physiological quality for both lots of radish seeds and coriander and this test provide coherent results with seedlings emergence.