Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Top Three Leaves of Super High-yielding Early and Late Rice

Using a split plot design, super high-yielding early rice ＆quot;Zhongjiazao 17＆quot;and ＆quot;Ganxin 203＆quot; and super high-yielding late rice ＆quot;Ganxin 688＆quot; and ＆quot;Wufengy-ouT025＆quot; were taken as materials with planting density the same at 312 000 hil s/hm2, to explore the effects of RS/IS （Ratio of row spacing to intrarow row spacing） on yield, top three leaves morphological features and its relationship of them in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that, whether early or late rice, biomass, accumula-tion and apparent utilizing rate of nitrogen were lower in RS/IS5.0 （40.0 cm ＆#215;8.0 cm） treatment, but yield of rice was higher in RS/IS2.0 （25.0 cm ＆#215;12.8 cm） treatment;grain numbers per spike of rice was more in RS/IS2.8 （30.0 cm＆#215;10.7 cm） treatment, and thousand-grain weight of rice was higher in RS/IS1.3 （20.0 cm＆#215;16.0 cm） treat-ment. For 4 varieties of early or late rice aforementioned, basal angle, opening an-gle and leaf area of 2nd leaf from top were larger in RS/IS5.0 treatment, and basal angle and opening angle were smal er in RS/IS2.0 treatment and leaf area smal er in RS/IS1.3 treatment.

Inter-Row Spacing of PV Power Plant

When designing a solar power plant, it is much more important to avoid the shadow on the PV Panels. As the shadow falls on the PV Panels;it significantly reduces the generation of required power as planned and designed. This research paper and case study will help a lot to avoid shadow, especially when selecting inter-row spacing between the strings of solar power plants.

Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Nitrogen Accumulation and Utilization of Early and Late Rice

[Objective]The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for the rational configuration of ratio of row spacing to intrarow spacing(RS/IS)of double-cropping rice.[Methods]With early rice‘Ganxin 203’and‘Zhongjiazao 17’and late rice‘Ganxin 688’and‘Wufengyou T025’as materials,the effects of RS/IS on yield,nitrogen accumulation and utilization were studied in the same planting density of31.20×104hills/hm2.[Results]The results showed that yield of early rice was higher in RS/IS2.8(30.0 cm×10.7 cm)and RS/IS2.0(25.0 cm×12.8 cm)treatment,and lower in RS/IS5.0(40.0 cm×8.0 cm)and RS/IS1.3(20.0 cm×16.0 cm)treatment,while late rice were higher in RS/IS5.0and RS/IS2.0treatment,and lower in RS/IS2.8and RS/IS1.3treatment.Total nitrogen accumulation and apparent utilization ratio of nitrogen of early rice were higher in RS/IS2.0treatment and lower in RS/IS5.0treatment,while,for late rice were higher in RS/IS2.8treatment and lower in RS/IS5.0treatment.Nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain production of early rice was higher in RS/IS1.3treatment and lower in RS/IS2.0treatment,while,for late rice were higher in RS/IS2.8treatment,lower in RS/IS5.0treatment.[Conclusion]In sum,4 varieties of early and late rice obtained higher yield in 25.0 cm×12.8 cm and lower yield in 20.0 cm×16.0 cm,and total nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain production and apparent utilization ratio of nitrogen were all lower in 40.0 cm×8.0 cm.

Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Grass Yield of Forage Sweet Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor [L.]Moench)

[Objective] The aim was to explore high-yielding cultivation techniques for forage sweet sorghum. [Method[ The effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum （Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moench） were compared using split-plot design and LSD method of IBMSPSSStatis- ticsv22. [Result]The planting density and row spacing had important influence on the plant productivity and yield of forage sweet sorghum. The optimum planting density- row spacing combination for plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum was A1B,, i. e., planting density of 75 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm, and the opti- mum combination for yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2B,, i.e., planting density of 225 000 plants/hm2 and row spacing of 40 cm. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide theoretical basis and technical support for the production practice of forage sweet sorghum.

Crown Ratio and Relative Spacing Relationships for Loblolly Pine Plantations

Two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) culture/density studies were established in 1995-1998 across the Lower Coastal Plain and Upper Coastal Plain/Piedmont regions of the southern USA. Each installation contains 12 plots of loblolly pine planted at six levels of density from 741 to 4448 trees/ha in combination with two levels of cultural intensity, operational and intensive. The data from 37 viable installations were used to evaluate the crown ratio and relative spacing relationship of loblolly pine plantations. The effects of planting density, site quality, and cultural intensity on the relationship were investigated with a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach. The crown ratio and relative spacing relationship is exceedingly predictable. When loblolly pine plantation stands reached the average live crown ratio of 0.40, a critical point representing a generally acceptable level of tree vigor, the corresponding relative spacing index ranged from 0.11 to 0.20, mainly depending on initial planting density. The information about the crown ratio and relative spacing relationship would be useful for selecting the best intensity and timing of thinning.

Optimizing Row Spacing to Ameliorate the Productivity of Spring Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

One of the main reasons behind reduced cane yield is pathetic method of planting. Planting method and row spacing are the most important yield contributing factors in sugarcane. A field experiment was carried out in order to determine quality and yield of sugarcane in various spatial arrangements. Treatments are 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips;180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips;120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips and 60 cm spaced furrow with single row. Perusal of data revealed that 3.6%, 13.4%, 15%, 15.3% more cane diameter (cm), cane length (cm), stripped cane yield (t·haˉ1), sugar yield (t·haˉ1) were obtained from 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips as compared to conventional planting method i.e. 60 cm spaced furrows. While the number of millable canes mˉ2, polarity %, cane juice purity %, cane juice %, commercial cane sugar % and cane sugar recovery % remained non-significant by different planting techniques.

Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Plant Productivity of Autumn Forage Sweet Sorghum in Hebei Province

[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between each of planting density and row spacing and plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. [ Methods] Using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statistics. v22 statistics software, the effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land were compared. [ Result] The results showed that the planting density and row spacing had important influences on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. Moreover, the optimal combination of plant productivity for A1B4 , i. e. ,under the combination of the planting density of 7.5 × 10^4 plants/hm^2 and the row spacing of 40 cm, the fresh weight and dry weight per plant were 654.37 and 147.11 g/plant, respectively. [ Conclusion ] The results provided a theoretical basis for the production of forage sweet sorghum in autumn idle land.

Effect of Plant Spacing on Growth and Grain Yield of Soybean

In the Philippines, rice monoculture systems are common. Compared to these systems, the rice-soybean cropping system may prove more water-efficient and there is a trend of increasing soybean area in the response to water scarcity and need for crop diversification in the Philippines. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of row and plant to plant spacing (20 × 10, 20 × 5, 40 × 10, and 40 × 5 cm) on growth and yield of soybean. Plant height was not influenced by the plant geometry. Spacing, however, influenced leaf area and shoot biomass of soybean. Plants grown at the widest spacing (i.e., 40 × 10 cm) produced lowest leaf area and shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Leaf area and shoot biomass at other three spacing were similar. There was a negative and linear relationship between weed biomass and crop shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Grain yield of soybean was not affected by plant geometry and it ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 t·ha-1 at different spacing.

Effect of Row Spacing on Seed Isoflavone Contents in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Soybean isoflavones compounds such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein have numerous human health benefits including the reduction of risks of cardiovascular diseases, breast and prostate cancers, and menaupose symptoms in women. Understanding the genetic and environmental control of isoflavones accumulation is of great importance for developing new cultivars with high amounts of seed isoflavones. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of row spacing (25 cm vs. 50 cm) on seed isoflavones accumulation using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of PI 438489B and “Hamilton” (PIxH, n = 50). The two row spaces generated plant densities of 250,000 plants/ha and 90,000 plants/ha, respectively. Significant differences in soybean seed isoflavones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) contents have been observed between plants grown in the two different plant densities. The mean daidzein content was 0.03458 μg·g-1 in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (low plant density), which was significantly higher than its content (0.03019 μg·g-1) in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (high plant density). Similarly, the mean glycitein content in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (0.01905 μg·g-1) was significantly higher than its content in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (0.00498 μg·g-1. Also, the mean genistein content in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (0.01466 μg·g-1) was higher than its content in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (0.00831 μg·g-1). These preliminary results are important in guiding farmers and breeders on choosing the best row spaces to grow soybean plants in order to optimize isoflavones contents. Further studies are needed to understand the correlation between seed isoflavones contents and other agronomic traits such as seed yield, protein, and oil contents.

Studies on Productivity and Performance of Spring Sugarcane Sown in Different Planting Configurations

Row spacing has a pivotal role in enhancing sugarcane yield and improving its quality. A study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of different planting techniques on performance of sugarcane at Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Kharif 2014. Experimental treatments comprised of: 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips, 180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips, 120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips and 60 cm spaced furrows with single rows. Sugarcane cultivar HSF-240 was used as experimental material. The experimental was conducted in RCBD with four replications. The expeimental results revealed that sugarcane number of tillers, plant height, cane length, stripped cane weight and stripped cane yield increased progressively with the increase in row spacing from 60 to 180 cm. While germination percentage and number of millable canes were not affected by different sowing techniques, maximum number of tillers (15.96 m-2), plant height (333.25 cm), stripped cane weight (0.94 kg) and stripped cane yield (107 t·ha-1) were recorded from 180 cm spaced trenches with tripple row strips.

Effect of Row Space and Planting Density on Yield of Miandan No.12

Effect of row space and planting density on yield of Miandan No.12 was studied. The test included four row spaces and two planting densities. Specifically, four row spaces were 50, 67, 83 and 100 cm and two planting densities were 42 000 and 48 000 plant/hm2. The results showed that Miandan No.12 reached the highest yield when row space was 50 cm and planting density was 48 000 plantJhm2 and Miandan No.12 got the lowest yield when row space was 100 cm and planting density was 42 000 plants/hm2.

Ultra-fast Maize （Zea mays L.） Hybrid Growth Response to Plant Population Density

Current arable land and increasing food demand necessitates the practice of double and multiple cropping systems with inclusion of ultra-fast maize hybrids, which are characterized by smaller size, fewer leaves per plant, lower leaf area and fewer self-shading problems, under irrigation. In this context, a field experiment was conducted for two successive cropping seasons 2008/2009 to 2009/2010 at Kenilworth Experimental Station to evaluate the effect of row spacings and plant density on growth. Three row spacing （0.225, 0.45 and 0.90 m） and five plant densities （5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 plants m^-2） were used. Treatments were combined in a factorial combination and laid out in a completely randomized design with replications consisting of five single plants randomly selected from each treatment for destructive sampling. Growth factors reacted differently to row spacing by plant density. At crop establishment, growth indicators were not significantly affected by either main effects or a combination thereof. However, at the end of the vegetative phase, almost all growth indicators reached a maximum and were significantly affected by treatment interactions. Growth analysis showed that there was an interaction effect of row spacing by plant density on plant height, dry matter （DM） accumulation, leaf area index （LAI）, crop growth rate （CGR） and net assimilation rate （NAR） of maize. Therefore, the current investigation demonstrated that a row spacing of 0.45 m or 0.90 m with a plant density of 10 plants m^-2 was optimum for the selected ultra-fast maize hybrid under irrigation.

Effects of Different Line Spacing and Seedling Belt Width on Yield Formation of Broad-Width Fine Sowing Wheat

In order to explore the interaction effects of line spacing and seedling belt width on wheat yield formation and improve the cultivation techniques of broadwidth and fine seeding of wheat,a high-yielding winter wheat cultivar Shannong 28 was selected as material. Using the split plot design,the main plot was set with line spacing as 20,25 and 30 cm,respectively,and the sub-plot was set with seedling belt width as 3,5,7,9 and 11 cm,respectively. Then,the population dynamics,dry matter accumulation and translocation and yield of wheat were studied under the experimental conditions. The results showed that under the line spacing of 20 cm,the dry matter accumulation and yield of winter wheat were higher with the seedling belt width of 5 cm. When the line spacing was 25 cm,the dry matter accumulation and yield under the seedling belt width of 9 cm reached a high level. Under the line spacing of 30 cm,Shannong 28 achieved higher dry matter accumulation and yield with the seedling belt width of 11 cm. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the suitable treatment for Shannong 28 was 25 cm of line spacing with 9 cm of seedling belt width,which could realize the coordination of the three factors of yield composition and get higher yield. Therefore,the reasonable line spacing and seedling belt width were the important technical ways to realize high yield of wheat.

Effect of Plant Geometry on Growth and Yield of Corn in the Rice-Corn Cropping System

The rice-corn cropping system is increasing in Asia in response to increased demand of corn for feed. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant geometry (row and plant to plant spacing: 50 × 20, 50 × 30, 75 × 20, and 75 × 30 cm) on growth and yield of corn. Plant height and leaf production per plant were not influenced by the plant geometry. Spacing, however, influenced leaf area, aboveground shoot biomass, and yield of corn per unit area. Highest leaf area, shoot biomass, and yield (8.2 t·ha-1) were produced by plants grown at 50 × 20 cm spacing. The results of this study suggest that narrow rows and plant to plant spacing may increase grain yield by increasing crop growth rates. Plant geometry could be modified to improve yield of corn in the rice-corn cropping system, and thereby increase productivity of the system.

Effects of Climate and Agricultural Practices on Temporal Progress of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for Soybean in Brazil

Currently the soybean crop is affected by the white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). The disease can reduce the crop yield and quality and decrease the prices of agricultural lands. The aim of the current research was to assess epidemiology of white mold on soybean crop grown at Arapoti, PR, Brazil, utilizing data related to agricultural practices and local meteorological factors. The experiment was conducted in a naturally infested area. The soybean crop was sown on October 18th, 2011. The experimental design adopted herein was a randomized block in a factorial combination with 4 row spacings (0.35, 0.45, 0.60, 0.75 m) and 4 plant populations (150, 200, 250, 300 thousand plants per hectare) and 4 replications. The temporal analysis of the epidemic was evaluated using mathematical models, such as Logistics, Monomolecular and Gompertz, in order to determine the best model that described the progress of the disease as a function of local meteorological elements. For the incidence data it has been shown that both logistic and monomolecular models were those that were best fitted to the experimental data. For severity, the best model related to the experimental data was the logistic one. Either for incidence or for severity, air temperature was considered to be the environmental factor most affecting the progress of the disease. The variability in the apparent infection rates of white mold on soybean was not affected by different row spacings and plant populations;therefore, suggesting that macroclimatic variations prevailed in such a fashion to mitigate the effect of cultural practices adopted in the field.

不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉产量及品质的影响

为确定香蕉适宜机械化操作的种植密度和行距配置,采用裂区试验设计,以种植密度(P,P1:2190株/hm^(2);P2:2340株/hm^(2);P3:2520株/hm^(2))为主区,行距(R,R1:宽行5.10 m+窄行1.00 m;R2:宽行4.80 m+窄行1.30 m;R3:宽行4.50 m+窄行1.60 m)为裂区,探讨不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉农艺性状、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:R能显著影响香蕉株高和茎围,P和R对香蕉单产、总产量均有显著影响,P1、P2香蕉单产较P3分别显著提高10.29%、10.88%,P2总产量较P1显著提高6.62%;R3单产、总产量最高,R1单产、总产量最低。分析产量构成可知,R3能提高香蕉商品蕉采收率;P1、P2单果质量较P3显著提高,R3单果质量较R1、R2分别显著提高21.23%、4.44%。P1果指长较P3显著提高,R2、R3间果指长、果指围显著高于R1。P和R对果实可溶性固形物含量均无显著影响。P3可滴定酸含量较P1、P2显著提高,P1、P2的维生素C含量分别较P3显著提高19.38%、15.78%;R3较R1显著提高维生素C含量8.77%。综上所述,宝岛蕉品种种植密度为2340株/hm^(2),宽行4.50 m、窄行1.60 m时,香蕉农艺性状、产量、商品蕉采收率、单果质量、可溶性固形物及维生素C含量最高。

不同行距和密度配置烤烟烟叶颜色量化分析

为了明确不同行距(R1,110 cm和R2,120 cm)和种植密度(D1,16500株·hm^(-2)和D2,19500株·hm^(-2))配置对烤烟烟叶颜色的影响,通过色差仪测定各处理初烤烟叶正面和背面颜色参数。结果表明,与R1相比,R2显著降低叶背面明度均匀度值(ΔL1)、红度值(a)和色差均匀度值(ΔE1)。与D1相比,D2显著提高烟叶明度值(L)、叶尖和叶中的黄度值(b)、黄度差值(Δb)、红度差值(Δa)和叶正面黄度均匀度值(Δb1),显著降低了色相角(H)。行距和种植密度互作中,R2D2的L显著高于R1D1。R1D1叶正面a显著高于R1D2,R1D2的Δa显著低于其他处理。R1D1和R1D2的Δb著低于R2D2,R1D1的Δb1显著低于R2D2。R2D2的叶正面ΔE1显著低于其他处理,R2D1和R2D2叶背面的ΔE1显著低于R1D2。R1D1的H显著高于R1D2和R2D2。由此可见,120 cm行距与种植密度16500株·hm^(-2)的配置有利于百色河谷烟区初烤烟叶的a、b、均匀度和H的提高,促进了该区烟叶高外观质量的形成。

株行距配置对冬小麦冠层结构、光环境及产量的影响

为明确株行距配置对冬小麦冠层光环境及产量的影响,本试验在大田条件下,以山农28作为供试品种,研究两个密度即150万hm^(-2)(D1)和225万hm^(-2)(D2)和3个行距即10 cm(R1)、15 cm(R2)、20 cm(R3)组配的6个株行距配置处理对小麦叶面积指数、叶倾角、叶片叶绿素含量、冠层光合有效辐射、群体光合速率、产量及其构成因素的影响,旨在优化冬小麦株行距配置,提高单产。结果表明,D1密度下小麦生育前期容易形成良好的冠层光环境,有助于营养物质积累,为高产打下基础;相同行距下开花期小麦群体的光合速率表现为D1>D2,说明D1密度有助于叶片中营养物质积累和向籽粒转移;D2密度下小麦生育后期的冠层光环境优于D1,有助于叶片营养物质的持续供应;R1行距下冠层光环境明显优于R2和R3,能够吸收更多的光能,光合作用能力更强。密度和行距二者互作对小麦产量及其构成因素的作用表现为:D1R1>D1R2>D1R3>D2R1>D2R2>D3R3。综上,调整株行距配置是提高冬小麦产量潜力的重要途径,D1R1株行距配置更有助于形成良好的冠层光环境,能够获得最高产量,为最佳株行距配置方式。

株行距和种植深度对西伯利亚百合生长的影响

阐明不同株行距及种植深度对西伯利亚百合在栽植阶段生长的影响,总结试验栽植地最适西伯利亚百合生长的最佳株行距及种植深度,从中挖掘提高西伯利亚百合切花品质的关键种植因素,寻求绿色、高效的增产提质方式。以西伯利亚2、3代种球为试验对象,按照标准化生产流程,采用二因素随机区组设计,探讨不同株行距及种植深度对百合鲜切花的花茎高度、花苞大小及花苞数量的影响。除株行距对2代种球的花苞数量影响达5%显著水平外,株行距及种植深度对西伯利亚百合2代和3代种球的其他生长指标影响均达1%极显著差异水平。处理3即15 cm×20 cm的株行距25 cm的种植深度组合于2代和3代种球均为最佳处理方式。处理7即25 cm×30 cm的株行距15 cm的种植深度组合对2代和3代种球的花茎高度和花苞直径的生长最不利,处理4不利于种球花苞数量的生长。种植深度对于2代和3代种球花苞数量增长的影响大于株行距。而花茎高度和花苞直径则有所区别,种植深度对2代种球花茎高度生长的影响大于株行距,3代种球反之;株行距对2代种球花苞直径的影响大于种植深度,3代种球反之。于2、3代种球的花茎高度和花苞直径而言,A1B3即以15 cm×20 cm的株行距25 cm的种植深度组合能够获得良好的生长效果。而A3B3即25 cm×30 cm的株行距25 cm的种植深度的组合对2代种球的花苞数量增加有利,A1B3则利于3代种球花苞数量的增加。合适的种植深度能够使植物的根系得到良好的发育,同时能够有效地吸收土壤中的养分和水分,促进植物生长。种球种植株行距与百合花苞数量、花茎高度及花苞大小都呈显著正相关。

不同种砂比和行距对机播荠菜农艺性状和产量的影响

为探索机播荠菜优质高效生产的最佳播量,更好地为荠菜种植机械化生产服务,采用双因素随机区组试验,共设置种砂(荠菜种子+黑金砂)混拌比1∶8、1∶11、1∶14和1∶17四个处理和行距14、21和28 cm 3个处理进行机器条播。结果表明,机播荠菜的农艺性状和产量随着种砂比的增加,表现出先增加后减少的趋势;行距与农艺性状和产量间相关性不显著。在12个种砂比和行距互作处理下,以A4B1(种砂比1∶17,行距14 cm)处理下的产量最高,每667 m^(2)产量可达2 230.84 kg。因此,推荐A4B1(种砂比1∶17,行距14 cm)为机播荠菜的最佳播量和行距。