Floristic Characteristics of the Rare and Endangered Plants and the Conservation Countermeasures in Tibet, China

The floristic elements and the geographical distribution are analyzed in thispaper based on statistics of elements of rare and endangered plants in Tibet. The results have beengained as following: (1) According to 'the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List1)' and 'the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List 1)', there are a total of 54plant species (48 genera and 33 families); (2) The geographical elements are very complicated inTibet with 12 of 15 distribution patterns of genera classified by academician Wu; (3) There areobvious temperate genera with 28 genera accounting for 60. 4% of the total genera; (4) There areabundant endemic species accounting for 18. 52% of total species but poor endemic genera; (5) Thegeographical distribution is uneven and a great of species distribute in the areas between 1 000 mand 3 500 m above sea level; (6) To protect the rare and endangered plants efficiently, sixconservation measures are proposed, and 35 species are suggested for the conservative plants of theautonomous conservation level.

Review of Studies on Rare Earth against Plant Disease

Agricultural application of rare earth (RE) has been generalized for several decades, and it is involved in crops, vegetables and stock raising in China. However, all the researches on RE mainly focus on the fields such as plant physiological activity, physiological and biochemical mechanism, sanitation toxicology and environmental security. Plant protection by using RE and the induced resistance of plant against diseases were summarized. The mechanism of rare earth against plant disease is highlighted, which includes following two aspects. First, RE elements can control some phytopathogen directly and reduce its virulence to host plant. Another possibility is that RE elements can affect host plant and induce the plant to produce some resistance to disease.

A review of fractionations of rare earth elements in plants

Studies were carried out on several aspects of rare earth elements （REEs）, such as the theory and practice of their applications in agriculture, their geochemical behaviors in natural and agricultural ecosystems, the mechanisms for the increase of crop yield using REE fertilizer, and their toxicology. However, limited knowledge was available for the transfer processes and the features and mechanisms of distribution and fractionations of REEs inside plants. The characteristics of REE fractionations in plants can be used to ＂trace＂ the pathway of REE transportation from soils （solution） to plants. A better understanding of the mechanisms of REE fractionations was helpful to investigate the controlling factors, including both the internal and the external ones. The characteristics and mechanisms of REE fractionations in plants and their significance were reviewed. Furthermore, the prospect for these fields was discussed, in hope of providing a new way in studying the bioavailability of REEs and heavy metals.

Plants Diversity of the Burigi-Chato National Park: Rare and Invasive Species

This study was conducted within a distance of three to five kilometres around Lake Burigi as a study area in the Burigi-Chato National Park for the purpose of documenting the diversity of plants, identifying invasive and rare species for enhancing conservation in the park. Lake Burigi was purposively sampled as a study area for plant identification due to its potential as a tourist destination. No study has been conducted in the study area to reveal plants diversity, with a focus on documenting invasive and rare species, thus necessitating undertaking of this study to inform the park authority to take urgent control measures in avoiding widespread of invasive species and proper planning for conservation of rare species. The methods involved included field observation;plant identification using field guide books, indigenous and professional knowledge;field mapping using GPS receiver and literature review. Analysis of meteorological data and soil sample were also used among other methods. Meteorological data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS v.20 to determine the relationship between variables. A total of 102 plant species of different growth forms of trees, shrubs, grasses, sedges, forbs, and herbs were identified and recorded. Tegetes minuta and Argemone mexicana were recorded as invasive plant species, while six rare plant species potential for pharmaceutical industry;Zanthoxylum usambarense, Gardenia ternifolia, Faidherbia albida, Harrisonia abyssinica, Anona senegalensis, and, Pappea capensis were also recorded. Scars of wildfires were observed in the study area. The study area received an average rainfall of 964.36 mm per year, the highest peak recorded in 1951. The trend of rainfall showed that many years had rainfall below the average while the temperature was found to increase from year to year, the situation which suggests the existence of climate change in the study area. There was a weak negative relationship between temperature and wind speed. Soil nutrients and disturbances in the area were found to favour the growth of Tegetes minuta. Findings of this study would help ecological unit in the park to conduct regular ecological assessment for the purpose of controlling invasive plant species, which if left to flourish are likely to reduce habitat suitability for ungulates to utilize the area. Moreover, knowing which plant species are rare, adds value to the area as a destination to visitors interested in plants. The findings also allow the park authority to keep record of species rarity and thus easily take control of them to avoid unintended exploitation. Based on the findings, it was concluded that a number of disturbances, meteorological and edaphic factors favour the growth of invasive species. Urgent measures are to be taken to control the observed invasive plant species before they are left to spread in the park to avoid destruction of the habitat suitability and incurring unnecessary expenses and time in combating them. Furthermore, rare plant species especially those with pharmaceutical and industrial values are to be conserved with special attention to ensure their continued survival. It was recommended that human-induced activities should be prevented through regular ecological assessment, field patrols and public awareness programs. A similar study needs to be conducted during dry season to make comparison of the capacity of plants in adapting to different changes of the weather.

Zhujiang Refinery The Largest Rare Earth Plant in South China

Zhujiang Refinery is located in the east suburb of Guangzhou city, the People’s Republic of China. Thegeographical advantage makes it convenient both in communications and in foreign trade. The refinery cov-ers an area of 15 hectares and has nearly 1000 staff members, more than 200 of whom are engineering andtechnical personnel. Established in 1966, Zhujiang Refinery has engaged in the production and scientific re-search of rare earths for more than 20 years. Having fixed assets of about RMB 20 million yuan, ZhujiangRefinery is the largest base for producing and exporting rare earths in the south of China.

蒜头果幼苗衰退过程中组织养分含量变化特征

在没有寄主植物存在的情况下,蒜头果幼苗长势随独立生长时间延长而逐渐衰退是一种普遍现象。为解析蒜头果幼苗衰退过程中组织养分含量变化和分布特征,该研究比较了独立生长半年、两年和三年的蒜头果植株各部分组织中N、P、K元素浓度变化,并用组织切片染色法定性评估了这些不同衰退程度幼苗的根和茎杆中淀粉分布和含量变化。结果表明:(1)蒜头果幼苗在衰退过程中,除侧根中K浓度逐渐升高外,其余器官中组织N、P、K浓度逐渐降低,叶片N/P比逐渐失衡,衰退程度不同的幼苗所受的养分胁迫类型存在差异,其中独立生长半年的蒜头果幼苗主要受N供应不足的限制(平均N/P比11.33),两年后转为P限制(平均N/P比17.81),三年后蒜头果幼苗叶片N/P比严重失衡(均值52.46),活力极低,不适合用于造林。(2)植株淀粉含量水平逐渐降低,独立生长三年后蒜头果幼苗植株中淀粉消耗殆尽。幼苗茎根交界处、根顶膨大处、主根及侧根的淀粉含量水平在不同衰退程度的幼苗间差异均较显著,表明淀粉含量水平可以作为评估幼苗活力的重要参考,其中侧根可以作为微创法检测幼苗活力的理想取样部位。鉴于独立生长的蒜头果幼苗活力逐渐衰退与组织养分含量降低有关,在蒜头果育苗过程中应合理补给矿质元素、配植优良寄主植物并尽早移栽,以免因幼苗活力衰退而导致造林成活率降低。该研究结果为寻找评估蒜头果幼苗活力的方法提供了理论参考和技术借鉴,并为育苗过程中合理施肥提供了科学指导。

我国南方稀土尾矿区植物修复的研究进展

稀土开采破坏了生态环境,产生了大量的尾矿废弃地和严重的环境问题.概述了中国南方稀土尾矿区的污染现状和形成原因,综述了矿山土壤修复的物理、化学、微生物和转基因技术的研究进展,指出稀土尾矿生态修复过程中,植物修复优势种的筛选和土壤改良是关键,今后的研究应侧重于植物-REEs-微生物-土壤体系相互作用、REEs超富积植物及稀土矿区经济作物的筛选、新型土壤改良剂的研发.

广州某退役稀土厂场地放射性及重金属污染特征

以广州某退役稀土厂场地为例,开展放射性和重金属污染特征研究,为后期治理提供基础数据。用高纯锗γ能谱仪和ICP-MS分别测量厂区土壤样品中天然放射性核素和重金属含量,同时在采样点测量γ辐射空气吸收剂量率。结果表明,厂区γ辐射空气吸收剂量率变化范围为113~4004 n Gy/h,废渣堆放区明显偏高;土壤样品的^(238)U、^(232)Th、^(226)Ra和^(40)K含量分别是80.8~1990.2、78.4~14372.4、68.2~6935.0和625.4~2698.4 Bq/kg;测量的8种重金属中,As超土壤修复标准较严重,最高达263.83 mg/kg,Zn和Pb也存在一定程度的超标。厂区土壤和废渣的p H值均符合污染场地土壤修复标准要求,而土壤中放射性和重金属复合污染较严重,在开发再利用前要进行详细场地调查和土壤修复工作。

文山州野生维管植物多样性及分布特征

掌握特定区域维管植物多样性及分布特征,是开展区域生物多样性保护的基础工作。文山州是云南省6个生物多样性保护优先区域之一,也是云南省“三屏两带”生态安全格局中南部边境热带森林生态屏障和东南部喀斯特地带的重要组成部分。本研究在大量野外调查的基础上,整合文献资料,对滇东南文山州野生维管植物和珍稀濒危植物的多样性及分布特征进行分析。结果显示:(1)文山州野生维管植物7900种,隶属272科1778属,包括蕨类植物51科154属715种,裸子植物8科16属50种,被子植物213科1608属7134种。物种数最多的科依次是兰科、菊科和茜草科等,物种数最多的属依次是悬钩子属、榕属和秋海棠属等。(2)物种的水平分布,以南部的麻栗坡县、西畴县和马关县丰富度最高,分别是4394种、4254种和4178种;其次是西部的文山市和东部的富宁县,分别是3797种和3522种;中-北部的丘北县、广南县和砚山县物种丰富度偏低,分别是2613种、2422种和2206种。垂直分布整体呈“中间膨胀型”的分布格局,以1301~1500 m海拔段物种丰富度最高,达5760种。(3)文山州珍稀濒危植物801种,包括国家重点保护野生植物295种,云南省重点保护野生植物35种;国家极小种群野生植物26种,云南省极小种群野生植物37种;《中国生物多样性红色名录—高等植物卷》受威胁物种640种,其中极危种72种,濒危种233种和易危种335种。可得结论:文山州珍稀濒危植物主要分布在南部物种丰富度较高的区域,是重点保护和关注的区域。

新丰江库区野生珍稀濒危木本植物优先保护定量研究

为加强对新丰江库区内野生珍稀濒危木本植物保护,研究基于新丰江库区内9块样地实地调查数据,利用濒危植物优先保护法和层次分析法,对影响野生珍稀濒危木本植物优先保护的10个评价指标进行计算,结果表明:(1)新丰江水库库区内共有野生木本植物147种,隶属53科84属,其中野生珍稀濒危木本植物7种,隶属6科7属;(2)通过对7种野生珍稀濒危木本植物的濒危系数、遗传价值系数、物种价值系数共10个指标进行分析及综合评价值计算,发现野生珍稀濒危木本植物的优先保护顺序为薄叶红厚壳Calophyllum membranaceum>小果柿Diospyros vaccinioides>格木Erythrophleum fordii>软荚红豆Ormosia semicastrata>黏木Ixonanthes reticulata>吊皮锥Castanopsis kawakamii>观光木Michelia odora,其中薄叶红厚壳、观光木、格木、小果柿和软荚红豆为濒危种,黏木和吊皮锥为渐危种;(3)利用层次分析法,对10个指标进行综合权重计算,发现野生珍稀濒危木本植物优先保护顺序为薄叶红厚壳>小果柿>软荚红豆>格木>黏木>观光木>吊皮锥;(4)根据优先保护等级,薄叶红厚壳、小果柿、格木、软荚红豆、黏木、吊皮锥和观光木7种野生珍稀濒危木本植物均属于Ⅰ级、即最优先保护植物。

苍山维管植物多样性

目的:系统调查整理苍山维管植物状况与珍稀濒危植物生存现状。方法:通过查阅历史文献和标本记录并结合样线法调查整理苍山维管植物名录,整理分析苍山珍稀濒危植物物种数量与种群规模,对被子植物进行区系分析。结果:大理苍山共记载野生维管植物208科996属3246种(含49亚种、227变种、2变型)。蕨类植物36科89属360种(含9变种),裸子植物8科14属20种(含4变种),被子植物164科893属2866种(含49亚种、214变种、2变型)。其中,国家重点保护野生植物62种,云南省重点保护野生植物6种,极小种群保护对象2种。结论:苍山具有较高的维管植物多样性,模式植物与保护植物十分丰富,但特有植物相对较少。

Advances on Rare Earth Application in Pollution Ecology

The use of rare earth for inducing plant resistance was reviewed. The important developments in recent years were described, and rare earth can alleviate the pollution of acid rain, ozone, pesticide, heavy metals etc. in environment. The authors suggest that the mechanism of rare earth to inducing plant resistance and reducing plant injury is to control biochemical metabolism web in plant cell, to adjust its protection system of free radical, to maintain its photosynthesis, to protect cell membrane system and to carry through its function on mineral metabolism. Meanwhile some problems in the field were discussed as well.

Application of Rare Earth Phosphate Fertilizer in Western Area of China

Rare earth phosphate fertilizer (REPF) as base fertilizer (750 kg per hm2) was applied in the western area of China during the "Tenth Five-Year Plan", and the results show as follows: compared with calcium superphosphate (CK), REPF increases crops yields for maize by 17.0%, for rice by 10.5%, for wheat by 24.2%, for potato by 18.5%, for cabbage by 16.3%, for Chinese cabbage by 16.4%, for beet by 6.5%; decreases the diseased plant rate for common smut of maize by 1.0%, for maize stalk rot by 1.2%, for wheat take-all disease by 7.8%, for wheat root rot by 3.2%, for potato blackleg disease by 1.4%, for potato late blight by 6.6%; increases the sugar content of beet by 0.9°S.

Distribution of Vascular Plants along Altitudinal Gradients in Hoang Lien National Park, Vietnam

The present study was conducted to examine the distributional characteristics of floral communities along the altitudinal gradients in Hoang Lien National Park (HLNP), located in Lao Cai province, Vietnam. We recorded the relatively abundant flora system with 3252 species (including 361 endemic species and 237 endangered species), belonging to 1126 genera, 230 families and 6 different phyla. Methodology of sampling, specimen collection and identification, statistical analysis are simultaneously used for investigating the complex changes of composition and richness of plant assemblages. The study results indicated the divisions in quantity and composition, especially differentiation of endemic and rare species in accordance with altitudinal gradients.

湖南怀化市国家重点保护植物中古树资源特征研究

为查清怀化市国家重点保护植物名录中的古树资源,对怀化市国家重点保护古树进行全面调查,并对重点保护古树的类型、濒危等级、海拔分布等进行了研究。结果表明,怀化市共分布有国家重点保护古树17种、2018株,属于13科14属,全市13个县级行政单位均有分布;古树树种以银杏、南方红豆杉、闽楠和大叶榉树为主,每个树种均在200株以上;古树平均胸径76.4 cm、平均树高19.3 m、平均树龄227 a,适宜古树生长的海拔区间为300~800 m。以期为怀化市的生物多样性保护及营造林树种选择提供参考。

Distribution and Current State of Rare and Endangered Tulips (Liliaceae) Arid Zones of Uzbekistan

Central Asia is considered to be the primary center of origin and diversity for the genus Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). The article considers the species of rare and endemic Tulipa L. species in the arid regions of Uzbekistan. There are nine registered species of the genus Tulipa. In the course of the study, the demographic indicators of the modern population of 39 populations were evaluated. 39 populations of the studied species were identified, most of which grow in the composition of the wormwood formations characteristic of the Turanian floristic province.

云南省湿地珍稀濒危野生维管植物资源初步研究

为厘清云南省湿地珍稀濒危野生维管植物名录,根据文献资料统计分析其濒危等级、生活型与生态型、区系和资源植物。结果表明:云南省湿地共有珍稀濒危野生维管植物50科96属157种,其中被《国家重点野生保护植物名录(2021版)》收录37种,被《中国生物多样性红色名录—高等植物卷(2013)》收录108种,被《云南省生物物种红色名录(2017版)》收录115种,被《云南省极小种群野生植物保护名录(2021版)》收录4种,被IUCN物种红色名录收录102种;生活型划分为多年生草本138种、一年生草本13种、灌木5种、乔木1种;生态型划分为湿生植物118种、沼生植物15种、沉水植物11种、挺水植物9种、浮叶植物4种;属的分布区类型可划分为12种类型和8种变型,温带性质明显,热带性质是其重要组成,中国特有分布突出;从资源多样性来看,可划分为观赏植物、药用植物、食用植物等8类。提出云南省湿地珍稀濒危植物保护建议,以期为该区湿地植物的保护管理提供科学参考。

珍稀濒危植物荷叶铁线蕨资源现状及保护思考

保护荷叶铁线蕨野生资源,使其种群延续。通过多年来对重庆市荷叶铁线蕨的历次调查结果,结合前人研究结论,对其资源现状和存在问题进行分析。荷叶铁线蕨保护成效不显著,资源总体呈下降趋势;植株大多生长不良,处于亚健康状态;荷叶铁线蕨野生资源濒危。结论:在珍稀濒危植物的保护上,应采取针对性的干预、抚育等措施,不要采取封禁的方式。

Biological Function of REE in Plants & Microbes

Rare earth elements （REE） and their compounds years. The bioinorganic chemical research of REE during the are widely applied in agronomic and medical fields for many past few years indicates that REE play important roles in the promotion of photosynthetic rate as well as root absorption, regulation of hormone and nitrogen metabolism, and suppression of microbes, etc. The metallic or non-metallic targets of key biomolecule in various physiological processes can be chosen by REE for the chelation or replacement, which enables REE to regulate the biological functions or behaviors of those biomolecule and consequently leads to significant embodiment of biological function of REE in plants and microbes. Overdose of REE, however, shows an inhibitory effect on living organisms. Therefore, this paper proposes two suggestions that will be available in the extension of full use of REE＇s biological function. One is to obey the dose law of REE and control REE concentrations within a safe range. The other is to further test the bioaccumulation and long-period influence of REE on organisms.

珍稀濒危植物种子休眠的成因及解除方法研究进展

珍稀濒危植物为人类提供了稀缺的化工、医药、生活原料等产品,还是地质变迁、植物进化和系统发育等的见证者,是维护地球生物多样性不可或缺的重要成员之一。然而,部分珍稀濒危植物的种子因休眠作用难以萌发,这是导致它们濒临灭绝的主要原因之一。为探究珍稀濒危植物种子休眠的原因,本文综述了近年来造成珍稀濒危植物种子休眠的外因和内因,特别归纳了引起种子休眠的关键基因、miRNAs和转录因子,并从物理和化学两个层面综述了解除休眠的方法,最后讨论了未来研究的重点方向,将为濒危植物种子休眠与萌发的分子调控和其它难以打破休眠的植物苗木工程化繁育技术体系的建立奠定理论基础和科学依据。