Enhanced entropy generation and heat transfer characteristics of magnetic nano-encapsulated phase change materials in latent heat thermal energy storage systems

The objective of the current study is to investigate the importance of entropy generation and thermal radiation on the patterns of velocity,isentropic lines,and temperature contours within a thermal energy storage device filled with magnetic nanoencapsulated phase change materials(NEPCMs).The versatile finite element method(FEM)is implemented to numerically solve the governing equations.The effects of various parameters,including the viscosity parameter,ranging from 1 to 3,the thermal conductivity parameter,ranging from 1 to 3,the Rayleigh parameter,ranging from 102 to 3×10^(2),the radiation number,ranging from 0.1 to 0.5,the fusion temperature,ranging from 1.0 to 1.2,the volume fraction of NEPCMs,ranging from 2%to 6%,the Stefan number,ranging from 1 to 5,the magnetic number,ranging from 0.1 to 0.5,and the irreversibility parameter,ranging from 0.1 to 0.5,are examined in detail on the temperature contours,isentropic lines,heat capacity ratio,and velocity fields.Furthermore,the heat transfer rates at both the cold and hot walls are analyzed,and the findings are presented graphically.The results indicate that the time taken by the NEPCMs to transition from solid to liquid is prolonged inside the chamber region as the fusion temperatureθf increases.Additionally,the contours of the heat capacity ratio Cr decrease with the increase in the Stefan number Ste.

Atmospheric Pollutants in a Commercial Region of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil: Integration of Health, Environment and Economy in Urban Planning to Improve Air Quality

The accelerated growth of the vehicular fleet, the modernization of large urban centers, and the few adjustments to the road network in Fortaleza have intensified the problems of traffic and emissions of atmospheric pollutants, highlighting the necessity for strategic urban planning initiatives to address the escalating issues of traffic and pollution. With the objective of analyzing the indices of concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and estimating how these levels can affect human health, this work consists of a study of the analysis of air quality in the intense trade region of Fortaleza. For this, the analysis zone was divided into three perimeters (Major - Medium - Minor), where each perimeter was analyzed at 7 am, 12 noon and 5 pm. Concentrations of the type of O3, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), CO2 and HCHO were collected. Our results demonstrate that most of the analyses are within the limits of current legislation;however, at certain times and perimeters, the analyses of CO2 and HCHO exceeded the established limits. In view of the above, we conclude that public policies to control air quality are necessary to reduce the damage to human health and the environment caused by pollutants.

Proof of Aerobically Autoxidized Self-Charge Concept Based on Single Catechol-Enriched Carbon Cathode Material

The self-charging concept has drawn considerable attention due to its excellent ability to achieve environmental energy harvesting,conversion and storage without an external power supply.However,most self-charging designs assembled by multiple energy harvesting,conversion and storage materials increase the energy transfer loss;the environmental energy supply is generally limited by climate and meteorological conditions,hindering the potential application of these selfpowered devices to be available at all times.Based on aerobic autoxidation of catechol,which is similar to the electrochemical oxidation of the catechol groups on the carbon materials under an electrical charge,we proposed an air-breathing chemical self-charge concept based on the aerobic autoxidation of catechol groups on oxygen-enriched carbon materials to ortho-quinone groups.Energy harvesting,conversion and storage functions could be integrated on a single carbon material to avoid the energy transfer loss among the different materials.Moreover,the assembled Cu/oxygen-enriched carbon battery confirmed the feasibility of the air-oxidation self-charging/electrical discharging mechanism for potential applications.This air-breathing chemical self-charge concept could facilitate the exploration of high-efficiency sustainable air self-charging devices.

A Research on the Air Permeability of High Polymer Materials Used to Produce Sports Clothing Fabrics

Composite fabrics based on Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)polymer displays several notable properties.They are waterproof,windproof,permeable to moisture and thermally insulating at the same time.In the present study,PTFE fibers are used as raw material to make fiber membranes.The film is formed by crisscrossing interconnected fiber filaments and the related air permeability:tensile creep characteristics and other properties are tested.The results show that the pore size,thickness,and porosity of the film itself can affect the moisture permeability of the film.The water pressure resistance of the selected fabric is 8.5 kPa,and the moisture permeability is 7038 g/(m^(2)·24 h).

Solution of idle LBO problem for high FAR aero combustor

The paper sheds light on the idle lean blow off(LBO)problem for high fuel air ratio(FAR)com⁃bustor,which is impossible to be addressed with traditional aero combustor design.A significant improvement in aero combustor design is required to resolve the idle LBO issue.The authors detailed a practical and efficient solu⁃tion,which not only solved the idle LBO issue but also defined the aero-thermal design for high-FAR combustor.The design will usher in a new era of aero combustor.

Effects of Water-cement Ratio and Hydration Heat Regulating Materials on Hydration Process of Early-age Cementitious Materials

By means of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR),the transverse relaxation time(T_(2))signals of physically bound water in cement paste were monitored to indicate water content change and characterize the early-age hydration process.With the curves of the T_(2)signals and hydration time obtained,the hydration process could be divided into four typical periods using the null points of the second derivative curve,and the influences of water-cement ratio(w/c)and hydration heat regulating materials(HHRM)on hydration process were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the hydration rate of pure cement paste in accelerated period presented a positive correlation with w/c.Compared to pure cement paste,the addition of HHRM extended all four periods,and led to a much faster hydration rate in initial period as well as a slower rate in accelerated period.Finally,according to the LFNMR test results,the early-age hydration model of cementitious materials was proposed considering w/c and HHRM content.

The Effects of the Particle Size Ratio on the Behaviors of Binary Granular Materials

The particle size ratio(PSR)is an important parameter for binary granular materials,which may aect the microstructure and macro behaviors of granular materials.However,the eect of particle ratio on granular assemblies with dierent arrangements is still unclear.To explore and further clarify the eect of PSR in dierent packing structures,three types of numerical samples with regular,layered,and random packing are designed.Numerical results show that PSR has signi􀀀cant eects on binary granular samples with regular packing.The larger the PSR,the stronger the strength,the larger the modulus,and the smaller the angle between the shear band and the load direction.And a theoretical solution of the peak stress ratio vs.PSR is obtained for regular packing,and the results by DEM are in good agreement with the theoretical solution.Under layered packing,PSR has little eect on peak stress ratio due to similar microstructure obtained with the changing of PSR.The modulus slightly increased with the increase of PSR.Under random packing with small grain content of 50%,PSR has little eect in the range of 0.5–0.9,but in a larger range,larger PSR leads to greater modulus.

Machine learning-based stiffness optimization of digital composite metamaterials with desired positive or negative Poisson's ratio

Mechanical metamaterials such as auxetic materials have attracted great interest due to their unusual properties that are dictated by their architectures.However,these architected materials usually have low stiffness because of the bending or rotation deformation mechanisms in the microstructures.In this work,a convolutional neural network(CNN)based self-learning multi-objective optimization is performed to design digital composite materials.The CNN models have undergone rigorous training using randomly generated two-phase digital composite materials,along with their corresponding Poisson's ratios and stiffness values.Then the CNN models are used for designing composite material structures with the minimum Poisson's ratio at a given volume fraction constraint.Furthermore,we have designed composite materials with optimized stiffness while exhibiting a desired Poisson's ratio(negative,zero,or positive).The optimized designs have been successfully and efficiently obtained,and their validity has been confirmed through finite element analysis results.This self-learning multi-objective optimization model offers a promising approach for achieving comprehensive multi-objective optimization.

Effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on kerosene/air rotating detonation engines using a paralleling CE/SE method

In this paper,the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines(RDE)are numerically investigated,and the emphasis is laid on the effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on the operation characteristics of RDE including the initiation,instabilities,and propulsive performance.A hybrid MPI t OpenMP parallel computing model is applied and it is proved to be able to obtain a more effective parallel performance on high performance computing(HPC)systems.A series of cases with the total pressure of 1 MPa,1.5 MPa,2 MPa,and the equivalence ratio of 0.9,1,1.4 are simulated.On one hand,the total pressure shows a significant impact on the instabilities of rotating detonation waves.The instability phenomenon is observed in cases with low total pressure(1 MPa)and weakened with the increase of the total pressure.The total pressure has a small impact on the detonation wave velocity and the specific impulse.On the other hand,the equivalence ratio shows a negligible influence on the instabilities,while it affects the ignition process and accounts for the detonation velocity deficit.It is more difficult to initiate rotating detonation waves directly in the lean fuel operation condition.Little difference was observed in the thrust with different equivalence ratios of 0.9,1,and 1.4.The highest specific impulse was obtained in the lean fuel cases,which is around 2700 s.The findings could provide insights into the understanding of the operation characteristics of kerosene/air RDE.

Effect of Packing Materials and Other Parameters on the Air Stripping Process for the Removal of Ammonia from the Wastewater of Natural Gas Fertilizer Factory

Air-stripping method was used to remove ammonia from the wastewater collected from natural gas fertilizer factory. Different materials were used as packing materials for the air stripping system. The effect of pH over 10.5, air-water flow ratio, nature of packing materials, height of materials and initial influent concentration of ammonia on air stripping unit were investigated. An attempt has been made to find out the stripping con-stant. Stripping constant was found to be .001, 0014, .001 and .0009 for coal, plastic ring, stone chips and wood chips, respectively. Best result was found for plastic ring for its higher surface area. Wood chips did not give good result, because the chips amalgamate with each other and hence reduces the surface area.

Determination of water equivalent ratio for some dosimetric materials in proton therapy using MNCPX simulation tool

The water equivalent ratio(WER) was calculated for polypropylene(PP), paraffin, polyethylene(PE), polystyrene(PS), polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA), and polycarbonate materials with potential applications in dosimetry and medical physics. This was performed using the Monte Carlo simulation code, MCNPX, at different proton energies. The calculated WER values were compared with National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) data, available experimental and analytical results,as well as the FLUKA, SRIM, and SEICS codes. PP and PMMA were associated with the minimum and maximum WER values, respectively. Good agreement was observed between the MCNPX and NIST data. The biggest difference was 0.71% for PS at 150 MeV proton energy. In addition, a relatively large positive correlation between the WER values and the electron density of the dosimetric materials was observed. Finally, it was noted that PE presented the most analogous Depth Dose Characteristics to liquid water.

Determination of Hf–Sr–Nd isotopic ratios by MC-ICP-MS using rapid acid digestion after flux-free fusion in geological materials

In this study, we established a rapid acid digestion for determining Hf-Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of geological samples by using MC-ICP-MS. Conditions of 1600 ℃ for 1 min and 1400 ℃ for 1 min were adopted for fusing intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks, respectively. The rapid acid digestion technique is superior in digestion time compared with high-pressure PTFE bomb method. The procedural blanks of the method were also lower than that flux fusion. Replicate analyses of international certified reference materials （CRMs） indicate that isotopic ratios of ^176Hf/^177Hf, ^87Sr/^86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd agree well with previously published data. The external reproducibility （2SD, n = 5） of ten CRMs are ±0.000030 for ^87Sr/^86Sr, ± 0.000030 for ^143Nd/^144Nd, and ±0.000018 for ^176Hf/^177Hf.

Form and Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Cement-based Material Made of Limestone Powder at Low Water-binder Ratio under Low Temperature Conditions

The development of strength and the form of attack of cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low-temperature sulfate environment were studied. The results indicate that when water-binder ratio is lower than 0.40, the cement-based material with limestone powder has insignificant change in appearance after being soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature for 120 d, and has significant change in appearance after being soaked at the age of 200 d. Expansion damage and exfoliation occur on the surface of concrete test cube at different levels. When limestone powder accounts for about 28 percent of cementitious material, with the decrease of water-binder ratio, the compressive strength loss has gradually decreased after the material is soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d. After the specimen with the water-binder ratio of less than 0.4 and the limestone powder volume of greater than 20% is soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d, gypsum attack-led destruction is caused to the concrete test cube, without thaumasite sulfate attack.

Artificial neural network techniques to predict the moisture ratio content during hot air drying and vacuum drying of Radix isatidis extract

Background:To predict the moisture ratio of Radix isatidis extract during drying.Methods:Artificial neural networks were designed using the MATLAB neural network toolbox to produce a moisture ratio prediction model of Radix isatidis extract during hot air drying and vacuum drying,where regression values and mean squared error were used as evaluation indexes to optimize the number of hidden layer nodes and determine the topological structure of artificial neural networks model.In addition,the drying curves for the different drying parameters were analyzed.Results:The optimal topological structure of the moisture ratio prediction model for hot air drying and vacuum drying of Radix isatidis extract were“4-9-1”and“5-9-1”respectively,and the regression values between the predicted value and the experimental value is close to 1.This indicates that it has a high prediction accuracy.The moisture ratio gradually decreases with an increase in the drying time,reducing the loading,initial moisture content,increasing the temperature,and pressure can shorten the drying time and improve the drying efficiency.Conclusion:Artificial neural networks technology has the advantages of rapid and accurate prediction,and can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for online prediction during the drying process of the extract.

Study on the Environmental Quality Guarantee Ratio on the Basis of Total Air Pollutant Emission Amount Control

The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollutant emission is permitted under the total air pollutant emission amount control (TAPEAC) on the basis of A-value method. So the concept of the environmental quality guarantee ratio (EQGR) for TAPEAC is advanced in this paper and its quantitative formula is figured out for both hourly and daily EQGR. It is concluded that the EQGR is related with the yearly arrangement of A-value besides the pollutant type. According to the meteorological data in a lower area along Yangtze River in 2000, the yearly A-value trend is analyzed. Based on the data, the hourly EQGR of SO 2 and NO 2 is respectively 97.4% and 90.2%, and daily EQGR respectively 90.2% and 79.5%.

Effects of Different Material Ratios on the Dissolution of Tongmai Pills

[Objectives]To study the effects of different material ratios on the dissolution of Tongmai pills.[Methods]Based on mixture uniform experiment design,the fiber,starch and grease-resin materials in Tongmai pills were proportioned.The contents of strychnine,brucine,paeoniflorin,calycosin,ferulic acid,hesperidin and salvianolic acid B in the solution were determined by HPLC,and the content of total flavonoids was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The weight coefficient of index components was determined by analytic hierarchy process,and the SAS software was used to optimize the dissolution model and calculate the dissolution parameter T40.MATLAB was used to establish a mathematical model and realize the data visualization between material ratio and dissolution parameter T40.[Results]The mathematical model between material ratio and dissolution parameter was T40=8.93-5.31X1-5.83X2+17.67X1X3(X1,X2,X3 are fiber,starch and grease-resin materials respectively,r2=0.9706,P=0.01,RMSE=0.5696).[Conclusions]Fiber can effectively promote the dissolution(P<0.05).Starch can promote the dissolution,but the effect is not obvious(P=0.05).The interaction between fiber and grease-resin can inhibit the dissolution,but was not significant(P=0.07).

An Influencing Factor - Water-Filter Ratio on Heat Resistance of Condensate Polishing Filter Material in Water

In air-cooled condenser, high temperature condensing water m summer which approaching and exceed 60＊ C, which may result in filter materials degradation and release impurities. This paper discusses an influencing factor, water-filter ratio （soaking solution and filter quality ratio）, on leachable dissolution rate and filter material degradation rate m high temperature water. The UV absorption at 254nm （A254） and the exchange capacity ware measured after heat test as composite indicators. In addition, the Wends of A254 variation with heating time were measured in different water-filter ratio. The stability is probably due to the effect of water-filter ratio. This has been further borne out that, water-filter ratio increases, leachable concentration decreases exponentially and tends to a fLxed value.

Decomposition of Different Organic Materials and Variation of Active Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Tobacco-planted Soil

The oilseed cake, vetch, rapeseed straw, wheat straw and corn straw were buried in tobacco-planted soil. The decomposition rates, the variation of active organic C and N contents in the residues and the relationship between active organic C and N contents and decomposition rate were investigated. The results showed the decomposition rates of different organic materials were all high in the early period and then low in the late period. Among the organic materials, the decomposition rates ranked as oilseed cake 〉 vetch 〉 wheat straw and rapeseed straw 〉 corn straw. The decomposition rate was positively related to total N content （P〈0.01）, but was negatively related to the active organic C/N ratio （P〈0.01）. However, there was no significant relationship between decomposition ratio and active organic C content. With the proceeding of decomposition, the active organic C content and the total N content in rapeseed straw, vetch, wheat straw and corn straw all trended to increase, but the active organic C/N ratio trended to decrease. However, the variation of active organic C content, total N content and active organic C/N ratio in oilseed cake was on the contrary.

Impact of material and energy flow variation-based iron /steel ratio on production cost

This paper establishes a model for the production cost of iron and steel enterprise.The variation rule of the production cost versus the iron/steel ratio for two cases, namely,fixed steel production and a fixed amount of molten iron,is analyzed,and the concept of a steel scrap threshold price is proposed.According to the analysis results,when the steel scrap unit price exceeds the steel scrap threshold price, an increase in the iron/steel ratio can reduce the production cost,and vice versa.When the gap between the steel scrap unit price and the steel scrap threshold price is relatively large, the impact of the iron/steel ratio on the production cost is more prominent.According to the calculation example,when steel production is fixed （284 358 t/month）and the steel scrap unit price is 263.2 yuan/t more than the steel scrap threshold price,an increase of 0.01 in the iron/steel ratio causes a monthly production cost reduction of approximately 750 000 yuan （2.63 yuan/t）.When the amount of molten iron is fixed （270 425 t/month）and the steel scrap unit price is 140.7 yuan/t more than the threshold price,an increase of 0.01 in the iron/steel ratio causes a monthly production cost reduction of approximately 430 000 yuan （1.5 yuan/t）.The results indicate that iron and steel enterprise should adjust the production strategy in time when the scrap price fluctuates, and then the production cost will be reduced.

Effect of Air Injector on the Performance of an Air-lift for Conveying River Sand

An air-lift has been more recently applied in the dredging, deep-seated beach placer mining and underground mining engineering. However, the influence and mechanism of various parameters on the air-lift performance are not quite clear, especially the influence of flow pattern on lifting efficiency. Focusing on the problems mentioned above, the key part of the air-lift （namely, the air injector） was proposed aimed to reduce friction loss in the inner pipe according to improving flow field performance, thus increase the lifting efficiency. The study of relative factors of the performance of an air-lift is performed and the river sand is used as simulation of underground ore bed. The total lifting height of the experimental system is 3 m, the water flux, mass flow of solid particles, concentration of particles and lifting efficiency are measured under the same submergence ratios by changing the air injector, which is divided into nine specifications of air injection in this research. The experimental results indicate that the optimal air flow rate corresponding to excellent performance of the air-lift can be obtained in the range of 35-40 m3/h. The air injection method has a great effect on the performance of the air-lift, the air injector with three nozzles is better than that in the case of one or two nozzles. Further more, the air injection angle and arrangement of air injection pipes also have great effect on the performance of an air-lift. The proposed research results have guiding significance for engineering application.