This paper describes the results of cost-profit analysis related to interconnectors for Japan-Russia and JapanSouth Korea based on the Asia International Grid Connection Study Group 2^(nd) report. The Group has been e...This paper describes the results of cost-profit analysis related to interconnectors for Japan-Russia and JapanSouth Korea based on the Asia International Grid Connection Study Group 2^(nd) report. The Group has been established in 2016 for conducting research on international electric power networks in Asia from the viewpoint of technology, investment and legal framework. 2^(nd) report of the Group was published in June 2018, examining the profitability of an interconnectors between Japan and neighboring countries. The Group has calculated expected profit from operation of these interconnectors.The Group has categorized interconnector business into four models from the survey of preceding and current business on grids and interconnectors. To clarify profitability, expected internal rate of return(IRR) was calculated for each business model based on estimated investment cost for each route. When interconnector is dedicated to specific power plants or suppliers and electricity can be sold at Japan wholesale market at 2016-2017 price level, positive IRR levels are expected in case that Free on Board(FOB) price lower than 7 JPY/kWh. When the investment will be covered by electricity tariff by final consumers, tariff for consumers will just slightly increase by approximately 0.1 JPY/kWh.展开更多
Only a few successful new product development (NPD) projects are continuously supported by the firm when they are expected to assure profitability in the market. The profitability of a project is measured as profit ...Only a few successful new product development (NPD) projects are continuously supported by the firm when they are expected to assure profitability in the market. The profitability of a project is measured as profit ratio (PR), the profit is divided by the cost. The profit figure is changed depending on either internal risks or uncertainties occurring externally. More risks require higher response costs to them and uncontrollable uncertainties affect NPD projects either positively or negatively. In this study, a PR model is developed to predict the profitability of a project at a given time. The model minimizes the response cost computed under two extreme response strategies, such as "Avoid" and "Acceptance" for the internal threats. Also, the model reflects the sales volume changes due to external uncertainties. The linear programming (LP) method determines the optimal probability of the response strategy under three scenarios of defining the relationship between risk avoidance and risk acceptance. It can be utilized to make a GO/NOGO decision on the project based on the prediction results at any gate of the NPD process. The solving procedure is provided to apply the developed model for real cases.展开更多
Continuous cultivation without adequate fertilizer application is responsible<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for plant nutrient depletion and yield decline of major food crops in sub-Saharan Africa...Continuous cultivation without adequate fertilizer application is responsible<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for plant nutrient depletion and yield decline of major food crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Field experiments were conducted on umbric Cambisol in Babungo and ustic Oxisol in Bansoa in the Western Highlands of Cameroon over two years to evaluate the effects of combined application of leaf biomass of agroforestry species and mineral fertilizers with their economic returns on maize yield performance. Ten treatments encompassing sole mineral fertilizer, sole leaf biomass of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Calliandra</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>, <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Leucaena</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>, <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acacia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> and <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cassia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>, leaf biomasses combined with mineral fertilizer and absolute control were laid in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Data collected on maize grain yield was subjected to analysis of variance using XLSTAT version 2014 statistical software. In addition, an economic analysis was performed to evaluate the profitability of the different treatment combinations. The results showed significant differences (<i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> ≤ 0.05) amongst the different treatments on maize yield on both soil types. The highest maize yields which stood at 5.93 t/ha and 6.01 t/ha were recorded in plots treated with <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acacia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cassia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plus half recommended mineral fertilizer on umbric Cambisol and ustic Oxisol respectively. Economic analyses showed that </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acacia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cassia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plus half recommended mineral fertilizer gave the highest net benefit and return to labor of 286500 FCFA and 5.1 on umbric Cambisol and 296051 FCFA and 5.3 on ustic Oxisol respectively. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">O</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n both soils, all the treatments except <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Calliandra </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>with half recommended mineral fertilizers were economically profitable with benefit to cost ratios that ranged from 2.02 to 2.92.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Combined application of agroforestry tree species leaf biomass and mineral fertilizers is an appropriate technology to enhance maize grain yield and is economically profitable except </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i>Calliandra</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> with half recommended mineral fertilizers and is therefore recommended for degraded <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Calliandra</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> and Oxisols in the Western Highlands of Cameroon.</span>展开更多
文摘This paper describes the results of cost-profit analysis related to interconnectors for Japan-Russia and JapanSouth Korea based on the Asia International Grid Connection Study Group 2^(nd) report. The Group has been established in 2016 for conducting research on international electric power networks in Asia from the viewpoint of technology, investment and legal framework. 2^(nd) report of the Group was published in June 2018, examining the profitability of an interconnectors between Japan and neighboring countries. The Group has calculated expected profit from operation of these interconnectors.The Group has categorized interconnector business into four models from the survey of preceding and current business on grids and interconnectors. To clarify profitability, expected internal rate of return(IRR) was calculated for each business model based on estimated investment cost for each route. When interconnector is dedicated to specific power plants or suppliers and electricity can be sold at Japan wholesale market at 2016-2017 price level, positive IRR levels are expected in case that Free on Board(FOB) price lower than 7 JPY/kWh. When the investment will be covered by electricity tariff by final consumers, tariff for consumers will just slightly increase by approximately 0.1 JPY/kWh.
文摘Only a few successful new product development (NPD) projects are continuously supported by the firm when they are expected to assure profitability in the market. The profitability of a project is measured as profit ratio (PR), the profit is divided by the cost. The profit figure is changed depending on either internal risks or uncertainties occurring externally. More risks require higher response costs to them and uncontrollable uncertainties affect NPD projects either positively or negatively. In this study, a PR model is developed to predict the profitability of a project at a given time. The model minimizes the response cost computed under two extreme response strategies, such as "Avoid" and "Acceptance" for the internal threats. Also, the model reflects the sales volume changes due to external uncertainties. The linear programming (LP) method determines the optimal probability of the response strategy under three scenarios of defining the relationship between risk avoidance and risk acceptance. It can be utilized to make a GO/NOGO decision on the project based on the prediction results at any gate of the NPD process. The solving procedure is provided to apply the developed model for real cases.
文摘Continuous cultivation without adequate fertilizer application is responsible<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> for plant nutrient depletion and yield decline of major food crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Field experiments were conducted on umbric Cambisol in Babungo and ustic Oxisol in Bansoa in the Western Highlands of Cameroon over two years to evaluate the effects of combined application of leaf biomass of agroforestry species and mineral fertilizers with their economic returns on maize yield performance. Ten treatments encompassing sole mineral fertilizer, sole leaf biomass of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Calliandra</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>, <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Leucaena</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>, <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acacia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> and <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cassia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>, leaf biomasses combined with mineral fertilizer and absolute control were laid in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Data collected on maize grain yield was subjected to analysis of variance using XLSTAT version 2014 statistical software. In addition, an economic analysis was performed to evaluate the profitability of the different treatment combinations. The results showed significant differences (<i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> ≤ 0.05) amongst the different treatments on maize yield on both soil types. The highest maize yields which stood at 5.93 t/ha and 6.01 t/ha were recorded in plots treated with <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acacia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cassia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plus half recommended mineral fertilizer on umbric Cambisol and ustic Oxisol respectively. Economic analyses showed that </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acacia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cassia</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plus half recommended mineral fertilizer gave the highest net benefit and return to labor of 286500 FCFA and 5.1 on umbric Cambisol and 296051 FCFA and 5.3 on ustic Oxisol respectively. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">O</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n both soils, all the treatments except <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Calliandra </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i>with half recommended mineral fertilizers were economically profitable with benefit to cost ratios that ranged from 2.02 to 2.92.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Combined application of agroforestry tree species leaf biomass and mineral fertilizers is an appropriate technology to enhance maize grain yield and is economically profitable except </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i>Calliandra</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> with half recommended mineral fertilizers and is therefore recommended for degraded <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Calliandra</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> and Oxisols in the Western Highlands of Cameroon.</span>