Prediction of proton-induced SEE error rates for the VATA160 ASIC

We predict proton single event effect(SEE)error rates for the VATA160 ASIC chip on the Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE) to evaluate its radiation tolerance.Lacking proton test facilities,we built a Monte Carlo simulation tool named PRESTAGE to calculate the proton SEE cross-sections.PRESTAGE is based on the particle transport toolkit Geant4.It adopts a location-dependent strategy to derive the SEE sensitivity of the device from heavy-ion test data,which have been measured at the HI-13 tandem accelerator of the China Institute of Atomic Energy and the heavy-ion research facility in Lanzhou.The AP-8,SOLPRO,and August 1972 worst-case models are used to predict the average and peak proton fluxes on the DAMPE orbit.Calculation results show that the averaged proton SEE error rate for the VATA160 chip is approximately 2.17×10^(-5)/device/day.Worst-case error rates for the Van Allen belts and solar energetic particle events are 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than the averaged error rate.

Symbol Error Rate Performance Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Visible Light Communications

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is considered as one of promising radio access techniques for visible light communications(VLC) in next-generation wireless communications systems.In order to provide theoretical support for designing VLC-NOMA,we derive its analytic expressions for the symbol error rate(SER).Specifically,NOMA is first incorporated with appropriate VLC to establish a VLC-NOMA framework.Afterwards,mathematical expressions of the SER for the VLC-NOMA are developed.Moreover,numerical results are provided carefully to demonstrate that the proposed VLC-NOMA scheme outperforms than state-of-the-art orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) one in terms of SER performance.Finally,relationships between the SER performance and the number of users,power allocation coefficient and semi-angle are well investigated,which can give us a scientific guide to devise the VLC-NOMA system for achieving better SER performance.

Reducing the Internal Difference Error Rate in Hospital Pharmacies:From the Angle of Quality Control Circle

Objective To improve the management level of pharmacy dispensing center,reduce dispensing errors and promote the safety of drug use.Methods Hospital pharmacies could be managed according to the theory of quality control circle(QCC).Based on the ten steps of QCC,the internal difference error rate in pharmacies could be reduced.Results and Conclusion The error rate of pharmacies was reduced from 2.74‰to 0.57‰,and the goal achievement rate was 108.466.Besides,the progress rate reached 84.82%.The abilities of circle members were improved,and the operation of pharmacy was more standardized.The activity of QCC is helpful to reduce the internal difference error rate,improve the operation level of pharmacy and ensure the safety of drug use.

CLOSED-FORM ERROR RATES OF STBC SYSTEMS AND ITS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The closed-form solutions for error rates of Space-Time Block Code (STBC) Multiple Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) systems are derived in this paper. With characteristic function based method and the partial integration based respectively, the exact expressions of error rates are obtained for (2,1) STBC with and without channel estimation error. Simulations show that the practical error rates accord with the theoretical ones, so closed-form error rates are accurate references for STBC performance evaluation. For the error of pilot assisted channel estimation, the performance of a (2,1) STBC system is deteriorated about 3dB.

Performance Analysis of Outage Probability and Error Rate of Square M-QAM in Mobile Wireless Communication Systems over Generalized α-μ Fading Channels with Non-Gaussian Noise

This paper derives new and exact closed-form expressions for the average symbol error rate(SER) of square M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(M-QAM) in wireless communication systems over theα-μfading channels subject to an additive non-Gaussian noise. The obtained expressions take into account static and mobile wireless receivers. In addition, a closed-form expression for the outage probability in mobile networks is obtained. Please note that all derived expressions in this paper a valid for integer and non-integer values of the fading parameters. Analytical results are presented to study the impact of noise shaping parameter, severity of fading, and mobility on the average SER. Monte-Carlo simulations results are also provided to validate the accuracy of the analytical results.

A Simulation Based Comparison of Correlation Coefficients with Regard to Type I Error Rate and Power

In this simulation study, five correlation coefficients, namely, Pearson, Spearman, Kendal Tau, Permutation-based, and Winsorized were compared in terms of Type I error rate and power under different scenarios where the underlying distributions of the variables of interest, sample sizes and correlation patterns were varied. Simulation results showed that the Type I error rate and power of Pearson correlation coefficient were negatively affected by the distribution shapes especially for small sample sizes, which was much more pronounced for Spearman Rank and Kendal Tau correlation coefficients especially when sample sizes were small. In general, Permutation-based and Winsorized correlation coefficients are more robust to distribution shapes and correlation patterns, regardless of sample size. In conclusion, when assumptions of Pearson correlation coefficient are not satisfied, Permutation-based and Winsorized correlation coefficients seem to be better alternatives.

Integrated coherent beam combining system for orbital-angular-momentum shift-keying-based free-space optical links

Orbital-angular-momentum(OAM)multiplexing technology offers a significant dimension to enlarge communication capacity in free-space optical links.The coherent beam combining(CBC)system can simultaneously realize OAM multiplexing and achieve high-power laser output,providing substantial advantages for long-distance communication.Herein,we present an integrated CBC system for freespace optical links based on OAM multiplexing and demultiplexing technologies for the first time,to the best of our knowledge.A method to achieve flexible OAM multiplexing and efficient demultiplexing based on the CBC system is proposed and demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally.The experimental results exhibit a low bit error rate of 0.47%and a high recognition precision of 98.58%throughout the entire data transmission process.By employing such an ingenious strategy,this work holds promising prospects for enriching ultra-long-distance structured light communication in the future.

水下舰艇扩频通信体制研究

水下舰艇通信采用的水声通信方式在长距离传输中信号衰减严重,且因为隐蔽性需求信号功率受限,叠加受到多径干扰和海洋背景噪声干扰,通信误码率较高。为此,提出水下舰艇扩频通信体制研究。设计扩频通信体制,利用扩频通信体制拓宽传输带宽,提升远距离衰减下的通信信噪比;采用类白噪声的伪随机码m序列和OPS序列作为扩频码组建编码序列集,解决白噪声干扰、多径干扰和码分多址的问题。测试结果表明:同等条件下,采用m序列的扩频通信结果更优,可以实现-25 dB下误码率低于1%的可靠通信。经过该方法调制后,剔除了噪声干扰和多径干扰,增强了衰减的高频信号,解决了水下通信远距离衰减、多径干扰、背景噪声干扰等问题。

PDCA循环法在静脉用药调配中心内部差错控制管理中的应用

目的探讨PDCA循环法在预防和降低静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)内部差错的应用效果。方法采集我院PIVAS2020年和2021年的内部差错数据,其中2020年为PDCA实施前的数据资料,2021年为PDCA实施后的数据资料,比较实施前后内部差错和差错率的变化。结果通过PDCA循环法管理措施后,年差错率由2020年的0.887‰降到2021年的0.681‰,下降23.22%。结论PDCA循环法在PIVAS内部差错管理中能有效降低内部差错的发生,提高工作准确度,保障临床用药安全。

Error Estimations, Error Computations, and Convergence Rates in FEM for BVPs

This paper presents derivation of a priori error estimates and convergence rates of finite element processes for boundary value problems (BVPs) described by self adjoint, non-self adjoint, and nonlinear differential operators. A posteriori error estimates are discussed in context with local approximations in higher order scalar product spaces. A posteriori error computational framework (without the knowledge of theoretical solution) is presented for all BVPs regardless of the method of approximation employed in constructing the integral form. This enables computations of local errors as well as the global errors in the computed finite element solutions. The two most significant and essential aspects of the research presented in this paper that enable all of the features described above are: 1) ensuring variational consistency of the integral form(s) resulting from the methods of approximation for self adjoint, non-self adjoint, and nonlinear differential operators and 2) choosing local approximations for the elements of a discretization in a subspace of a higher order scalar product space that is minimally conforming, hence ensuring desired global differentiability of the approximations over the discretizations. It is shown that when the theoretical solution of a BVP is analytic, the a priori error estimate (in the asymptotic range, discussed in a later section of the paper) is independent of the method of approximation or the nature of the differential operator provided the resulting integral form is variationally consistent. Thus, the finite element processes utilizing integral forms based on different methods of approximation but resulting in VC integral forms result in the same a priori error estimate and convergence rate. It is shown that a variationally consistent (VC) integral form has best approximation property in some norm, conversely an integral form with best approximation property in some norm is variationally consistent. That is best approximation property of the integral form and the VC of the integral form is equivalent, one cannot exist without the other, hence can be used interchangeably. Dimensional model problems consisting of diffusion equation, convection-diffusion equation, and Burgers equation described by self adjoint, non-self adjoint, and nonlinear differential operators are considered to present extensive numerical studies using Galerkin method with weak form (GM/WF) and least squares process (LSP) to determine computed convergence rates of various error norms and present comparisons with the theoretical convergence rates.

Lower bound on BER performance for maximal ratio combining with weighting errors

The theoretical lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors for typical fading channels are presented by the infinite-length and non-causal Wiener filter and the exact closed-form expressions of the lower bounds for different channel Doppler spectra are derived. Based on the obtained lower bounds on mean squared channel estimation errors, the limits on bit error rate （BER） for maximal ratio combining （MRC） with Gaussian distributed weighting errors on independent and identically distributed （i. i. d） fading channels are presented. Numerical results show that the BER performances of ideal MRC are the lower bounds on the BER performances of non-ideal MRC and deteriorate as the maximum Doppler frequency increases or the SNR of channel estimate decreases.

CBCT引导下头颈肩联合腹膜固定方式在乳腺癌IMRT中的临床适用性研究

目的基于锥形束CT(Cone Beam CT,CBCT)影像比较头颈肩联合腹膜体位固定方式和乳腺托架体位固定方式的摆位误差,研究头颈肩联合腹膜在乳腺癌患者调强放射治疗(Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy,IMRT)中体位固定方法的可行性。方法选取需要进行IMRT的40例乳腺癌患者为研究对象,并将其随机分成头颈肩联合腹膜固定组(20例)、乳腺托架固定组(20例)。每例患者在放射治疗(以下简称“放疗”)前行CBCT扫描,每周1次,分析2组患者在X(左右)、Y(进出)、Z(前后)方向的摆位误差、分次间位移和摆位效率。结果头颈肩联合腹膜和托架摆位2组患者在X、Y、Z方向上的摆位误差分别为(1.97±0.94)和(2.11±1.55)mm、(2.54±0.57)和(2.82±1.46)mm、(1.27±0.62)和(2.28±0.96)mm(P=0.801、0.604、0.013);分次间位移分别为(0.76±0.50)和(1.24±0.52)mm、(1.34±0.15)和(2.52±1.18)mm、(0.73±0.33)和(0.88±0.53)mm(P=0.453、0.296、0.773);摆位时间分别为(6.5±1.7)和(8.7±3.1)min(P=0.485);2组X、Y、Z方向上的首次摆位通过率分别为90%和85%、80%和70%、100%和95%(P=0.632、0.464、0.235);分次间摆位通过率为92%和82%、88%和79%、94%和88%(P=0.036、0.086、0.138)。结论头颈肩联合腹膜体位固定方式简单易行,可在一定程度上控制乳腺癌患者IMRT的摆位误差和分次间位移,尤其是Z方向上的摆位误差,提高摆位效率。

车载可见光视距通信系统块误码率的研究

为了提高车载通信质量和可靠性,通过分析基础设施与车辆间信道传输模型和道路基础设施参数的影响,引入车载可见光通信技术。根据基础设施与车辆间的视距信道进行建模,分析信号传输中的通信损耗;利用视距通信误码率(BER)、停机概率及块误码率(BLER)推导系统性能的闭式解析式;分析复合指向误差对视距通信系统的误码率、停机概率以及块误码率的影响。试验结果表明:在无衰落和视距传输条件下,增加路灯高度可以降低误码率,通信链路距离增加将增大误码率;提高停机阈值,视距链路的停机概率降低;增加发送比特块数量有助于改善块误码率性能;考虑指向误差后,误码率、停机概率以及块误码率均增加,表明指向误差对系统通信有衰弱作用。

金河口水文站流量自动监测系统比测分析

通过对金河口水文站测验断面人工监测流量与二线能坡在线流量的比测及误差分析,按照水文统计学原理进行计算,率定分析两者之间的相关关系,得出相应的成果并提出相关建议,进一步提高了中小河流的水情预警预报能力和水文监测自动化能力,为水文巡测方案和水文行业的现代化发展提供了鉴定基础。

Adaptive Linear Filtering Design with Minimum Symbol Error Probability Criterion

Adaptive digital filtering has traditionally been developed based on the minimum mean square error （MMSE） criterion and has found ever-increasing applications in communications. This paper presents an alternative adaptive filtering design based on the minimum symbol error rate （MSER） criterion for communication applications. It is shown that the MSER filtering is smarter, as it exploits the non-Gaussian distribution of filter output effectively. Consequently, it provides significant performance gain in terms of smaller symbol error over the MMSE approach. Adopting Parzen window or kernel density estimation for a probability density function, a block-data gradient adaptive MSER algorithm is derived. A stochastic gradient adaptive MSER algorithm, referred to as the least symbol error rate, is further developed for sample-by-sample adaptive implementation of the MSER filtering. Two applications, involving single-user channel equalization and beamforming assisted receiver, are included to demonstrate the effectiveness and generality of the proposed adaptive MSER filtering approach.

Performance analysis and design of MIMO-OFDM system using concatenated forward error correction codes

This work investigates the performance of various forward error correction codes, by which the MIMO-OFDM system is deployed. To ensure fair investigation, the performance of four modulations, namely, binary phase shift keying(BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK), quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)-16 and QAM-64 with four error correction codes(convolutional code(CC), Reed-Solomon code(RSC)+CC, low density parity check(LDPC)+CC, Turbo+CC) is studied under three channel models(additive white Guassian noise(AWGN), Rayleigh, Rician) and three different antenna configurations(2×2, 2×4, 4×4). The bit error rate(BER) and the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) are taken as the measures of performance. The binary data and the color image data are transmitted and the graphs are plotted for various modulations with different channels and error correction codes. Analysis on the performance measures confirm that the Turbo + CC code in 4×4 configurations exhibits better performance.

Effects of error feedback on a nonlinear bistable system with stochastic resonance

In this paper, we discuss the effects of error feedback on the output of a nonlinear bistable system with stochastic resonance. The bit error rate is employed to quantify the performance of the system. The theoretical analysis and the numerical simulation are presented. By investigating the performances of the nonlinear systems with different strengths of error feedback, we argue that the presented system may provide guidance for practical nonlinear signal processing.

EFFICIENT DESIGN OF ANTI-JAMMING RATELESS CODING IN COGNITIVE OFDM

Efficient anti-jamming rateless coding based on cognitive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation in Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is mainly discussed. Rateless coding with small redundancy and low complexity is presented, and the optimal design methods of building rateless codes are also proposed. In CRN, anti-jamming rateless coding could recover the lost packets in parallel channels of cognitive OFDM, thus it protects Secondary Users (SUs) from the in-terference by Primary Users (PUs) efficiently. Frame Error Rate (FER) and throughput performance of SU employing anti-jamming rateless coding are analyzed in detail. Performance comparison between rateless coding and piecewise coding are also presented. It is shown that, anti-jamming rateless coding provides low FER and Word Error Rate (WER) performance with uniform sub-channel selection. Meanwhile, it is also verified that, in higher jamming rate and longer code redundancy scenario, rateless coding method could achieve better FER and throughput performance than another anti-jamming coding schemes.

Fading Effects on the Lower Shifting of Mode Switching Thresholds in the Rate Adaptive IEEE 802.11a/g WLANs

In this paper we used the probability distribution of the average channel gain of the fading channel to analyze the degree of fading effects on both the PER (packet error rate) and the throughput in OFDM systems. Instead of solely examining the average received SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) value of a packet, considering the whole distribution of the average received SNR allows us to aggregate a better selection of the mode switching thresholds in the rate adaptive 802.11 a/g WLAN. This paper demonstrates that the set of mode switching thresholds can be determined for each individual target , so that the optimal throughput performance is obtained on a per target basis. Numerical results show that mode switching thresholds should be reduced with the lowering of target values. This conclusion could have significant implications for improving the performances of location (distance)-dependent mobile applications, since the determinations of target values are closely related to the distances between mobile devices and the access point.