To evaluate hormesis induced by Yttrium(Y) nitrate in male rats, Y was offered to F0 mother rats and F1 offspring at concentrations of 0, 20, 80, and320 ppm daily from gestational day (GD) 0 through postnatal day...To evaluate hormesis induced by Yttrium(Y) nitrate in male rats, Y was offered to F0 mother rats and F1 offspring at concentrations of 0, 20, 80, and320 ppm daily from gestational day (GD) 0 through postnatal day 70(PND70).The F1 offspring were evaluated with respect to motor function,learning and memory, and histopathology.展开更多
Action potentials(APs)in neurons are generated at the axon initial segment(AIS).AP dynamics,including initiation and propagation,are intimately associated with neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release kineti...Action potentials(APs)in neurons are generated at the axon initial segment(AIS).AP dynamics,including initiation and propagation,are intimately associated with neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release kinetics.Most learning and memory studies at the single-neuron level have relied on the use of animal models,most notably rodents.Here,we studied AP initiation and propagation in cultured hippocampal neurons from Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats and C57BL/6(C57)mice with genetically encoded voltage indicator(GEVI)-based voltage imaging.Our data showed that APs traveled bidirectionally in neurons from both species;forward-propagating APs(fpAPs)had a different speed than backpropagating APs(bpAPs).Additionally,we observed distinct AP propagation characteristics in AISs emerging from the somatic envelope compared to those originating from dendrites.Compared with rat neurons,mouse neurons exhibited higher bpAP speed and lower fpAP speed,more distally located ankyrin G(AnkG)in AISs,and longer Nav1.2 lengths in AISs.Moreover,during AIS plasticity,AnkG and Nav1.2 showed distal shifts in location and shorter lengths of labeled AISs in rat neurons;in mouse neurons,however,they showed a longer AnkG-labeled length and more distal Nav1.2 location.Our findings suggest that hippocampal neurons in SD rats and C57 mice may have different AP propagation speeds,different AnkG and Nav1.2 patterns in the AIS,and different AIS plasticity properties,indicating that comparisons between these species must be carefully considered.展开更多
This communication presents a new method of detecting the behaviour pattern in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of blood plasma at microwave frequencies at different perio...This communication presents a new method of detecting the behaviour pattern in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of blood plasma at microwave frequencies at different periods of time. The microwave measurements were performed by rectangular cavity perturbation method in the S-band of microwave frequency with the blood plasma collected from normal rats (Controls) as well as chemically induced rats (Aβ). A change is observed in the dielectric properties of the Aβsamples but not the controls samples at the extended period of time. This measurement technique is simple and the collection of blood from the rats is nonsurgical in nature. These results prove a new method of diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) using microwave techniques.展开更多
Objective: To explore the differences of obese Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats model induced by lard oil high-fat(HF)diet or purified HF diet. Methods: SD weanling rats were randomly divided into three groups: D1 group,where r...Objective: To explore the differences of obese Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats model induced by lard oil high-fat(HF)diet or purified HF diet. Methods: SD weanling rats were randomly divided into three groups: D1 group,where rats were fed by lard oil HF diet;D2 group,where rats were fed by purified HF diet;C group,where rats were fed on chow. After 12 weeks,diet-induced obesity rat(stop 33% based on weight)were selected for further study,and the rest rats from group D1 and D2 were excluded. The food intake and weight were weighted daily and weekly,respectively. The subcutaneous,visceral and total fat contents of rats was measured by 256-row CT scan and the Lee index was calculated accordingly. The kidney,liver,testis,spleen and heart were weighted respectively. Serum leptin and insulin levels were quantified. The pathology in liver and adipose tissues were analyzed by HE staining. Oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)was used to compare the glucose tolerance ability. Serum total cholestero(lT-CHO),high density lipoprotein(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein(LDL-C),triglyceride(TG)and inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α were detected as well. Results: After 12 weeks,the body weight,subcutaneous fat,visceral fat,total fat mass,wet weight of liver,kidney and heart,area under blood glucose curve and the levels of serum insulin,leptin,T-CHO,LDL-C,TG,IL-6 and TNF-α in group D2 were significantly increased compared to those of group C and group D1. HDL-C of group D2 was markedly lower than that in group C(P<0. 05). The visceral fat,total fat content and HDL-C in group D1 were significantly different from those of group C(P<0. 05). Steatosis and enlarged adipocyte were found in the livers of rats in group D1 and D2,and the lesions were more significant in group D2. Conclusion: Purified HF diet was more effective in inducing metabolic abnormalities,steatosis,peripheral chronic inflammation in obese SD rat models. But lard oil HF diet was more economical when only inducing visceral steatosis was required.展开更多
An aging-induced decrease in Schwann cell viability can affect regeneration following peripheral nerve injury in mammals. It is therefore necessary to investigate possible age-related changes in gene expression that m...An aging-induced decrease in Schwann cell viability can affect regeneration following peripheral nerve injury in mammals. It is therefore necessary to investigate possible age-related changes in gene expression that may affect the biological function of peripheral nerves. Ten 1-week-old and ten 12-month-old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into young(1 week old) and adult(12 months old) groups according to their ages. mRNA expression in the sciatic nerve was compared between young and adult rats using next-generation sequencing(NGS) and bioinformatics(n = 4/group). The 18 groups of differentially expressed mRNA(DEmRNAs) were also tested by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(n = 6/group). Results revealed that(1) compared with young rats, adult rats had 3608 groups of DEmRNAs. Of these, 2684 were groups of upregulated genes, and 924 were groups of downregulated genes. Their functions mainly involved cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, and myelination.(2) The gene with the most obvious increase of all DEmRNAs in adult rats was Thrsp(log2 FC = 9.01, P 〈 0.05), and the gene with the most obvious reduction was Col2 a1(log2 FC = -8.89, P 〈 0.05).(3) Gene Ontology analysis showed that DEmRNAs were mainly concentrated in oligosaccharide binding, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing one signaling pathway, and peptide-transporting ATPase activity.(4) Analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that, with increased age, DEmRNAs were mainly enriched in steroid biosynthesis, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and graft-versus-host disease.(5) Spearman's correlation coefficient method for evaluating NGS accuracy showed that the NGS results and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results were positively correlated(rs = 0.74, P 〈 0.05). These findings confirm a difference in sciatic nerve gene expression between adult and young rats, suggesting that, in peripheral nerves, cells and the microenvironment change with age, thus influencing the function and repair of peripheral nerves.展开更多
Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) is able to induce various benign and malignant liver lesions in rats with a high success rate and a low mortality rate. It provides a more appropriate model that better simulates the various ...Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) is able to induce various benign and malignant liver lesions in rats with a high success rate and a low mortality rate. It provides a more appropriate model that better simulates the various lesions occurring in humans than the usual model of tumor implantations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate MRI liver examination in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats as a routine method to detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules induced by DENA and to follow up their growth. METHODS:Hepatic carcinogenesis was induced in 80 male SD rats using oral DENA solution. All animals were imaged for liver tumor detection with a 1.5 Tesla magnet (Siemens Sonata,Erlangen, Germany) using correspondence scan parameters and a radio-frequency knee coil. Macroscopic examinations were performed along the axial MRI sections to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and histopathological assessment was also performed. RESULTS:No false negative results were obtained on MR images. Hepatic tumors in 72 rats were confirmed macro-scopically and 68 rats were detected by MRI till the 20th week. The smallest and the largest nodules detected by MRI were 2 mm and 37 mm in diameter respectively. The agreement rate of MRI with macroscopic observation was 39. 1% and 97. 4% respectively for 2 mm to 5 mm and more than 5 mm nodules. CONCLUSIONS:The hepatic tumor induced by DENA provides a more representative range of tumors for imaging diagnosis and interventional treatment. MRI is the best approach for scrutinizing pathological changes of rat livers in the period of observation.展开更多
Objective To establish allergic airway inflammation model in late-phase airway reaction of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into three groups-, control group (Group Ⅰ) ,singl...Objective To establish allergic airway inflammation model in late-phase airway reaction of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into three groups-, control group (Group Ⅰ) ,single challenge group (Group Ⅱ ),consecutive challenge group (Group Ⅲ). The rats in Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ were sensitized twice by injection of ovalbumin (OA) together with aluminum hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis as adjuvants, followed by challenge with aerosolized OA for 20 min once in Group Ⅱ or one time on each day for one week in, Group Ⅲ. The rats in Group Ⅰ received 0. 9% saline by injection and inhalation. Results Compared with group Ⅰ , there were positive symptoms observed in the group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ; the amount of total leucocytes and eosinophil percentage in brochoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0. 01 respectively) in Group Ⅱ or Ⅲ ; histopathologic changes of lung showed acute allergic inflammation changes in Group Ⅱ: Disrupted epithelium damaged subepithelial structure and eosinophil infiltration in the airway wall. As for the Group Ⅲ, there were allergen- induced characteristic features of chronic allergic airways inflammation: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle, goblet cell hyperplasia, basement membrane thickening, eosinophil in filtration, edema. Conclusion The model of allergic airway inflammation in late-phase response of SD rats was successfully established by OA sensitization (twice) and consecutive challenge.展开更多
This 6-week study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seven different levels of dietary chromium (Cr) (0,75,150,300,450,600,and 1200 ppb Cr) in the form of Cr nanoparticle (CrNano) on growth,body composition,seru...This 6-week study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seven different levels of dietary chromium (Cr) (0,75,150,300,450,600,and 1200 ppb Cr) in the form of Cr nanoparticle (CrNano) on growth,body composition,serum hormones and tissue Cr in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Seventy male SD rats (average initial body weight of (83.2±4.4) g) were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments (n=10). At the end of the trial,body composition was assessed via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). All rats were then sacrificed to collect samples of blood,organs and tissues for determination of serum hormones and tissue Cr contents. The results indicated that lean body mass was significantly increased (P<0.05) due to the addition of 300 and 450 ppb Cr from CrNano. Supplementation of 150,300,450,and 600 ppb Cr decreased (P<0.05) percent body fat significantly. Average daily gain was increased (P<0.05) by addition of 75,150,and 300 ppb Cr and feed efficiency was increased (P<0.05) by supplementation of 75,300,and 450 ppb Cr. Addition of 300 and 450 ppb Cr decreased (P<0.05) the insulin level in serum greatly. Cr contents in liver and kidney were greatly increased (P<0.05) by the addition of Cr as CrNano in the dosage of from 150 ppb to 1 200 ppb. In addition,Supplementation of 300,450,and 600 ppb Cr significantly increased (P<0.05) Cr content in the hind leg muscle. These results suggest that supplemental CrNano has beneficial effects on growth performance and body composition,and increases tissue Cr concentration in selected muscles.展开更多
The angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptide NCW derived from Mizuhopecten yessoensis has been demonstrated to have significant in vivo anti-hypertensive effects,however,its anti-hypertensive mechanism is ...The angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptide NCW derived from Mizuhopecten yessoensis has been demonstrated to have significant in vivo anti-hypertensive effects,however,its anti-hypertensive mechanism is still not fully clarified.This study established a UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS/MS-based widely targeted kidney metabolomics approach to explore the changes of kidney metabolic profiles and to clarify the antihypertensive mechanism of peptide NCW in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs).Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the kidney metabolic profiles were clearly separated between the SHR-NCW and SHRUntreated groups.A total of 85 metabolites were differentially regulated,and 16 metabolites were identified as potential kidney biomarkers,e.g.,3-hydroxybutyrate,malonic acid,deoxycytidine,and L-aspartic acid.The peptide NCW might regulate kidney metabolic disorder of SHRs to alleviate hypertension by suppressing inflammation and improving nitric oxide production under the regulation of linoleic acid metabolism,folate related pathways,synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies,pyrimidine metabolism,β-alanine metabolism,and retinal metabolism.展开更多
Introduction: Inappropriate and excess vitamin supplementation, particularly for vitamin A, is increasingly recognized as a public health problem in developed countries. On the other hand, blind supplementation of vit...Introduction: Inappropriate and excess vitamin supplementation, particularly for vitamin A, is increasingly recognized as a public health problem in developed countries. On the other hand, blind supplementation of vitamin A, for children in developing countries is a subject of controversy in the literature. The crucial role of vitamin A in the process of spermatogenesis in adult rodents is well established, but only a few publications are consecrated to the long-term effect of vitamin A intake at a young age on testicular development and differentiation. Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of acute supplementation at an early age, in the post-natal period, on spermatogenesis and testicular trophicity at adult age. Material and Methods: Young Wistar Albinos rats of 22 days received an acute high dose of supplementation of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate). The control group, group 1, received only extra virgin olive oil, Group 2 a dose of 7000 IU/kg of retinyl palmitate, group 3, 14,000 IU/kg, and Group 4 a dose of 28,000 IU/kg. At 10 weeks of age, the testes’ testosterone levels were measured by ELISA. For histological assessment, sections were stained with Hematoxylin eosin, and the Johnsen score was used to evaluate spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. Results: The average testicular weights of rats were significantly lower in group 4 (p < 0.05), and so was the testosterone level in the testis compared to the control group (p .01). Most of the seminiferous tubules were concerned by an arrest of spermatogenesis and the Johnsen score was decreased with a mean score of 5.96 ± 1.60 (p .001) in that Group. In Group 3, Johnsen’s score was significantly better than the one obtained with the control. Conclusion: We observed a negative effect in the long term with a high acute dose of supplementation of retinyl palmitate at a young age, on testicular development and differentiation. Despite a return to normal diet after that supplementation, during childhood, impaired spermatogenesis was identified at the adult age with an arrest of spermatogenesis. The reversibility of that lack of differentiation by a return to a normal diet is questionable and would need more investigation.展开更多
●AIM:To investigate the underlying mechanism of dry environment(autumn dryness)affecting the lacrimal glands in rats.●METHODS:Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.The rats were fed in spe...●AIM:To investigate the underlying mechanism of dry environment(autumn dryness)affecting the lacrimal glands in rats.●METHODS:Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.The rats were fed in specific pathogen free environment as the control group(n=10),and the rats fed in dry environment as the dryness group(n=10).After 24d,lacrimal glands were collected from the rats.The tissues morphology was observed by hematoxylineosin(HE)staining.Tandem mass tags(TMT)quantitative proteomics analysis technology was used to screen the differential expressed proteins of lacrimal glands between the two groups,then bioinformatics analysis was performed.Further,the immunohistochemical(IHC)method was used to verify the target proteins.●RESULTS:In dryness group,the lacrimal glands lobule atrophied,the glandular cavities enlarged,the sparse nuclear distribution and scattered inflammatory infiltration between the acinus were observed.The proteomics exhibited that a total of 195 up-regulated and 236 downregulated differential expressed proteins screened from the lacrimal glands of rats.It was indicated that the biological processes(BP)of differential expressed proteins mainly included cell processes and single BP.The cellular compositions of differential expressed proteins mainly located in cells,organelles.The molecular functions of differential expressed proteins mainly included binding,catalytic activity.Moreover,the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis showed that the differential expressed proteins mainly involved lysosome,complement and coagulation cascade,and ribosome pathway.The IHC result verified that the up-regulated expression proteins of Protein S100A9(S100A9),Annexin A1(Anxa1),and Clusterin(Clu)in lacrimal glands of rats in dryness group were higher than control group.●CONCLUSION:The up-regulated expression proteins of S100A9,Anxa1,and Clu may be the potential mechanisms of dry eye symptoms caused by dry environment.This study provides clues of dry environments causing eye-related diseases for further studies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Despite much work having been conducted on magnetic compression anastomo-sis(MCA)in the digestive tract,there are no reports on the influence of magnetic force on the anastomosis.AIM To investigate the effe...BACKGROUND Despite much work having been conducted on magnetic compression anastomo-sis(MCA)in the digestive tract,there are no reports on the influence of magnetic force on the anastomosis.AIM To investigate the effect of different magnetic force magnets on the MCA of the digestive tract.METHODS Two groups of magnets of the same sizes but different magnetic forces were designed and produced.A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into two groups(powerful magnet group and common magnet group),with 12 rats in each group.Two types of magnets were used to complete the colonic side-to-side anastomosis of the rats.The operation time and magnet discharge time were recorded.The anastomotic specimens were obtained 4 wk after the operation and then the burst pressure and diameter of the anastomosis were measured,and the anastomosis was observed via the naked eye and subjected to histological examination.RESULTS The magnetic forces of the powerful and common magnet groups at zero distance were 8.26 N and 4.10 N,respectively.The colonic side-to-side anastomosis was completed in all 24 rats,and the operation success rate and postoperative survival rate were 100%.No significant difference was noted in the operation time between the two groups.The magnet discharge time of the powerful magnet group was slightly longer than that of the common magnet group,but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.513).Furthermore,there was no statistical difference in the burst pressure(P=0.266)or diameter of magnetic anastomosis(P=0.095)between the two groups.The gross specimens of the two groups showed good anastomotic healing,and histological observation indicated good mucosal continuity without differences on healing.CONCLUSION In the rat colonic side-to-side MCA model,both the powerful magnet with 8.26 N and the common magnet with 4.10 N showed no significant impact on the anastomosis establishment process or its effect.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the stability of the seven housekeeping genes:beta-actin(ActB),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),18s ribosomal unit 5(18s),cyclophilin A(CycA),hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl trans...AIM:To investigate the stability of the seven housekeeping genes:beta-actin(ActB),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),18s ribosomal unit 5(18s),cyclophilin A(CycA),hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase(HPRT),ribosomal protein large P0(36B4)and terminal uridylyl transferase 1(U6)in the diabetic retinal tissue of rat model.METHODS:The expression of these seven genes in rat retinal tissues was determined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)in two groups;normal control rats and streptozotocininduced diabetic rats.The stability analysis of gene expression was investigated using geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,and comparative delta-Ct(ΔCt)algorithms.RESULTS:The 36B4 gene was stably expressed in the retinal tissues of normal control animals;however,it was less stable in diabetic retinas.The 18s gene was expressed consistently in both normal control and diabetic rats’retinal tissue.That this gene was the best reference for data normalisation in RT-qPCR studies that used the retinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Furthermore,there was no ideal gene stably expressed for use in all experimental settings.CONCLUSION:Identifying relevant genes is a need for achieving RT-qPCR validity and reliability and must be appropriately achieved based on a specific experimental setting.展开更多
Background:The usage of the light emitting diode(LED)has been increasingly applied in the illumination setting and electronic equipment.However,the effect of LED lights on the retina remains unclear.In this study,we o...Background:The usage of the light emitting diode(LED)has been increasingly applied in the illumination setting and electronic equipment.However,the effect of LED lights on the retina remains unclear.In this study,we observed and analyzed the impact of white LED lights at different intensities on the function and morphology of rat retinas.Methods:Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-180 g were randomly divided into six groups(n=6 in each group)including a normal control(NC)group,4 white LED groups at different light intensities(4,000,6,000,7,000,and 10,000 lux),and an ultraviolet B(UVB)lighting group(302 nm,1,000μw/cm2).After 24 hours of continuous illumination,full-field flash electroretinogram(FERG)and pathological examination were performed in each group.Results:As revealed by FERG,the impairment of retinal function gradually worsened with the increase of LED light intensity.In contrast,the UVB group had the most severe retinal function impairment.Particularly,the functional damage of rod cells and inner nuclear layer cells was the main FERG finding in each group.In the NC group,the retina had typical morphologies featured by well-defined structures,clearly visible border between the inner and outer segments,and neatly arranged inner and outer nuclear layer cells.After 24 hours of illumination,the inner and outer parts of the retina in the 4,000 lux group were still neatly arranged,along with a clear border;however,the inner and outer nuclear layers were randomly arranged,and some irregular nuclei and cells were lost.The damage of the internal and external retinal segments and the internal and external nuclear layers became more evident in the 6,000 lux group,7,000 lux group,and 10,000 lux group.The UVB group had a more obviously disordered arrangement of inner and outer nuclear layers and loss of cells.Conclusions:Continuous exposure to white LED light can cause structural and functional damage to rat retinas,and such damage is related to the intensity of illumination.Therefore,the risk of retinal damage should be considered during LED illumination,and proper LED illumination intensity may help to maintain eye health.展开更多
AIM:To observe the effects of N-acetylserotonin(NAS)administration on retinal ischemia-reperfusion(RIR)injury in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms involving the high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)/receptor for a...AIM:To observe the effects of N-acetylserotonin(NAS)administration on retinal ischemia-reperfusion(RIR)injury in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms involving the high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end-products(RAGE)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathway.METHODS:A rat model of RIR was developed by increasing the pressure of the anterior chamber of the eye.Eighty male Sprague Dawley were randomly divided into five groups:sham group(n=8),RIR group(n=28),RIR+NAS group(n=28),RIR+FPS-ZM1 group(n=8)and RIR+NAS+FPS-ZM1 group(n=8).The therapeutic effects of NAS were examined by hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)staining,and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)counting.The expression of interleukin 1 beta(IL-1β),HMGB1,RAGE,and nod-like receptor 3(NLRP3)proteins and the phosphorylation of nuclear factorkappa B(p-NF-κB)were analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot analysis.The expression of HMGB1 protein was also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).RESULTS:H&E staining results showed that NAS significantly reduced retinal edema and increased the number of RGCs in RIR rats.With NAS therapy,the HMGB1 and RAGE expression decreased significantly,and the activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway was antagonized along with the inhibition of p-NF-κB and NLRP3 protein expression.Additionally,NAS exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing IL-1βexpression.The inhibitory of RAGE binding to HMGB1 by RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 led to a significant decrease of p-NF-κB and NLRP3 expression,so as to the IL-1βexpression and retinal edema,accompanied by an increase of RGCs in RIR rats.CONCLUSION:NAS may exhibit a neuroprotective effect against RIR via the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway,which may be a useful therapeutic target for retinal disease.展开更多
BACKGROUND:This study aims to explore whether Xuebijing(XBJ) can improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in sepsis and its mechanism.METHODS:A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture...BACKGROUND:This study aims to explore whether Xuebijing(XBJ) can improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in sepsis and its mechanism.METHODS:A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP).A total of 30 male SD rats were divided into four groups:sham group,CLP group,XBJ + axitinib group,and XBJ group.XBJ was intraperitoneally injected 2 h before CLP.Hemodynamic data(blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded.The intestinal microcirculation data of the rats were analyzed via microcirculation imaging.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kits were used to detect the serum levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),C-reactive protein(CRP),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the rats.Histological analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa in rats.The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A),phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),phosphorylated PI3K(p-PI3K),protein kinase B(Akt),and phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt) in the small intestine was analyzed via Western blotting.RESULTS:XBJ improved intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats,alleviated the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa,and reduced the systemic inflammatory response.Moreover,XBJ upregulated the expression of VEGF-A,p-PI3K/total PI3K,and p-Akt/total Akt in the rat small intestine.CONCLUSION:XBJ may improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats possibly through the VEGF-A/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the protective mechanism of naringenin on acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(AMI-RI)in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.[Methods]A total of 32 SD rats with AMI-RI model construction were ran...[Objectives]To investigate the protective mechanism of naringenin on acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(AMI-RI)in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.[Methods]A total of 32 SD rats with AMI-RI model construction were randomly divided into AMI-RI model control group and citrus pigment A/B/C groups(n=8).The naringenin A,B,and C groups were administrated 20,40 and 80 mg/(kg•d)for 10 d.The AMI group served as the negative control and was not treated.At the conclusion of the treatment regimen,a sample of intraventricular blood was collected for the purpose of measuring lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),glutathione peroxidase(GLH-PX),nitric oxide(NO),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels.Additionally,myocardial tissue was identified within the ischemic region.The content of malondialdehyde(MDA)was determined by inducing nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and endodermal nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)positive cells in the left anterior descending coronary artery.[Results]Following citrus treatment,the contents of GLH-PX and SOD in ventricular blood of the citrus B group were found to be significantly elevated,while the contents of NO and LDH in myocardial MDA and ventricle were observed to be significantly reduced.The number of eNOS-positive cells was significantly increased,while the number of iNOS-positive cells was significantly decreased.The difference was statistically significant when compared with the AMI-RI group(P<0.05).The changes observed in the above indicators in the citrus C group were more pronounced than those observed in the citrus B group.The difference between the citrus C and the B group was statistically significant(P<0.05),indicating that this effect is concentration dependent.[Conclusions]In addition to its ability to inhibit myocardial lipid peroxidation during AMI-RI by increasing SOD activity,naringenin may also affect the synthesis and release of NO by regulating eNOS and iNOS,thereby achieving protection against AMI-RI.One effect is enhanced as the dose of the drug increases.展开更多
BACKGROUND In recent years,studies have found that the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)is closely related to an increase in polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase-1(PARP-1)activity.PARP-...BACKGROUND In recent years,studies have found that the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)is closely related to an increase in polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase-1(PARP-1)activity.PARP-1 activation could be involved in the pathophysiological process of DCM by promoting oxidative stress,the inflammatory response,apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis.AIM To investigate the mechanism of liraglutide in improving myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats,further clarified the protective effect of liraglutide on the heart,and provided a new option for the treatment of DCM.METHODS Forty healthy male SD rats aged 6 wk were randomly divided into two groups,a normal control group(n=10)and a model group(n=30),which were fed an ordinary diet and a high-sugar and high-fat diet,respectively.After successful modeling,the rats in the model group were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 4 wk and randomly divided into a model group and an intervention group(further divided into a high-dose group and a low-dose group).The rats were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 8 wk and then started drug intervention.Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta to detect fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles.Intact heart tissue was dissected,and its weight was used to calculate the heart weight index.Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the myocardium and the expression of PARP-1 in the heart by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS The body weight and heart weight index of rats in the model group were significantly increased compared with those in the normal control group,and those in the intervention group were decreased compared with those in the model group,with a more obvious decrease observed in the high-dose group(P<0.05).In the model group,myocardial fibers were disordered,and inflammatory cells and interstitial fibrosis were observed.The cardiomyopathy of rats in the intervention group was improved to different degrees,the myocardial fibers were arranged neatly,and the myocardial cells were clearly striated;the improvement was more obvious in the high-dose group.Compared with the normal control group,the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue of the model group was increased,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After liraglutide intervention,compared with the model group,the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue was decreased,and the reduction was more obvious in the high-dose group(P<0.05)but still higher than that in the normal control group.CONCLUSION Liraglutide may improve myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats by inhibiting the expression of myocardial PARP-1 in a dose-dependent manner.展开更多
Objective: The present study consisted of challenging the extract of kombucha and the fungus Ganoderma reported as hypoglycemic and used as alternative treatments against diabetes on the number and morphology of islet...Objective: The present study consisted of challenging the extract of kombucha and the fungus Ganoderma reported as hypoglycemic and used as alternative treatments against diabetes on the number and morphology of islets of Langerhans. Material and Methods: 64 Wistar rats were used in 4 groups: one control, three experimental, streptozotocin, Kombucha y Ganoderma induced diabetes with streptozotocin. Divided into four post-induction stages at 2, 15, 30 and 45 days of treatment, sacrificing 4 rats at each stage, to perform the morphological analysis of the pancreas. Results: A decrease in the islets of Langerhans in size, volume and the number of cells within them was identified for the streptozotocin group from the second stage until almost disappearing due to diabetes, in the groups of Kombucha y Ganoderma the same was observed but they were recovered with the extract treatments and the average number of islets was similar in these groups, the group of Ganoderma. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this work, a protective and regenerative effect of both extracts is identified.展开更多
Introduction: Moringa oleifera was a medicinal plant generally used by populations in the food and therapeutic fields. It’s used to treat anemia has been observed in the Djougou Zone in northern Benin. To our knowled...Introduction: Moringa oleifera was a medicinal plant generally used by populations in the food and therapeutic fields. It’s used to treat anemia has been observed in the Djougou Zone in northern Benin. To our knowledge, there were no scientific data available that have evaluated its efficacy in the treatment of haemolytic anemia. This was what justifies this research work in which the phytochemical analysis, extraction and evaluation of the anti-anemic effect were carried out. Methods: Five groups of five Wistar rats each were formed. All the rats were rendered anemic by injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on the first two days D0 and D1 except those in the negative control group. From the second day, the anemic groups were force-fed either with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves at 200 or 300 mg/kg body weight/day, or with vitafer, the reference drug against anemia. The positive control group (anemia) was not treated. Blood samples were taken from all the rats on different days: D0, D2, D7, D10 and D15 to evaluate the data of the hemogram and the osmotic resistance of the red blood cells. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins, saponosides, triterpenes and mucilages. A good yield was obtained at the extraction. Both the extract and the reference drug vitafer completely corrected anemia within two weeks after stimulating hemoglobin synthesis and early release of immature red blood cells into the bloodstream. Its effect seemed dose-dependent and specific. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaves showed good therapeutic efficacy and can be considered and exploited for transformation into improved traditional medicines (ITM) in the treatment of anemia.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFC1601701]Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [3142018038]
文摘To evaluate hormesis induced by Yttrium(Y) nitrate in male rats, Y was offered to F0 mother rats and F1 offspring at concentrations of 0, 20, 80, and320 ppm daily from gestational day (GD) 0 through postnatal day 70(PND70).The F1 offspring were evaluated with respect to motor function,learning and memory, and histopathology.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Program of “Brain Science and Brain-Like Research”(2022ZD0211800)National Natural Science Foundation of China General Research Grant (81971679, 21727806,31771147)+4 种基金Major Research Grant (91632305, 32088101)Ministry of Science and Technology (2018YFA0507600, 2017YFA0503600)Qidong-PKU SLS Innovation Fund (2016000663)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and National Key R&D Program of China (2020AAA0105200)sponsored by the Bayer Investigator Award。
文摘Action potentials(APs)in neurons are generated at the axon initial segment(AIS).AP dynamics,including initiation and propagation,are intimately associated with neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release kinetics.Most learning and memory studies at the single-neuron level have relied on the use of animal models,most notably rodents.Here,we studied AP initiation and propagation in cultured hippocampal neurons from Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats and C57BL/6(C57)mice with genetically encoded voltage indicator(GEVI)-based voltage imaging.Our data showed that APs traveled bidirectionally in neurons from both species;forward-propagating APs(fpAPs)had a different speed than backpropagating APs(bpAPs).Additionally,we observed distinct AP propagation characteristics in AISs emerging from the somatic envelope compared to those originating from dendrites.Compared with rat neurons,mouse neurons exhibited higher bpAP speed and lower fpAP speed,more distally located ankyrin G(AnkG)in AISs,and longer Nav1.2 lengths in AISs.Moreover,during AIS plasticity,AnkG and Nav1.2 showed distal shifts in location and shorter lengths of labeled AISs in rat neurons;in mouse neurons,however,they showed a longer AnkG-labeled length and more distal Nav1.2 location.Our findings suggest that hippocampal neurons in SD rats and C57 mice may have different AP propagation speeds,different AnkG and Nav1.2 patterns in the AIS,and different AIS plasticity properties,indicating that comparisons between these species must be carefully considered.
文摘This communication presents a new method of detecting the behaviour pattern in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats based on the measurement of the dielectric properties of blood plasma at microwave frequencies at different periods of time. The microwave measurements were performed by rectangular cavity perturbation method in the S-band of microwave frequency with the blood plasma collected from normal rats (Controls) as well as chemically induced rats (Aβ). A change is observed in the dielectric properties of the Aβsamples but not the controls samples at the extended period of time. This measurement technique is simple and the collection of blood from the rats is nonsurgical in nature. These results prove a new method of diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) using microwave techniques.
基金supported by grants from national funding on National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81760154)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(No. 2017GXNSFAA198057)
文摘Objective: To explore the differences of obese Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats model induced by lard oil high-fat(HF)diet or purified HF diet. Methods: SD weanling rats were randomly divided into three groups: D1 group,where rats were fed by lard oil HF diet;D2 group,where rats were fed by purified HF diet;C group,where rats were fed on chow. After 12 weeks,diet-induced obesity rat(stop 33% based on weight)were selected for further study,and the rest rats from group D1 and D2 were excluded. The food intake and weight were weighted daily and weekly,respectively. The subcutaneous,visceral and total fat contents of rats was measured by 256-row CT scan and the Lee index was calculated accordingly. The kidney,liver,testis,spleen and heart were weighted respectively. Serum leptin and insulin levels were quantified. The pathology in liver and adipose tissues were analyzed by HE staining. Oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)was used to compare the glucose tolerance ability. Serum total cholestero(lT-CHO),high density lipoprotein(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein(LDL-C),triglyceride(TG)and inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α were detected as well. Results: After 12 weeks,the body weight,subcutaneous fat,visceral fat,total fat mass,wet weight of liver,kidney and heart,area under blood glucose curve and the levels of serum insulin,leptin,T-CHO,LDL-C,TG,IL-6 and TNF-α in group D2 were significantly increased compared to those of group C and group D1. HDL-C of group D2 was markedly lower than that in group C(P<0. 05). The visceral fat,total fat content and HDL-C in group D1 were significantly different from those of group C(P<0. 05). Steatosis and enlarged adipocyte were found in the livers of rats in group D1 and D2,and the lesions were more significant in group D2. Conclusion: Purified HF diet was more effective in inducing metabolic abnormalities,steatosis,peripheral chronic inflammation in obese SD rat models. But lard oil HF diet was more economical when only inducing visceral steatosis was required.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81201546(to YXL)the Doctoral Start-up Program of Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2017A030310302(to ZWZ)+1 种基金the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.A2016018(to BH)the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province of China,No.2016A010103012(to JHL)
文摘An aging-induced decrease in Schwann cell viability can affect regeneration following peripheral nerve injury in mammals. It is therefore necessary to investigate possible age-related changes in gene expression that may affect the biological function of peripheral nerves. Ten 1-week-old and ten 12-month-old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into young(1 week old) and adult(12 months old) groups according to their ages. mRNA expression in the sciatic nerve was compared between young and adult rats using next-generation sequencing(NGS) and bioinformatics(n = 4/group). The 18 groups of differentially expressed mRNA(DEmRNAs) were also tested by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(n = 6/group). Results revealed that(1) compared with young rats, adult rats had 3608 groups of DEmRNAs. Of these, 2684 were groups of upregulated genes, and 924 were groups of downregulated genes. Their functions mainly involved cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, and myelination.(2) The gene with the most obvious increase of all DEmRNAs in adult rats was Thrsp(log2 FC = 9.01, P 〈 0.05), and the gene with the most obvious reduction was Col2 a1(log2 FC = -8.89, P 〈 0.05).(3) Gene Ontology analysis showed that DEmRNAs were mainly concentrated in oligosaccharide binding, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing one signaling pathway, and peptide-transporting ATPase activity.(4) Analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that, with increased age, DEmRNAs were mainly enriched in steroid biosynthesis, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and graft-versus-host disease.(5) Spearman's correlation coefficient method for evaluating NGS accuracy showed that the NGS results and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results were positively correlated(rs = 0.74, P 〈 0.05). These findings confirm a difference in sciatic nerve gene expression between adult and young rats, suggesting that, in peripheral nerves, cells and the microenvironment change with age, thus influencing the function and repair of peripheral nerves.
基金This study was supported by grants from specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (SRFDP) (20030b10090)China Medical Board of New York (CMB 82-412) the TCM Administration Bureau of Sichuan Province (TCM 2004 B03).
文摘Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) is able to induce various benign and malignant liver lesions in rats with a high success rate and a low mortality rate. It provides a more appropriate model that better simulates the various lesions occurring in humans than the usual model of tumor implantations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate MRI liver examination in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats as a routine method to detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules induced by DENA and to follow up their growth. METHODS:Hepatic carcinogenesis was induced in 80 male SD rats using oral DENA solution. All animals were imaged for liver tumor detection with a 1.5 Tesla magnet (Siemens Sonata,Erlangen, Germany) using correspondence scan parameters and a radio-frequency knee coil. Macroscopic examinations were performed along the axial MRI sections to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and histopathological assessment was also performed. RESULTS:No false negative results were obtained on MR images. Hepatic tumors in 72 rats were confirmed macro-scopically and 68 rats were detected by MRI till the 20th week. The smallest and the largest nodules detected by MRI were 2 mm and 37 mm in diameter respectively. The agreement rate of MRI with macroscopic observation was 39. 1% and 97. 4% respectively for 2 mm to 5 mm and more than 5 mm nodules. CONCLUSIONS:The hepatic tumor induced by DENA provides a more representative range of tumors for imaging diagnosis and interventional treatment. MRI is the best approach for scrutinizing pathological changes of rat livers in the period of observation.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK2001160)
文摘Objective To establish allergic airway inflammation model in late-phase airway reaction of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into three groups-, control group (Group Ⅰ) ,single challenge group (Group Ⅱ ),consecutive challenge group (Group Ⅲ). The rats in Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ were sensitized twice by injection of ovalbumin (OA) together with aluminum hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis as adjuvants, followed by challenge with aerosolized OA for 20 min once in Group Ⅱ or one time on each day for one week in, Group Ⅲ. The rats in Group Ⅰ received 0. 9% saline by injection and inhalation. Results Compared with group Ⅰ , there were positive symptoms observed in the group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ; the amount of total leucocytes and eosinophil percentage in brochoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0. 01 respectively) in Group Ⅱ or Ⅲ ; histopathologic changes of lung showed acute allergic inflammation changes in Group Ⅱ: Disrupted epithelium damaged subepithelial structure and eosinophil infiltration in the airway wall. As for the Group Ⅲ, there were allergen- induced characteristic features of chronic allergic airways inflammation: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle, goblet cell hyperplasia, basement membrane thickening, eosinophil in filtration, edema. Conclusion The model of allergic airway inflammation in late-phase response of SD rats was successfully established by OA sensitization (twice) and consecutive challenge.
基金Project (No.30400317) supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China
文摘This 6-week study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seven different levels of dietary chromium (Cr) (0,75,150,300,450,600,and 1200 ppb Cr) in the form of Cr nanoparticle (CrNano) on growth,body composition,serum hormones and tissue Cr in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Seventy male SD rats (average initial body weight of (83.2±4.4) g) were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments (n=10). At the end of the trial,body composition was assessed via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). All rats were then sacrificed to collect samples of blood,organs and tissues for determination of serum hormones and tissue Cr contents. The results indicated that lean body mass was significantly increased (P<0.05) due to the addition of 300 and 450 ppb Cr from CrNano. Supplementation of 150,300,450,and 600 ppb Cr decreased (P<0.05) percent body fat significantly. Average daily gain was increased (P<0.05) by addition of 75,150,and 300 ppb Cr and feed efficiency was increased (P<0.05) by supplementation of 75,300,and 450 ppb Cr. Addition of 300 and 450 ppb Cr decreased (P<0.05) the insulin level in serum greatly. Cr contents in liver and kidney were greatly increased (P<0.05) by the addition of Cr as CrNano in the dosage of from 150 ppb to 1 200 ppb. In addition,Supplementation of 300,450,and 600 ppb Cr significantly increased (P<0.05) Cr content in the hind leg muscle. These results suggest that supplemental CrNano has beneficial effects on growth performance and body composition,and increases tissue Cr concentration in selected muscles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31901635)。
文摘The angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptide NCW derived from Mizuhopecten yessoensis has been demonstrated to have significant in vivo anti-hypertensive effects,however,its anti-hypertensive mechanism is still not fully clarified.This study established a UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS/MS-based widely targeted kidney metabolomics approach to explore the changes of kidney metabolic profiles and to clarify the antihypertensive mechanism of peptide NCW in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs).Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the kidney metabolic profiles were clearly separated between the SHR-NCW and SHRUntreated groups.A total of 85 metabolites were differentially regulated,and 16 metabolites were identified as potential kidney biomarkers,e.g.,3-hydroxybutyrate,malonic acid,deoxycytidine,and L-aspartic acid.The peptide NCW might regulate kidney metabolic disorder of SHRs to alleviate hypertension by suppressing inflammation and improving nitric oxide production under the regulation of linoleic acid metabolism,folate related pathways,synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies,pyrimidine metabolism,β-alanine metabolism,and retinal metabolism.
文摘Introduction: Inappropriate and excess vitamin supplementation, particularly for vitamin A, is increasingly recognized as a public health problem in developed countries. On the other hand, blind supplementation of vitamin A, for children in developing countries is a subject of controversy in the literature. The crucial role of vitamin A in the process of spermatogenesis in adult rodents is well established, but only a few publications are consecrated to the long-term effect of vitamin A intake at a young age on testicular development and differentiation. Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of acute supplementation at an early age, in the post-natal period, on spermatogenesis and testicular trophicity at adult age. Material and Methods: Young Wistar Albinos rats of 22 days received an acute high dose of supplementation of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate). The control group, group 1, received only extra virgin olive oil, Group 2 a dose of 7000 IU/kg of retinyl palmitate, group 3, 14,000 IU/kg, and Group 4 a dose of 28,000 IU/kg. At 10 weeks of age, the testes’ testosterone levels were measured by ELISA. For histological assessment, sections were stained with Hematoxylin eosin, and the Johnsen score was used to evaluate spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. Results: The average testicular weights of rats were significantly lower in group 4 (p < 0.05), and so was the testosterone level in the testis compared to the control group (p .01). Most of the seminiferous tubules were concerned by an arrest of spermatogenesis and the Johnsen score was decreased with a mean score of 5.96 ± 1.60 (p .001) in that Group. In Group 3, Johnsen’s score was significantly better than the one obtained with the control. Conclusion: We observed a negative effect in the long term with a high acute dose of supplementation of retinyl palmitate at a young age, on testicular development and differentiation. Despite a return to normal diet after that supplementation, during childhood, impaired spermatogenesis was identified at the adult age with an arrest of spermatogenesis. The reversibility of that lack of differentiation by a return to a normal diet is questionable and would need more investigation.
基金Supported by Regional Science Foundation Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82060827,No.82260891)The Key Discipline of Universities in the“14th Five-Year Plan”Autonomous Region-Traditional Chinese Medicine at Xinjiang Medical University.
文摘●AIM:To investigate the underlying mechanism of dry environment(autumn dryness)affecting the lacrimal glands in rats.●METHODS:Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.The rats were fed in specific pathogen free environment as the control group(n=10),and the rats fed in dry environment as the dryness group(n=10).After 24d,lacrimal glands were collected from the rats.The tissues morphology was observed by hematoxylineosin(HE)staining.Tandem mass tags(TMT)quantitative proteomics analysis technology was used to screen the differential expressed proteins of lacrimal glands between the two groups,then bioinformatics analysis was performed.Further,the immunohistochemical(IHC)method was used to verify the target proteins.●RESULTS:In dryness group,the lacrimal glands lobule atrophied,the glandular cavities enlarged,the sparse nuclear distribution and scattered inflammatory infiltration between the acinus were observed.The proteomics exhibited that a total of 195 up-regulated and 236 downregulated differential expressed proteins screened from the lacrimal glands of rats.It was indicated that the biological processes(BP)of differential expressed proteins mainly included cell processes and single BP.The cellular compositions of differential expressed proteins mainly located in cells,organelles.The molecular functions of differential expressed proteins mainly included binding,catalytic activity.Moreover,the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis showed that the differential expressed proteins mainly involved lysosome,complement and coagulation cascade,and ribosome pathway.The IHC result verified that the up-regulated expression proteins of Protein S100A9(S100A9),Annexin A1(Anxa1),and Clusterin(Clu)in lacrimal glands of rats in dryness group were higher than control group.●CONCLUSION:The up-regulated expression proteins of S100A9,Anxa1,and Clu may be the potential mechanisms of dry eye symptoms caused by dry environment.This study provides clues of dry environments causing eye-related diseases for further studies.
基金Supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi,No.2022SF-036the Institutional Foundation of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University,No.2022MS-07the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.xzy022023068.
文摘BACKGROUND Despite much work having been conducted on magnetic compression anastomo-sis(MCA)in the digestive tract,there are no reports on the influence of magnetic force on the anastomosis.AIM To investigate the effect of different magnetic force magnets on the MCA of the digestive tract.METHODS Two groups of magnets of the same sizes but different magnetic forces were designed and produced.A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into two groups(powerful magnet group and common magnet group),with 12 rats in each group.Two types of magnets were used to complete the colonic side-to-side anastomosis of the rats.The operation time and magnet discharge time were recorded.The anastomotic specimens were obtained 4 wk after the operation and then the burst pressure and diameter of the anastomosis were measured,and the anastomosis was observed via the naked eye and subjected to histological examination.RESULTS The magnetic forces of the powerful and common magnet groups at zero distance were 8.26 N and 4.10 N,respectively.The colonic side-to-side anastomosis was completed in all 24 rats,and the operation success rate and postoperative survival rate were 100%.No significant difference was noted in the operation time between the two groups.The magnet discharge time of the powerful magnet group was slightly longer than that of the common magnet group,but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.513).Furthermore,there was no statistical difference in the burst pressure(P=0.266)or diameter of magnetic anastomosis(P=0.095)between the two groups.The gross specimens of the two groups showed good anastomotic healing,and histological observation indicated good mucosal continuity without differences on healing.CONCLUSION In the rat colonic side-to-side MCA model,both the powerful magnet with 8.26 N and the common magnet with 4.10 N showed no significant impact on the anastomosis establishment process or its effect.
基金Supported by grant from Fundamental Research Grant Scheme by Ministry of Higher Education(MoHE)600-IRMI/FRGS 5/3(101/2019).
文摘AIM:To investigate the stability of the seven housekeeping genes:beta-actin(ActB),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),18s ribosomal unit 5(18s),cyclophilin A(CycA),hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase(HPRT),ribosomal protein large P0(36B4)and terminal uridylyl transferase 1(U6)in the diabetic retinal tissue of rat model.METHODS:The expression of these seven genes in rat retinal tissues was determined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)in two groups;normal control rats and streptozotocininduced diabetic rats.The stability analysis of gene expression was investigated using geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,and comparative delta-Ct(ΔCt)algorithms.RESULTS:The 36B4 gene was stably expressed in the retinal tissues of normal control animals;however,it was less stable in diabetic retinas.The 18s gene was expressed consistently in both normal control and diabetic rats’retinal tissue.That this gene was the best reference for data normalisation in RT-qPCR studies that used the retinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Furthermore,there was no ideal gene stably expressed for use in all experimental settings.CONCLUSION:Identifying relevant genes is a need for achieving RT-qPCR validity and reliability and must be appropriately achieved based on a specific experimental setting.
基金Supported by the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2016A030313294).
文摘Background:The usage of the light emitting diode(LED)has been increasingly applied in the illumination setting and electronic equipment.However,the effect of LED lights on the retina remains unclear.In this study,we observed and analyzed the impact of white LED lights at different intensities on the function and morphology of rat retinas.Methods:Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-180 g were randomly divided into six groups(n=6 in each group)including a normal control(NC)group,4 white LED groups at different light intensities(4,000,6,000,7,000,and 10,000 lux),and an ultraviolet B(UVB)lighting group(302 nm,1,000μw/cm2).After 24 hours of continuous illumination,full-field flash electroretinogram(FERG)and pathological examination were performed in each group.Results:As revealed by FERG,the impairment of retinal function gradually worsened with the increase of LED light intensity.In contrast,the UVB group had the most severe retinal function impairment.Particularly,the functional damage of rod cells and inner nuclear layer cells was the main FERG finding in each group.In the NC group,the retina had typical morphologies featured by well-defined structures,clearly visible border between the inner and outer segments,and neatly arranged inner and outer nuclear layer cells.After 24 hours of illumination,the inner and outer parts of the retina in the 4,000 lux group were still neatly arranged,along with a clear border;however,the inner and outer nuclear layers were randomly arranged,and some irregular nuclei and cells were lost.The damage of the internal and external retinal segments and the internal and external nuclear layers became more evident in the 6,000 lux group,7,000 lux group,and 10,000 lux group.The UVB group had a more obviously disordered arrangement of inner and outer nuclear layers and loss of cells.Conclusions:Continuous exposure to white LED light can cause structural and functional damage to rat retinas,and such damage is related to the intensity of illumination.Therefore,the risk of retinal damage should be considered during LED illumination,and proper LED illumination intensity may help to maintain eye health.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071888)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021MH351,No.ZR2020MH074)+1 种基金the Introduction and Cultivation Project for Young Innovative Talents in Shandong ProvinceWeifang Science and Technology Development Plan(No.2021GX057).
文摘AIM:To observe the effects of N-acetylserotonin(NAS)administration on retinal ischemia-reperfusion(RIR)injury in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms involving the high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end-products(RAGE)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathway.METHODS:A rat model of RIR was developed by increasing the pressure of the anterior chamber of the eye.Eighty male Sprague Dawley were randomly divided into five groups:sham group(n=8),RIR group(n=28),RIR+NAS group(n=28),RIR+FPS-ZM1 group(n=8)and RIR+NAS+FPS-ZM1 group(n=8).The therapeutic effects of NAS were examined by hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)staining,and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)counting.The expression of interleukin 1 beta(IL-1β),HMGB1,RAGE,and nod-like receptor 3(NLRP3)proteins and the phosphorylation of nuclear factorkappa B(p-NF-κB)were analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot analysis.The expression of HMGB1 protein was also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).RESULTS:H&E staining results showed that NAS significantly reduced retinal edema and increased the number of RGCs in RIR rats.With NAS therapy,the HMGB1 and RAGE expression decreased significantly,and the activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway was antagonized along with the inhibition of p-NF-κB and NLRP3 protein expression.Additionally,NAS exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing IL-1βexpression.The inhibitory of RAGE binding to HMGB1 by RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 led to a significant decrease of p-NF-κB and NLRP3 expression,so as to the IL-1βexpression and retinal edema,accompanied by an increase of RGCs in RIR rats.CONCLUSION:NAS may exhibit a neuroprotective effect against RIR via the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway,which may be a useful therapeutic target for retinal disease.
基金supported by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (82272196)。
文摘BACKGROUND:This study aims to explore whether Xuebijing(XBJ) can improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in sepsis and its mechanism.METHODS:A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP).A total of 30 male SD rats were divided into four groups:sham group,CLP group,XBJ + axitinib group,and XBJ group.XBJ was intraperitoneally injected 2 h before CLP.Hemodynamic data(blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded.The intestinal microcirculation data of the rats were analyzed via microcirculation imaging.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kits were used to detect the serum levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),C-reactive protein(CRP),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the rats.Histological analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa in rats.The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A),phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),phosphorylated PI3K(p-PI3K),protein kinase B(Akt),and phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt) in the small intestine was analyzed via Western blotting.RESULTS:XBJ improved intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats,alleviated the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa,and reduced the systemic inflammatory response.Moreover,XBJ upregulated the expression of VEGF-A,p-PI3K/total PI3K,and p-Akt/total Akt in the rat small intestine.CONCLUSION:XBJ may improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats possibly through the VEGF-A/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the protective mechanism of naringenin on acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(AMI-RI)in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.[Methods]A total of 32 SD rats with AMI-RI model construction were randomly divided into AMI-RI model control group and citrus pigment A/B/C groups(n=8).The naringenin A,B,and C groups were administrated 20,40 and 80 mg/(kg•d)for 10 d.The AMI group served as the negative control and was not treated.At the conclusion of the treatment regimen,a sample of intraventricular blood was collected for the purpose of measuring lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),glutathione peroxidase(GLH-PX),nitric oxide(NO),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels.Additionally,myocardial tissue was identified within the ischemic region.The content of malondialdehyde(MDA)was determined by inducing nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and endodermal nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)positive cells in the left anterior descending coronary artery.[Results]Following citrus treatment,the contents of GLH-PX and SOD in ventricular blood of the citrus B group were found to be significantly elevated,while the contents of NO and LDH in myocardial MDA and ventricle were observed to be significantly reduced.The number of eNOS-positive cells was significantly increased,while the number of iNOS-positive cells was significantly decreased.The difference was statistically significant when compared with the AMI-RI group(P<0.05).The changes observed in the above indicators in the citrus C group were more pronounced than those observed in the citrus B group.The difference between the citrus C and the B group was statistically significant(P<0.05),indicating that this effect is concentration dependent.[Conclusions]In addition to its ability to inhibit myocardial lipid peroxidation during AMI-RI by increasing SOD activity,naringenin may also affect the synthesis and release of NO by regulating eNOS and iNOS,thereby achieving protection against AMI-RI.One effect is enhanced as the dose of the drug increases.
基金Supported by Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation,No.201701D121159Shanxi Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission,No.2014016Health Commission of Shanxi Province,No.2019020.
文摘BACKGROUND In recent years,studies have found that the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)is closely related to an increase in polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase-1(PARP-1)activity.PARP-1 activation could be involved in the pathophysiological process of DCM by promoting oxidative stress,the inflammatory response,apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis.AIM To investigate the mechanism of liraglutide in improving myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats,further clarified the protective effect of liraglutide on the heart,and provided a new option for the treatment of DCM.METHODS Forty healthy male SD rats aged 6 wk were randomly divided into two groups,a normal control group(n=10)and a model group(n=30),which were fed an ordinary diet and a high-sugar and high-fat diet,respectively.After successful modeling,the rats in the model group were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 4 wk and randomly divided into a model group and an intervention group(further divided into a high-dose group and a low-dose group).The rats were fed a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 8 wk and then started drug intervention.Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta to detect fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles.Intact heart tissue was dissected,and its weight was used to calculate the heart weight index.Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the myocardium and the expression of PARP-1 in the heart by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS The body weight and heart weight index of rats in the model group were significantly increased compared with those in the normal control group,and those in the intervention group were decreased compared with those in the model group,with a more obvious decrease observed in the high-dose group(P<0.05).In the model group,myocardial fibers were disordered,and inflammatory cells and interstitial fibrosis were observed.The cardiomyopathy of rats in the intervention group was improved to different degrees,the myocardial fibers were arranged neatly,and the myocardial cells were clearly striated;the improvement was more obvious in the high-dose group.Compared with the normal control group,the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue of the model group was increased,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After liraglutide intervention,compared with the model group,the expression of PARP-1 in myocardial tissue was decreased,and the reduction was more obvious in the high-dose group(P<0.05)but still higher than that in the normal control group.CONCLUSION Liraglutide may improve myocardial injury in type 2 diabetic rats by inhibiting the expression of myocardial PARP-1 in a dose-dependent manner.
文摘Objective: The present study consisted of challenging the extract of kombucha and the fungus Ganoderma reported as hypoglycemic and used as alternative treatments against diabetes on the number and morphology of islets of Langerhans. Material and Methods: 64 Wistar rats were used in 4 groups: one control, three experimental, streptozotocin, Kombucha y Ganoderma induced diabetes with streptozotocin. Divided into four post-induction stages at 2, 15, 30 and 45 days of treatment, sacrificing 4 rats at each stage, to perform the morphological analysis of the pancreas. Results: A decrease in the islets of Langerhans in size, volume and the number of cells within them was identified for the streptozotocin group from the second stage until almost disappearing due to diabetes, in the groups of Kombucha y Ganoderma the same was observed but they were recovered with the extract treatments and the average number of islets was similar in these groups, the group of Ganoderma. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this work, a protective and regenerative effect of both extracts is identified.
文摘Introduction: Moringa oleifera was a medicinal plant generally used by populations in the food and therapeutic fields. It’s used to treat anemia has been observed in the Djougou Zone in northern Benin. To our knowledge, there were no scientific data available that have evaluated its efficacy in the treatment of haemolytic anemia. This was what justifies this research work in which the phytochemical analysis, extraction and evaluation of the anti-anemic effect were carried out. Methods: Five groups of five Wistar rats each were formed. All the rats were rendered anemic by injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on the first two days D0 and D1 except those in the negative control group. From the second day, the anemic groups were force-fed either with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves at 200 or 300 mg/kg body weight/day, or with vitafer, the reference drug against anemia. The positive control group (anemia) was not treated. Blood samples were taken from all the rats on different days: D0, D2, D7, D10 and D15 to evaluate the data of the hemogram and the osmotic resistance of the red blood cells. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins, saponosides, triterpenes and mucilages. A good yield was obtained at the extraction. Both the extract and the reference drug vitafer completely corrected anemia within two weeks after stimulating hemoglobin synthesis and early release of immature red blood cells into the bloodstream. Its effect seemed dose-dependent and specific. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaves showed good therapeutic efficacy and can be considered and exploited for transformation into improved traditional medicines (ITM) in the treatment of anemia.