Technologies for reducing corn leaf burn caused by foliar spray of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) during the early growing season are limited. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of humic acid on c...Technologies for reducing corn leaf burn caused by foliar spray of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) during the early growing season are limited. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of humic acid on corn leaf burn caused by foliar spray of undiluted UAN solution on corn canopy at Jackson, TN in 2018. Thirteen treatments of the mixtures of UAN and humic acid were evaluated at V6 of corn with different UAN application rates and different UAN/humic acid ratios. Leaf burn during 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 14 days after UAN foliar spray significantly differed between with or without humic acid addition. The addition of humic acid to UAN significantly reduced leaf burn at each UAN application rate (15, 25, and 35 gal/acre). The reduction of leaf burn was enhanced as the humic acid/UAN ratio went up from 10% to 30%. Leaf burn due to foliar application of UAN became severer with higher UAN rates. The linear regression of leaf burn 14 days after application with humic acid/UAN ratio was highly significant and negative. However, the linear regression of leaf burn 14 days after application with the UAN application rate was highly significant and positive. In conclusion, adding humic acid to foliar-applied UAN is beneficial for reducing corn leaf burn during the early growing season.展开更多
Background Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets.The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of o...Background Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets.The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of oil supplemented.An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of oils with different degree of saturation on the fat digestibility and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs.Methods Eighteen crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire)barrows(initial body weight:29.3±2.8 kg)were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum.The experimental diets included a fat-free basal diet and 5 oil-added diets.The 5 oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6%oil with different ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U:S)to the basal diet.The 5 oils were palm oil(U:S=1.2),canola oil(U:S=12.0),and palm oil and canola oil were mixed in different proportions to prepare a combination of U:S of 2.5,3.5 and 4.5,respectively.Results The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility(AID and SID)of fat and fatty acids increased linearly(P<0.05)as the U:S of dietary oils increased except for SID of fat and C18:2.The AID and SID of fat and fatty acids differed among the dietary treatments(P<0.05)except for SID of unsaturated fatty acids(UFA)and C18:2.Fitted one-slope broken-line analyses for the SID of fat,saturated fatty acids(SFA)and UFA indicated that the breakpoint for U:S of oil was 4.14(R^(2)=0.89,P<0.01),2.91(R^(2)=0.98,P<0.01)and 3.84(R^(2)=0.85,P<0.01),respectively.The determined SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA in the mixtures was not different from the calculated SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA.However,the determined SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA in the mixtures were greater than the calculated SID values(P<0.05).The abundance of Romboutsia and Turicibacter in pigs fed diet containing palm oil was greater than that in rapeseed oil treatment group,and the two bacteria were negatively correlated with SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA(P<0.05).Conclusions The optimal U:S for improving the utilization efficiency of mixed oil was 4.14.The SID of fat and UFA for palm oil and canola oil were additive in growing pigs,whereas the SID of SFA in the mixture of two oils was greater than the sum of the values of pure oils.Differences in fat digestibility caused by oils differing in degree of saturation has a significant impact on bacterial community in the foregut.展开更多
In this study, production of ct-linoleic acid concentrated from crude perilla oil by gradient cooling urea inclusion was optimized. The fatty acid composition was determined after ethyl esterification by gas chromatog...In this study, production of ct-linoleic acid concentrated from crude perilla oil by gradient cooling urea inclusion was optimized. The fatty acid composition was determined after ethyl esterification by gas chromatography (GC). In this process, orthogonal experiment was carried out. Under optimum conditions, the maximum amount of α-linoleic acid (91.5%) was obtained at a urea to fatty acid ratio of 3, a solvent to fatty acids ratio of 7, a reaction temperature of 348 K and a crystallization time of 690 min. A simple method of gradient cooling urea inclusion was used to purify α-linolenic acid by using urea to form inclusion complexes with the saturated and the less unsaturated fatty acids, which enhanced the purity of α-linoleic acid ethyl ester by above 90%.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the relationship of serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) with kinds of cytokines in colorectal cancer(CRC).METHODS: Serum samples of 100 CRC patients were collected. The concentration o...AIM: To investigate the relationship of serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) with kinds of cytokines in colorectal cancer(CRC).METHODS: Serum samples of 100 CRC patients were collected. The concentration of total n-3 PUFA which included C18:3 n-3, C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3 and the total n-6 PUFA included C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-6, C20:3 n-6, C20:4 n-6, and C22:5 n-6 were detected onGC-2010 Plus Gas Chromatograph with a Omegawax TM 250 column. Cytokines were detected by Mag Plex TM-C microspheres. P values for the trend were estimated by creating a continuous variable using the median value within quartiles.RESULTS: Interleukin-6(IL-6) showed significantly positive association with the C20:4 n-6(P for trend = 0.004). Interferon gamma(IFN-γ) showed significant positive association with the C22:5 n-3(P for trend = 0.035). IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) showed significant inverse association with the C22:6 n-3(P for trend = 0.049, and 0.021). MMP-2 showed significant inverse association with the C20:5 n-3(P for trend = 0.008). MMP-7 showed significantly positive association with the ratio of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA(P for trend = 0.008). MMP-7 also showed significantly inverse association with the ratio of C20:4 n-6 and(n-6 PUFA + n-3 PUFA)(P for trend = 0.024). IL-10(P for trend = 0.023) and IL-6(P for trend = 0.036) showed significantly positive association with the ratio of C20:4 n-6 and C20:5 n-3.CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that serum levels of PUFA is related to the inflammation of CRC, and also play different role in regulation of immune response.展开更多
The composition and compound-specific isotopes of fatty acids were studied within food webs in the East China Sea.Lipid-normalized stable carbon isotopes of total organic carbon had a good correlation with trophic lev...The composition and compound-specific isotopes of fatty acids were studied within food webs in the East China Sea.Lipid-normalized stable carbon isotopes of total organic carbon had a good correlation with trophic level.Variations in fatty acid compositions among different species were observed but were unclear.Different dietary structures could be traced from molecular isotopes of selected fatty acids in the Shiba shrimp(Matapenaeus joyneri),the coastal mud shrimp(Solenocera crassicomis) and the northern Maoxia shrimp(Acetes chinensis).Both M.joyneri and S.crassicomis are mainly benthos feeders,while A.chinensis is a pelagic species,although they have a similar fatty acid composition.There was a good correlation for isotopes of arachidonic acid(C20:4n6;ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid(C22:6n3;DHA)among pelagic species from higher trophic levels.The isotopic compositions of DHA in benthic species were more negative than those of pelagic species at the same trophic level.The fact that the diet of benthic species contains more degraded items,the carbon isotopes of which are derived from a large biochemical fraction,may be the reason for this variation.A comparative study of benthic and pelagic species demonstrated the different carbon sources in potential food items and the presence of a more complex system at the watersediment interface.展开更多
Objective To investigate the relationships between erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio and blood lipids and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Methods The Chinese and a observational study consisted...Objective To investigate the relationships between erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio and blood lipids and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Methods The Chinese and a observational study consisted of a population-based cross-sectiona subsequent 1-year follow-up study of 171 subjects with the fasting cholesterol of 5.13-8.00 mmol/L. study of 456 plasma total Results In the cross-sectional analysis, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) had a significant and negative association with the erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio (P for trend=0.019) after adjusting for sex, age and total PUFA percentage. In the follow-up study, 171 subjects were categorized into quartiles by the changes of n-6:n-3 ratio in erythrocyte membrane (△=month 12-month 0). In the top quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 increased by an average of 1.25 during the follow-up, the LDL-c-lowering extent was 3.3 times of that in the lowest quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 decreased by an average of 1.13 (-1.07 mmol/L v.s. -0.32 mmol/L). The hsCRP decreased by 0.11 mg/dL in the lowest quartile while increasing by 0.10 mg/dL in the top quartile (P for difference=0.052). Conclusion Our results suggested that the balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may optimize the cardiovascular benefits from dietary PUFAs.展开更多
Both Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients important for cellular structure and function but cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from food.These two classes of fatty acids ar...Both Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients important for cellular structure and function but cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from food.These two classes of fatty acids are metabolically and functionally different and antagonistically regulate many physiological and pathological processes.Thus,the relative balance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids are critical for good health.However,today’s diet contains too much Omega-6 but too little Omega-3,leading to a severe imbalance with a very high Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio(>10)in most people.Many lines of evidence suggest that this imbalance is a key factor contributing to the development of modern chronic diseases.A growing number of studies ranging from laboratory research to clinical trials have shown that balancing the tissue ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 fatty acids by increasing tissue levels of Omega-3 fatty acids and/or decreasing the content of Omega-6 fatty acids are very beneficial for the prevention and treatment of many life-threating chronic diseases as well as for health promotion of the general public.Therefore,development and production of foods rich in Omega-3-fatty acids should be considered as a key health program to balance essential fat intake and thereby improve the nutritional and health status of all people.展开更多
Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with many conditions of aging such as atherosclerosis. Lowering high n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios are commonly found in Western diets aids in preventing ...Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with many conditions of aging such as atherosclerosis. Lowering high n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios are commonly found in Western diets aids in preventing inflammatory-related diseases. However, it is not clear whether dietary interventions designed to alter n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios can reduce systemic inflammation in younger adults. Studies that evaluate PUFA intake often use subjective data from food frequency questionnaires or food records rather than more precise physiological measures of PUFAs (e.g. plasma levels). Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study that analyzed data from the experimental parent study of younger adults (n = 18), was to determine whether plasma PUFA levels were associated with levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, and if supplementation with n-3 PUFAs was correlated with rising n-3 PUFA concentrations in plasma and decreasing n-6:n-3 ratios. In the parent study, participants received daily either placebo or n-3 PUFA softgels (1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]). EPA and DHA are the biologically active components in fish oil. Measures included blood for PUFA quantification at baseline and four weeks later, when blister wounds were created and wound fluid and saliva were collected. The saliva samples were used to measure CRP in the present study. We report that CRP was significantly and negatively correlated with total n-3 PUFAs (tau-β = ?0.373, p = 0.031) and positively correlated with n-6:n-3 ratios (tau-β = 0.320, p = 0.063). Those consuming EPA + DHA supplements had significantly higher concentrations of total n-3 PUFAs and significantly lower n-6:n-3 ratios (p The present study has shown that beneficial levels of n-3 PUFAs and n-6:n3 ratios were achieved with 4-weeks of EPA + DHA supplementation and were associated with reduced CRP in young adults. EPA + DHA supplementation for some young adults may help prevent inflammatory conditions later in life.展开更多
In the suspended sludge system, when pH and temperature were suitable and carbon source was not limited, the denitrification and C-uptake rate followed a zero-order reaction. Mixed VFA C-source had higher denitrificat...In the suspended sludge system, when pH and temperature were suitable and carbon source was not limited, the denitrification and C-uptake rate followed a zero-order reaction. Mixed VFA C-source had higher denitrification rate than single VFA C-source consisting of them. When VFA were used as carbon source, consumed carbon quantity for denitrification was closed to 1. 07 mg VFA-C/mg NO-N. About 20% of the applied C/N was used for assimilative purposes. As rising up influent C/N by increasing the C load ,the sludge yield YN increased. The part of carbon consumption increased and the effluent oxidized nitrogen decreased. At pH 7. 5, 25℃ and sludge yield 0.72 mg VSS/mg NO-N, the calculated influent VFA-C /NO critical value was 1. 43 for complete denitrification.展开更多
High omega-6/omega-3 ratio intake promotes development of many chronic diseases. Secondary prevention studies though have demonstrated a decline in progression of many such diseases after reducing the intake, specific...High omega-6/omega-3 ratio intake promotes development of many chronic diseases. Secondary prevention studies though have demonstrated a decline in progression of many such diseases after reducing the intake, specific biochemical indices of cardiovascular disease risk markers have not been evaluated. We have evaluated the circulating levels of omega-6/omega-3 ratio and its effect on cardiovascular risk markers in India. Present study was conducted in industrial setting where employees were randomly selected. Data on their demographic characteristics were collected using pre-tested questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were collected from all the participants. Serum was separated and stored at-80℃ till the time of analysis. Lipids were estimated using standard kits. Fatty acids in serum were estimated by Gas chromatography. The identified Omega-3 fatty acid included were 18:3 (Alpha-linolenic acid), 20:5 (Eicosapentenoic acid) & 22:6 (Docosahexenoic acid). Among omega-6 included were 18:2 (linoleic acid), 18:3 (gamma-linolenic acid) & 20:4 (Arachidonic acid). Complete data was available for 176 participants (89% males and 11% females) with mean age of 47.23 ± 6.00 years. The bmi of the participants was 24.88 ±3.43 Kg/m2 and waist circumference was 91.50 ±9.56 cm. The median of omega-6/omega-3 ratio in the study population was 36.69 (range: 6.21 -?183.69). The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, ldl-cholesterol and cholesterol/hdl ratio and apo B correlated significantly with omega-6/3 ratio. There was no correlation observed with hsCRP and LDL-particle size. A direct relationship of omega-6/ omega-3 ratio with dyslipidemia was observed in our study.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the influence of fish oil enriched enteral diet on intestinal tissues taken from Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and non-inflamed non-IBD control patients in vitro.METHODS: Colono...AIM: To investigate the influence of fish oil enriched enteral diet on intestinal tissues taken from Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and non-inflamed non-IBD control patients in vitro.METHODS: Colonoscopic biopsies from patients with active CD (n = 4), active UC (n = 7), and non-inflamed non-IBD control patients (n = 4) were incubated (three dilutions of 1:20, 1:10, and 1:5) with Waymouth's culture medium and enteral elemental diet (EO28, SHS, Liverpool, UK) modified in the fatty acid composition with fish oil (EF) in an organ culture system for 24 h. In each experimental set-up, incubation with Waymouth's medium alone as control was included. Tissue viability was assessed by adding bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to the culture fluid and immunohistochemically staining for BrdU uptake. Cytokine ratio of IL-1ra/IL-1β (low ratio indicative of inflammation) and production of those cytokines as a percentage of medium control were assayed in the culture supernatant. RESULTS: Incubation of CD-affected tissue with EF (1:20, 1:10, and 1:5) modestly and non-significantly increased IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio as compared with medium control (CD 39.1±16.1; 26.5±7.8, 47.1±16.8 vs control 13.0±2.2), but incubation of UC-affected tissues increased IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio significantly in all three dilutions (UC 69.1±32.2, P<0.05; 76.1±36.4, P = 0.05;84.5±37.3, P<0.02; vs control 10.2±3.7). Incubation of non-inflamed non-IBD control tissue did not increase the IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio in any dilution compared to medium control (69.3±47.0, 54.1±30.6, 79.4±34.0 vs control 76.1±37.3). Average percentage production of IL-1β indexed against medium control was significantly less in UC after EF incubation as compared with CD (UC 24.0±4.8 vs CD 51.8±8.1; P<0.05). Average percentage production of IL-1ra was markedly higher in UC (135.9±3.4) than that in control patients (36.5±4.3) (P<0.0001).CONCLUSION: IBD tissues, after incubation with elemental diet modified in its fatty acid composition with fish oil, show an increase in IL-1ra/IL-1β cytokine ratio. This effect of ω-3 fatty acid modulation is significantly more marked in UC compared with CD and is accompanied by both a reduction of IL-1β and increase of IL-1ra. The positive direct anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diet with fish oil in tissue affected with UC suggests dietary treatment of UC may be possible.展开更多
Freeze drying is reported to be the best method of dehydration. Live fresh Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were freeze dried. The moisture content, rehydration ratio, and fatty acid composition of freeze-dri...Freeze drying is reported to be the best method of dehydration. Live fresh Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were freeze dried. The moisture content, rehydration ratio, and fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs were analysed. The applicability of using freeze drying to process high-value E. sinensis, so as to prolong the time duration of their storage and marketing, were discussed. After lyophilisation, the average moisture content was 6%. The physical properties (shape, size, and colour) of the musculature and viscera were maintained well during freeze drying. The rehydration ratio was 2.15 when rehydrated for 30 min at room temperature. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were higher in female freeze-dried crabs than in male crabs. After full rehydration, the fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs showed no significant differences to that of frozen crabs after thawing. In conclusion, freeze drying can well preserve the physical properties of the edible parts and fatty acid composition of the viscera in high-value E. sinensis. Rehydration has no destruction of the nutritional value regarding to the fatty acid composition. Therefore, freeze drying is a suitable technique for the processing of high-value E. sinensis.展开更多
The research direction of our team is nutrition and physiology of ruminants, including dietary nutrition metabolism and rumen microorganisms. Previous research has shown that ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio is rel...The research direction of our team is nutrition and physiology of ruminants, including dietary nutrition metabolism and rumen microorganisms. Previous research has shown that ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio is related to diet utilization efficiency. At present, it is believed that the main factors affecting the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio are the degradation rate of the diet and the rumen microbial structure, but the main mechanism is unclear<span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study found that the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect of ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio was not affected by the concentration of the fermentation substrate, but was affected by the structure of the rumen microbiota. We believe that changes in the rumen microflora structure are the main mechanism for regulating the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio. This will help people to further understand the rumen physiology, thereby gradually improving feed conversion efficiency and reducing production costs. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abstract: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to explore the mechanism by which diet regulates the acetate-to-propionate molar ratio (A: P ratio), we compared the effect on rumen fermentation parameters and the microbiome by altering the ratio of dietary concentrates to roughage ratio and calcium pyruvate infusion. The test animals were Laoshan dairy goats, and were fed continuously through an automatic feeder. The test groups were fed a base diet of low concentrates, and intraruminally infused with calcium pyruvate at two concentrations. The infusion concentrations were derived from the difference in the rate of carbohydrate degradation of the high and low concentrate diets, and they were artificially set such that the high concentration infusion group was infused with twice the concentration as the low concentration infusion group. The control groups were fed high concentrate</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(6:4) and low concentrate (3:7) diets, respectively. The following results were obtained by measuring rumen fermentation parameters and microbial composition: the rumen A: P ratio was significantly lower in the high-concentrate</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">diet group than in the low concentrate diet group (P < 0.05). Infusion of low concentration calcium pyruvate had no significant effect on rumen A: P ratio (P > 0.05), while infusion of high concentration calcium pyruvate significantly increased the rumen A: P ratio (P < 0.05). Relative to goats fed the low concentrate diet, those fed the high concentrate diet had a greater abundance of microbes related to propionate production and a reduced abundance of microbes related to fiber degradation. Infusion of pyruvate had no significant</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect on rumen microbial structure. The above results indicate that increasing the concentration of the fermentation substrate without affecting the composition of the microflora does not reduce the A: P ratio. Microbiological results showed that the A: P ratio was more closely related to the rumen microflora structure. Therefore, it is believed that rumen microflora structure is the main mechanism regulating A: P ratio in rumen fermentation.</span>展开更多
The aim of this study was to select sheep fat from Tsetserleg sum of Arkhangai aimag as raw material and to produce liquid soap. The oil was extracted from raw materials such as sheep’s tail fat (TF), outer fat (OF),...The aim of this study was to select sheep fat from Tsetserleg sum of Arkhangai aimag as raw material and to produce liquid soap. The oil was extracted from raw materials such as sheep’s tail fat (TF), outer fat (OF), and inner fat (IF), which were analyzed by chemical methods, and the liquid soap was obtained by cold methods. Liquid soap was prepared from three types of raw materials, each of which was mixed with 70% fat oil and 30% liquid oil. The ratio was chosen to dilute the liquid soap to 2% of the product. The most suitable oil for preparing liquid soaps from raw materials such as TFO, OFO, and IFO was the tail fat oil (TFO). The highest unsaturated fatty acid content in crude fats and oils was 41.23%, the highest content of saturated fatty acids was 22.3%, and the highest content of methyl-stearate was 33.65% by the GC-MS analytical method.展开更多
The effects on finishing pigs(80-100 kg BW) fed diets supplemented with oil sources containing different ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(UFA:SFA ratio) were evaluated in 15 barrows and15 gilts(Duroc ...The effects on finishing pigs(80-100 kg BW) fed diets supplemented with oil sources containing different ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(UFA:SFA ratio) were evaluated in 15 barrows and15 gilts(Duroc × Large White × Landrace). Three experimental diets were evaluated using a randomized complete block design, with broken rice, soybean meal and rice bran as the main feedstuffs in the control diet. Diets 2 and 3 consisted of the control diet supplemented with 3% oil, with UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1, respectively. Overall, there was no significant difference(P> 0.05) found in the average daily gain(ADG) of the pigs fed the treatment diets; however, the pigs fed the control diet and diet 3 had better(P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios(FCR) than the pigs fed diet 2. The pigs fed diets 2 and 3, which were supplemented with oil at UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1, had greater(P < 0.05) average daily feed intakes(ADFI) than the pigs in the control group. Additionally, it was found that the gender of the pigs had an effect(P < 0.05) on the FCR. Interaction effects between the experimental diets and the gender of the pigs(P < 0.05) were found in the ADFI and FCR. There were no significance differences(P > 0.05)among the treatment groups with regard to the carcass quality of the pigs; however, it was found that the gilts had greater(P < 0.01) loin eye areas than the barrows fed diets 2 and 3 and the loin eye area of pig fed diet 2 was the largest(P < 0.05); In the case of the meat quality parameters, it was clearly found that the pigs fed the control diet had a greater(P < 0.05) lightness(L~*) in the meat colour, and the lowest cooking loss was found in the pigs fed the diet supplemented with fat containing the UFA:SFA ratio of 5:1.Overall, the dietary treatment did not significantly affect the drip loss, thawing loss and shear force of the pork. In conclusion, the supplementation of oil with UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1 has the potential to improve pork quality.展开更多
文摘Technologies for reducing corn leaf burn caused by foliar spray of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) during the early growing season are limited. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of humic acid on corn leaf burn caused by foliar spray of undiluted UAN solution on corn canopy at Jackson, TN in 2018. Thirteen treatments of the mixtures of UAN and humic acid were evaluated at V6 of corn with different UAN application rates and different UAN/humic acid ratios. Leaf burn during 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 14 days after UAN foliar spray significantly differed between with or without humic acid addition. The addition of humic acid to UAN significantly reduced leaf burn at each UAN application rate (15, 25, and 35 gal/acre). The reduction of leaf burn was enhanced as the humic acid/UAN ratio went up from 10% to 30%. Leaf burn due to foliar application of UAN became severer with higher UAN rates. The linear regression of leaf burn 14 days after application with humic acid/UAN ratio was highly significant and negative. However, the linear regression of leaf burn 14 days after application with the UAN application rate was highly significant and positive. In conclusion, adding humic acid to foliar-applied UAN is beneficial for reducing corn leaf burn during the early growing season.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972597 and 32302793)。
文摘Background Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets.The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of oil supplemented.An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of oils with different degree of saturation on the fat digestibility and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs.Methods Eighteen crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire)barrows(initial body weight:29.3±2.8 kg)were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum.The experimental diets included a fat-free basal diet and 5 oil-added diets.The 5 oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6%oil with different ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U:S)to the basal diet.The 5 oils were palm oil(U:S=1.2),canola oil(U:S=12.0),and palm oil and canola oil were mixed in different proportions to prepare a combination of U:S of 2.5,3.5 and 4.5,respectively.Results The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility(AID and SID)of fat and fatty acids increased linearly(P<0.05)as the U:S of dietary oils increased except for SID of fat and C18:2.The AID and SID of fat and fatty acids differed among the dietary treatments(P<0.05)except for SID of unsaturated fatty acids(UFA)and C18:2.Fitted one-slope broken-line analyses for the SID of fat,saturated fatty acids(SFA)and UFA indicated that the breakpoint for U:S of oil was 4.14(R^(2)=0.89,P<0.01),2.91(R^(2)=0.98,P<0.01)and 3.84(R^(2)=0.85,P<0.01),respectively.The determined SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA in the mixtures was not different from the calculated SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA.However,the determined SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA in the mixtures were greater than the calculated SID values(P<0.05).The abundance of Romboutsia and Turicibacter in pigs fed diet containing palm oil was greater than that in rapeseed oil treatment group,and the two bacteria were negatively correlated with SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA(P<0.05).Conclusions The optimal U:S for improving the utilization efficiency of mixed oil was 4.14.The SID of fat and UFA for palm oil and canola oil were additive in growing pigs,whereas the SID of SFA in the mixture of two oils was greater than the sum of the values of pure oils.Differences in fat digestibility caused by oils differing in degree of saturation has a significant impact on bacterial community in the foregut.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20871061)the National 973 Program of China (2008CB617512) for the financial support
文摘In this study, production of ct-linoleic acid concentrated from crude perilla oil by gradient cooling urea inclusion was optimized. The fatty acid composition was determined after ethyl esterification by gas chromatography (GC). In this process, orthogonal experiment was carried out. Under optimum conditions, the maximum amount of α-linoleic acid (91.5%) was obtained at a urea to fatty acid ratio of 3, a solvent to fatty acids ratio of 7, a reaction temperature of 348 K and a crystallization time of 690 min. A simple method of gradient cooling urea inclusion was used to purify α-linolenic acid by using urea to form inclusion complexes with the saturated and the less unsaturated fatty acids, which enhanced the purity of α-linoleic acid ethyl ester by above 90%.
基金Supported by The National High Technology Research and Development Pro-gram 863, NO. 2011AA02A111The Capital Health Development Special Scientific Research Projects, NO. 2014-2-2154+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Special Foundation Funded Project, NO. 2014T70963China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project, NO. 2013M532110
文摘AIM: To investigate the relationship of serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) with kinds of cytokines in colorectal cancer(CRC).METHODS: Serum samples of 100 CRC patients were collected. The concentration of total n-3 PUFA which included C18:3 n-3, C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3, C22:6 n-3 and the total n-6 PUFA included C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-6, C20:3 n-6, C20:4 n-6, and C22:5 n-6 were detected onGC-2010 Plus Gas Chromatograph with a Omegawax TM 250 column. Cytokines were detected by Mag Plex TM-C microspheres. P values for the trend were estimated by creating a continuous variable using the median value within quartiles.RESULTS: Interleukin-6(IL-6) showed significantly positive association with the C20:4 n-6(P for trend = 0.004). Interferon gamma(IFN-γ) showed significant positive association with the C22:5 n-3(P for trend = 0.035). IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) showed significant inverse association with the C22:6 n-3(P for trend = 0.049, and 0.021). MMP-2 showed significant inverse association with the C20:5 n-3(P for trend = 0.008). MMP-7 showed significantly positive association with the ratio of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA(P for trend = 0.008). MMP-7 also showed significantly inverse association with the ratio of C20:4 n-6 and(n-6 PUFA + n-3 PUFA)(P for trend = 0.024). IL-10(P for trend = 0.023) and IL-6(P for trend = 0.036) showed significantly positive association with the ratio of C20:4 n-6 and C20:5 n-3.CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that serum levels of PUFA is related to the inflammation of CRC, and also play different role in regulation of immune response.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Nos.2011CB409801,2014CB441502)
文摘The composition and compound-specific isotopes of fatty acids were studied within food webs in the East China Sea.Lipid-normalized stable carbon isotopes of total organic carbon had a good correlation with trophic level.Variations in fatty acid compositions among different species were observed but were unclear.Different dietary structures could be traced from molecular isotopes of selected fatty acids in the Shiba shrimp(Matapenaeus joyneri),the coastal mud shrimp(Solenocera crassicomis) and the northern Maoxia shrimp(Acetes chinensis).Both M.joyneri and S.crassicomis are mainly benthos feeders,while A.chinensis is a pelagic species,although they have a similar fatty acid composition.There was a good correlation for isotopes of arachidonic acid(C20:4n6;ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid(C22:6n3;DHA)among pelagic species from higher trophic levels.The isotopic compositions of DHA in benthic species were more negative than those of pelagic species at the same trophic level.The fact that the diet of benthic species contains more degraded items,the carbon isotopes of which are derived from a large biochemical fraction,may be the reason for this variation.A comparative study of benthic and pelagic species demonstrated the different carbon sources in potential food items and the presence of a more complex system at the watersediment interface.
基金supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30872102)the Diet Nutrition Research & Communication Grant of Danone Institute China (DIC2008‐12)
文摘Objective To investigate the relationships between erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio and blood lipids and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Methods The Chinese and a observational study consisted of a population-based cross-sectiona subsequent 1-year follow-up study of 171 subjects with the fasting cholesterol of 5.13-8.00 mmol/L. study of 456 plasma total Results In the cross-sectional analysis, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) had a significant and negative association with the erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio (P for trend=0.019) after adjusting for sex, age and total PUFA percentage. In the follow-up study, 171 subjects were categorized into quartiles by the changes of n-6:n-3 ratio in erythrocyte membrane (△=month 12-month 0). In the top quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 increased by an average of 1.25 during the follow-up, the LDL-c-lowering extent was 3.3 times of that in the lowest quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 decreased by an average of 1.13 (-1.07 mmol/L v.s. -0.32 mmol/L). The hsCRP decreased by 0.11 mg/dL in the lowest quartile while increasing by 0.10 mg/dL in the top quartile (P for difference=0.052). Conclusion Our results suggested that the balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may optimize the cardiovascular benefits from dietary PUFAs.
文摘Both Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients important for cellular structure and function but cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from food.These two classes of fatty acids are metabolically and functionally different and antagonistically regulate many physiological and pathological processes.Thus,the relative balance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids are critical for good health.However,today’s diet contains too much Omega-6 but too little Omega-3,leading to a severe imbalance with a very high Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio(>10)in most people.Many lines of evidence suggest that this imbalance is a key factor contributing to the development of modern chronic diseases.A growing number of studies ranging from laboratory research to clinical trials have shown that balancing the tissue ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 fatty acids by increasing tissue levels of Omega-3 fatty acids and/or decreasing the content of Omega-6 fatty acids are very beneficial for the prevention and treatment of many life-threating chronic diseases as well as for health promotion of the general public.Therefore,development and production of foods rich in Omega-3-fatty acids should be considered as a key health program to balance essential fat intake and thereby improve the nutritional and health status of all people.
文摘Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with many conditions of aging such as atherosclerosis. Lowering high n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios are commonly found in Western diets aids in preventing inflammatory-related diseases. However, it is not clear whether dietary interventions designed to alter n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios can reduce systemic inflammation in younger adults. Studies that evaluate PUFA intake often use subjective data from food frequency questionnaires or food records rather than more precise physiological measures of PUFAs (e.g. plasma levels). Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study that analyzed data from the experimental parent study of younger adults (n = 18), was to determine whether plasma PUFA levels were associated with levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, and if supplementation with n-3 PUFAs was correlated with rising n-3 PUFA concentrations in plasma and decreasing n-6:n-3 ratios. In the parent study, participants received daily either placebo or n-3 PUFA softgels (1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]). EPA and DHA are the biologically active components in fish oil. Measures included blood for PUFA quantification at baseline and four weeks later, when blister wounds were created and wound fluid and saliva were collected. The saliva samples were used to measure CRP in the present study. We report that CRP was significantly and negatively correlated with total n-3 PUFAs (tau-β = ?0.373, p = 0.031) and positively correlated with n-6:n-3 ratios (tau-β = 0.320, p = 0.063). Those consuming EPA + DHA supplements had significantly higher concentrations of total n-3 PUFAs and significantly lower n-6:n-3 ratios (p The present study has shown that beneficial levels of n-3 PUFAs and n-6:n3 ratios were achieved with 4-weeks of EPA + DHA supplementation and were associated with reduced CRP in young adults. EPA + DHA supplementation for some young adults may help prevent inflammatory conditions later in life.
文摘In the suspended sludge system, when pH and temperature were suitable and carbon source was not limited, the denitrification and C-uptake rate followed a zero-order reaction. Mixed VFA C-source had higher denitrification rate than single VFA C-source consisting of them. When VFA were used as carbon source, consumed carbon quantity for denitrification was closed to 1. 07 mg VFA-C/mg NO-N. About 20% of the applied C/N was used for assimilative purposes. As rising up influent C/N by increasing the C load ,the sludge yield YN increased. The part of carbon consumption increased and the effluent oxidized nitrogen decreased. At pH 7. 5, 25℃ and sludge yield 0.72 mg VSS/mg NO-N, the calculated influent VFA-C /NO critical value was 1. 43 for complete denitrification.
文摘High omega-6/omega-3 ratio intake promotes development of many chronic diseases. Secondary prevention studies though have demonstrated a decline in progression of many such diseases after reducing the intake, specific biochemical indices of cardiovascular disease risk markers have not been evaluated. We have evaluated the circulating levels of omega-6/omega-3 ratio and its effect on cardiovascular risk markers in India. Present study was conducted in industrial setting where employees were randomly selected. Data on their demographic characteristics were collected using pre-tested questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were collected from all the participants. Serum was separated and stored at-80℃ till the time of analysis. Lipids were estimated using standard kits. Fatty acids in serum were estimated by Gas chromatography. The identified Omega-3 fatty acid included were 18:3 (Alpha-linolenic acid), 20:5 (Eicosapentenoic acid) & 22:6 (Docosahexenoic acid). Among omega-6 included were 18:2 (linoleic acid), 18:3 (gamma-linolenic acid) & 20:4 (Arachidonic acid). Complete data was available for 176 participants (89% males and 11% females) with mean age of 47.23 ± 6.00 years. The bmi of the participants was 24.88 ±3.43 Kg/m2 and waist circumference was 91.50 ±9.56 cm. The median of omega-6/omega-3 ratio in the study population was 36.69 (range: 6.21 -?183.69). The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, ldl-cholesterol and cholesterol/hdl ratio and apo B correlated significantly with omega-6/3 ratio. There was no correlation observed with hsCRP and LDL-particle size. A direct relationship of omega-6/ omega-3 ratio with dyslipidemia was observed in our study.
文摘AIM: To investigate the influence of fish oil enriched enteral diet on intestinal tissues taken from Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and non-inflamed non-IBD control patients in vitro.METHODS: Colonoscopic biopsies from patients with active CD (n = 4), active UC (n = 7), and non-inflamed non-IBD control patients (n = 4) were incubated (three dilutions of 1:20, 1:10, and 1:5) with Waymouth's culture medium and enteral elemental diet (EO28, SHS, Liverpool, UK) modified in the fatty acid composition with fish oil (EF) in an organ culture system for 24 h. In each experimental set-up, incubation with Waymouth's medium alone as control was included. Tissue viability was assessed by adding bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to the culture fluid and immunohistochemically staining for BrdU uptake. Cytokine ratio of IL-1ra/IL-1β (low ratio indicative of inflammation) and production of those cytokines as a percentage of medium control were assayed in the culture supernatant. RESULTS: Incubation of CD-affected tissue with EF (1:20, 1:10, and 1:5) modestly and non-significantly increased IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio as compared with medium control (CD 39.1±16.1; 26.5±7.8, 47.1±16.8 vs control 13.0±2.2), but incubation of UC-affected tissues increased IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio significantly in all three dilutions (UC 69.1±32.2, P<0.05; 76.1±36.4, P = 0.05;84.5±37.3, P<0.02; vs control 10.2±3.7). Incubation of non-inflamed non-IBD control tissue did not increase the IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio in any dilution compared to medium control (69.3±47.0, 54.1±30.6, 79.4±34.0 vs control 76.1±37.3). Average percentage production of IL-1β indexed against medium control was significantly less in UC after EF incubation as compared with CD (UC 24.0±4.8 vs CD 51.8±8.1; P<0.05). Average percentage production of IL-1ra was markedly higher in UC (135.9±3.4) than that in control patients (36.5±4.3) (P<0.0001).CONCLUSION: IBD tissues, after incubation with elemental diet modified in its fatty acid composition with fish oil, show an increase in IL-1ra/IL-1β cytokine ratio. This effect of ω-3 fatty acid modulation is significantly more marked in UC compared with CD and is accompanied by both a reduction of IL-1β and increase of IL-1ra. The positive direct anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diet with fish oil in tissue affected with UC suggests dietary treatment of UC may be possible.
文摘Freeze drying is reported to be the best method of dehydration. Live fresh Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were freeze dried. The moisture content, rehydration ratio, and fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs were analysed. The applicability of using freeze drying to process high-value E. sinensis, so as to prolong the time duration of their storage and marketing, were discussed. After lyophilisation, the average moisture content was 6%. The physical properties (shape, size, and colour) of the musculature and viscera were maintained well during freeze drying. The rehydration ratio was 2.15 when rehydrated for 30 min at room temperature. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were higher in female freeze-dried crabs than in male crabs. After full rehydration, the fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs showed no significant differences to that of frozen crabs after thawing. In conclusion, freeze drying can well preserve the physical properties of the edible parts and fatty acid composition of the viscera in high-value E. sinensis. Rehydration has no destruction of the nutritional value regarding to the fatty acid composition. Therefore, freeze drying is a suitable technique for the processing of high-value E. sinensis.
文摘The research direction of our team is nutrition and physiology of ruminants, including dietary nutrition metabolism and rumen microorganisms. Previous research has shown that ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio is related to diet utilization efficiency. At present, it is believed that the main factors affecting the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio are the degradation rate of the diet and the rumen microbial structure, but the main mechanism is unclear<span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study found that the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect of ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio was not affected by the concentration of the fermentation substrate, but was affected by the structure of the rumen microbiota. We believe that changes in the rumen microflora structure are the main mechanism for regulating the ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio. This will help people to further understand the rumen physiology, thereby gradually improving feed conversion efficiency and reducing production costs. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Abstract: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to explore the mechanism by which diet regulates the acetate-to-propionate molar ratio (A: P ratio), we compared the effect on rumen fermentation parameters and the microbiome by altering the ratio of dietary concentrates to roughage ratio and calcium pyruvate infusion. The test animals were Laoshan dairy goats, and were fed continuously through an automatic feeder. The test groups were fed a base diet of low concentrates, and intraruminally infused with calcium pyruvate at two concentrations. The infusion concentrations were derived from the difference in the rate of carbohydrate degradation of the high and low concentrate diets, and they were artificially set such that the high concentration infusion group was infused with twice the concentration as the low concentration infusion group. The control groups were fed high concentrate</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(6:4) and low concentrate (3:7) diets, respectively. The following results were obtained by measuring rumen fermentation parameters and microbial composition: the rumen A: P ratio was significantly lower in the high-concentrate</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">diet group than in the low concentrate diet group (P < 0.05). Infusion of low concentration calcium pyruvate had no significant effect on rumen A: P ratio (P > 0.05), while infusion of high concentration calcium pyruvate significantly increased the rumen A: P ratio (P < 0.05). Relative to goats fed the low concentrate diet, those fed the high concentrate diet had a greater abundance of microbes related to propionate production and a reduced abundance of microbes related to fiber degradation. Infusion of pyruvate had no significant</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">effect on rumen microbial structure. The above results indicate that increasing the concentration of the fermentation substrate without affecting the composition of the microflora does not reduce the A: P ratio. Microbiological results showed that the A: P ratio was more closely related to the rumen microflora structure. Therefore, it is believed that rumen microflora structure is the main mechanism regulating A: P ratio in rumen fermentation.</span>
文摘The aim of this study was to select sheep fat from Tsetserleg sum of Arkhangai aimag as raw material and to produce liquid soap. The oil was extracted from raw materials such as sheep’s tail fat (TF), outer fat (OF), and inner fat (IF), which were analyzed by chemical methods, and the liquid soap was obtained by cold methods. Liquid soap was prepared from three types of raw materials, each of which was mixed with 70% fat oil and 30% liquid oil. The ratio was chosen to dilute the liquid soap to 2% of the product. The most suitable oil for preparing liquid soaps from raw materials such as TFO, OFO, and IFO was the tail fat oil (TFO). The highest unsaturated fatty acid content in crude fats and oils was 41.23%, the highest content of saturated fatty acids was 22.3%, and the highest content of methyl-stearate was 33.65% by the GC-MS analytical method.
基金supported by Division of Research Administration, Naresuan University
文摘The effects on finishing pigs(80-100 kg BW) fed diets supplemented with oil sources containing different ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(UFA:SFA ratio) were evaluated in 15 barrows and15 gilts(Duroc × Large White × Landrace). Three experimental diets were evaluated using a randomized complete block design, with broken rice, soybean meal and rice bran as the main feedstuffs in the control diet. Diets 2 and 3 consisted of the control diet supplemented with 3% oil, with UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1, respectively. Overall, there was no significant difference(P> 0.05) found in the average daily gain(ADG) of the pigs fed the treatment diets; however, the pigs fed the control diet and diet 3 had better(P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios(FCR) than the pigs fed diet 2. The pigs fed diets 2 and 3, which were supplemented with oil at UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1, had greater(P < 0.05) average daily feed intakes(ADFI) than the pigs in the control group. Additionally, it was found that the gender of the pigs had an effect(P < 0.05) on the FCR. Interaction effects between the experimental diets and the gender of the pigs(P < 0.05) were found in the ADFI and FCR. There were no significance differences(P > 0.05)among the treatment groups with regard to the carcass quality of the pigs; however, it was found that the gilts had greater(P < 0.01) loin eye areas than the barrows fed diets 2 and 3 and the loin eye area of pig fed diet 2 was the largest(P < 0.05); In the case of the meat quality parameters, it was clearly found that the pigs fed the control diet had a greater(P < 0.05) lightness(L~*) in the meat colour, and the lowest cooking loss was found in the pigs fed the diet supplemented with fat containing the UFA:SFA ratio of 5:1.Overall, the dietary treatment did not significantly affect the drip loss, thawing loss and shear force of the pork. In conclusion, the supplementation of oil with UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1 has the potential to improve pork quality.