Background Presumptive treatment of malaria is often practiced in community pharmacies across sub-Saharan Africa(SSA).To address this issue,the World Health Organization(WHO)recommends that malaria Rapid Diagnostic Te...Background Presumptive treatment of malaria is often practiced in community pharmacies across sub-Saharan Africa(SSA).To address this issue,the World Health Organization(WHO)recommends that malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests(m-RDTs)be used in these settings,as they are used in the public sector.However,their use remains unlicensed in the community pharmacies in Rwanda.This can lessen their availability and foster presumptive treatment.Therefore,this study investigated the availability of m-RDTs,knowledge of community pharmacists on the use of m-RDTs,and explored Pharmacists’perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of licensing the use of m-RDTs in community pharmacies.Methods This was a cross-sectional study among 200 licensed community pharmacists who were purposefully sampled nationwide from 11th February to 12th April 2022.Data was collected using an online data collection instrument composed of open-ended and closed-ended questions.Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS)version 25.0.The chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between the availability of m-RDTs and independent variables of interest.Content analysis was used for qualitative data.Results Although 59%were consulted by clients requesting to purchase m-RDTs,only 27%of the participants had m-RDTs in stock,66.5%had no training on the use of m-RDTs,and 18.5%were not at all familiar with using the m-RDTs.Most of the participants(91.5%)agreed that licensing the use of m-RDTs in community pharmacies could promote the rational use of antimalarials.The chi-square test indicated that being requested to sell m-RDTs(x^(2)=6.95,p=0.008),being requested to perform m-RDTs(x^(2)=5.39,p=0.02),familiarity using m-RDTs(x^(2)=17.24,p=0.002),availability of a nurse in the Pharmacy(x^(2)=11.68,p<0.001),and location of the pharmacy(x^(2)=9.13,p=0.048)were all significantly associated with the availability of m-RDTs in the pharmacy.Conclusions The availability of m-RDTs remains low in community pharmacies in Rwanda,and less training is provided to community pharmacists regarding the use of m-RDTs.Nevertheless,community pharmacists had positive perceptions of the advantages of licensing the use of m-RDTs.Thus,licensing the use of m-RDTs is believed to be the first step toward promoting the rational use of antimalarial medicines in Rwanda.展开更多
A field test with the traditional rotation of paddy rice/upland crop (wheat) was carried out on a paddysoil derived from red earth to elucidate the effect of organic manure on the phosphorus adsorption-desorptionby so...A field test with the traditional rotation of paddy rice/upland crop (wheat) was carried out on a paddysoil derived from red earth to elucidate the effect of organic manure on the phosphorus adsorption-desorptionby soil and its P availability Soil samples were taken from different treatments at rice harvesting stage andanalysed. The isothermal adsorption of P by the samples fitted very well with Langmuir equation, and hence,the parameters in the equation, i.e., maximum adsoaption (qm), constant related to bonding energy (k) andtheir product (k x qm) could be used as a comprehensive index to characterize the potential P adsorptivityof the soil.Organo-inorganic fertilization and organic manuring conld decrease qm and k, while mineral P appli-cation had little effect on them. The isothermal desorption of P was significantly correlated with initiallyadded and isothermally adsorbed P. Part of P added was fixed, which represented the P fixation capacityof soil, and organic manuring could obviously lower the P fixation. The content of soil available P had asignificant negative correlation with qm, k and fixed P. It is concluded that organic manure could increase theP availability of paddy soil derived from red earth by decreasing qm, k, maximum buffering capacity (MBC=k x qm) and fixation capacity.展开更多
A thermostatic incubation experiment was carried out to estimate the effects of flooding periods, stalk application and P addition on Fe transformation and P availability in calcareous soils. Submergence increased amo...A thermostatic incubation experiment was carried out to estimate the effects of flooding periods, stalk application and P addition on Fe transformation and P availability in calcareous soils. Submergence increased amorphous Fe, especially in the case of stalk application. The newly formed amorphous Fe with a great surface area played an important role in P sorption; and submergence also stimulated the dissolution of inorganic P, thus increasing the availability of soil P in calcareous soils. Meanwhile, a part of soluble P was adsorbed and fixed again on the surface of newly formed amorphous Fe, thus resulting in a decrease of P availability. Soil rapidly available P increased after ISO-day incubation. There existed significantly negative correlations between soil amorphous Fe content and soil Fe-P and rapidly available P contents. Submerged conditions promoted the transformation of inorganic P added to-ward Fe-P in calcareous soils, especially in the case of stalk application.展开更多
文摘Background Presumptive treatment of malaria is often practiced in community pharmacies across sub-Saharan Africa(SSA).To address this issue,the World Health Organization(WHO)recommends that malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests(m-RDTs)be used in these settings,as they are used in the public sector.However,their use remains unlicensed in the community pharmacies in Rwanda.This can lessen their availability and foster presumptive treatment.Therefore,this study investigated the availability of m-RDTs,knowledge of community pharmacists on the use of m-RDTs,and explored Pharmacists’perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of licensing the use of m-RDTs in community pharmacies.Methods This was a cross-sectional study among 200 licensed community pharmacists who were purposefully sampled nationwide from 11th February to 12th April 2022.Data was collected using an online data collection instrument composed of open-ended and closed-ended questions.Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS)version 25.0.The chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between the availability of m-RDTs and independent variables of interest.Content analysis was used for qualitative data.Results Although 59%were consulted by clients requesting to purchase m-RDTs,only 27%of the participants had m-RDTs in stock,66.5%had no training on the use of m-RDTs,and 18.5%were not at all familiar with using the m-RDTs.Most of the participants(91.5%)agreed that licensing the use of m-RDTs in community pharmacies could promote the rational use of antimalarials.The chi-square test indicated that being requested to sell m-RDTs(x^(2)=6.95,p=0.008),being requested to perform m-RDTs(x^(2)=5.39,p=0.02),familiarity using m-RDTs(x^(2)=17.24,p=0.002),availability of a nurse in the Pharmacy(x^(2)=11.68,p<0.001),and location of the pharmacy(x^(2)=9.13,p=0.048)were all significantly associated with the availability of m-RDTs in the pharmacy.Conclusions The availability of m-RDTs remains low in community pharmacies in Rwanda,and less training is provided to community pharmacists regarding the use of m-RDTs.Nevertheless,community pharmacists had positive perceptions of the advantages of licensing the use of m-RDTs.Thus,licensing the use of m-RDTs is believed to be the first step toward promoting the rational use of antimalarial medicines in Rwanda.
文摘A field test with the traditional rotation of paddy rice/upland crop (wheat) was carried out on a paddysoil derived from red earth to elucidate the effect of organic manure on the phosphorus adsorption-desorptionby soil and its P availability Soil samples were taken from different treatments at rice harvesting stage andanalysed. The isothermal adsorption of P by the samples fitted very well with Langmuir equation, and hence,the parameters in the equation, i.e., maximum adsoaption (qm), constant related to bonding energy (k) andtheir product (k x qm) could be used as a comprehensive index to characterize the potential P adsorptivityof the soil.Organo-inorganic fertilization and organic manuring conld decrease qm and k, while mineral P appli-cation had little effect on them. The isothermal desorption of P was significantly correlated with initiallyadded and isothermally adsorbed P. Part of P added was fixed, which represented the P fixation capacityof soil, and organic manuring could obviously lower the P fixation. The content of soil available P had asignificant negative correlation with qm, k and fixed P. It is concluded that organic manure could increase theP availability of paddy soil derived from red earth by decreasing qm, k, maximum buffering capacity (MBC=k x qm) and fixation capacity.
基金A part of the project supported by the Laboratory of Material Cycling in Pedosphere, Academia Sinica.
文摘A thermostatic incubation experiment was carried out to estimate the effects of flooding periods, stalk application and P addition on Fe transformation and P availability in calcareous soils. Submergence increased amorphous Fe, especially in the case of stalk application. The newly formed amorphous Fe with a great surface area played an important role in P sorption; and submergence also stimulated the dissolution of inorganic P, thus increasing the availability of soil P in calcareous soils. Meanwhile, a part of soluble P was adsorbed and fixed again on the surface of newly formed amorphous Fe, thus resulting in a decrease of P availability. Soil rapidly available P increased after ISO-day incubation. There existed significantly negative correlations between soil amorphous Fe content and soil Fe-P and rapidly available P contents. Submerged conditions promoted the transformation of inorganic P added to-ward Fe-P in calcareous soils, especially in the case of stalk application.
