Concatenated Trellis Coding and CPM for DS/SSMA Communications in Rayleigh Fading Channel

In this paper, direct sequence spread spectrum multiple access (DS/SSMA) communication system employing serially concatenated trellis coded modulation (TCM) and continuous phase modulation (CPM) over flat Rayleigh fading channel are presented. The performance of this concatenated TCM/CPM DS/SSMA system is exploited by the theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that significant improvements in error probability of this DS/SSMA system over the system with single TCM or CPM of different modulation indices can be achieved under the same conditions.

A k-Coverage Scheduling Scheme in Wireless Sensor Network Based on Hard-Core Process in Rayleigh Fading Channel

Sensing coverage is a fundamental design issue in wireless sensor networks(WSNs),while sensor scheduling ensures coverage degree to the monitored event and extends the network lifetime.In this paper,we address k-coverage scheduling problem in dense WSNs,we maintain a connected k-coverage energy efficiently through a novel Hard-Core based Coordinated Scheduling(HCCS),in which hardcore is a thinning process in stochastic geometry that inhibits more than one active sensor covering any area redundantly in a minimum distance. As compared with existing coordinated scheduling,HCCS allows coordination between sensors with little communication overhead.Moreover,due to the traditional sensing models in k-coverage analysis is unsuitable to describe the characteristic of transmit channel in dense WSNs,we propose a novel sensing model integrating Rayleigh Fading and Distribution of Active sensors(RFDA),and derive the coverage measure and k-coverage probability for the monitored event under RFDA. In addition,we analyze the influence factors,i.e. the transmit condition and monitoring degree to the k-coverage probability. Finally,through Monte Carlo simulations,it is shown that the k-coverage probability of HCCS outperforms that of its random scheduling counterpart.

Turbo-TCM Performance under AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels

A simple algorithm for Turbo TCM decoding was given in this paper. With this algorithm, Turbo TCM can easily be used to real systems with various code rates and modulations of QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM or 64QAM. The bit error ratio performance was studied under AWGN and fading channels. The simulation results were also given in this paper.

Downlink BER performance analysis of distributed antenna systems over shadowed Rayleigh fading channels

Due to the complexity of the composite fading channel, a new simplified channel model is proposed to analyze the bit error ratio（BER） performance of the distributed antenna system （DAS）. First, instead of the gamma-log-normal distribution, the log-normal distribution is applied to describe the output signal to noise ratio（SNR） after maximal ratio combining （MRC） at the receiver. Then, assuming that the channel state information（CSI） is available to the transmitter, by employing the Gauss-Hermite integral, an approximate analytical expression of the BER is derived for the downlink of the DAS with antenna selective transmission and MRC. Finally, the results of a Monte Carlo simulation show that the analytical results match the simulation results. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed approximate channel model is effective and accurate, and the derived analytical expression can be used to evaluate the real system performance.

Efficient and Accurate Simulator for Rayleigh and Rician Fading

With an improved Rayleigh fading model and a zero-mean stochastic sinusoid as the scattering and specular components respectively,a stochastic simulation model is proposed for the generation of Rayleigh and Rician fading waveforms.Compared with the existing stochastic models,the proposed simulator needs only one trial to obtain the desired statistical properties even if the number of samples is not large enough.Moreover,the proposed simulation model can directly generate multiple uncorrelated waveforms for different fading scenarios,such as single-input single-output frequency selective channels and multiple-input multiple-output channels.The performance evaluation and comparison show that the proposed simulator is efficient and accurate.

Secure Audio Transmission Over Wireless Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading Channel

Audio communications and computer networking play essential roles in our daily lives,including many domains with different scopes.Developments in these technologies are quick.In consequence,there is a dire need to secure these technologies up to date.This paper presents an efficient model for secure audio signal transmission over the wireless noisy uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.Also,the performance of the utilized multiple secret keys-based audio cryptosystem is analyzed in different transformation domains.The discrete cosine transform(DCT),the discrete sine transform(DST),and the discrete wavelet transform(DWT)are investigated in the utilizedmultiple secret key-based audio cryptosystem.Simulation results show consistent results with the wireless noisy channel.The performance of the proposed multiple secret keys-based audio cryptosystem can be ranked concerning the employed domain as DWT,DCT,and DST transform techniques.The simulation experiments proved that the presented multiple secret keysbased audio cryptosystemfor audio signals transmitted over the wireless noisy uncorrelatedRayleigh fading channel achieves reliable and secure wireless link utilizing combined multi security layers.

PERFORMANCE OF MULTIUSER DETECTION FOR CDMA SYSTEM IN A FLAT RAYLEIGH FADING ENVIRONMENT

In a CDMA communication network using conventional signal detection, system capacity is limited and its performance is degraded by the multi-access interference (MAI). Multiuser detection, which makes use of cross-correlation information between spread spectrum codes, can reduce or eliminate the MAI in a Gaussian channel so as to mitigate the near-far effects and increase the system capacity. This paper extends the multiuser detector to a flat Rayleigh fading CDMA environment, and discusses the bit error rate of typical multiuser detection algorithms in such a environment by combining theoretical analysis and computer simulation. It is shown that multiuser detection is superior to conventional detections in the flat Rayleigh fading channels.

Network Coding for Wireless Sensor Network Cluster over Rayleigh Fading Channel: Finite State Markov Chain

Network Coding (NC) is confirmed to be power and bandwidth efficient technique, because of the less number of transmitted packets over the network. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is usually power limited network application, and in many scenarios it is power and bandwidth limited application. The proposed scenario in this paper applies the advantages of NC over WSN to obtain such power and bandwidth efficient WSN. To take the advantages of NC over the one of the most needed applications i.e., WSN, we come up to what this paper is discussing. We consider a WSN (or its cluster) that consists of M nodes that transmit equal-length information packets to a common destination node D over wireless Rayleigh block-fading channel where the instantaneous SNR is assumed to be constant over a single packet transmission period. Finite-State packet level Markov chain (FSMC) model is applied to give the channel more practical aspect. The simulation results showed that applying NC over the WSN cluster improved the channel bandwidth significantly by decreasing the number of the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), resulting in improving the power consumption significantly. The results are collected for different transmission distances to evaluate the behavior to the proposed scenario with regard to the bath losses effect.

Adaptive Switching between Space-Time and Space-Frequency Block Coded OFDM Systems in Rayleigh Fading Channel

This work explores the performances of Space-Time and Space Frequency Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with simple two branches transmit diversity scheme. The combination of multiple-antenna and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) provides reliable communications over frequency selective fading channels. We focus on the application of space-time block codes (STBC) and space-frequency block codes (SFBC) in OFDM systems over time-varying and frequency-selective channels. SFBC transmitter shows superior performance in fast varying channels while STBC shows better performance in frequency selective channels. A switching technique is presented that selects an appropriate transmission scheme between the STBC and SFBC assuming Rayleigh fading model.

Analysis of Rate One Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding over Rayleigh Fading Channel

Full-rate is very important in any data transmission coding. For transmitting data at low bit rate than full-rate code, higher modulation scheme is required. But it is impossible to design full rate orthogonal designs with complex constellation for more than two transmit antennas. Only Alamouti code provides full-rate for two transmit antennas. In this paper, Bit Error Rate (BER) is calculated for Quasi-Orthogonal Space-time Block Coding (QOSTBC). Here we work with Rayleigh fading channel. We consider the codes which decodes pairs of symbols instead of simple separate decoding like Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding. In Quasi-Orthogonal Space-time Block Code full-rate is achieved but full-diversity is sacrificed. Diversity is the most important techniques for providing reliable communication over fading channels. One of the diversity techniques that uses multiple transmit and/or receive antennas is space diversity. Multiple antenna technique provides a space diversity to struggle with the fading without necessarily sacrificing bandwidth resources, so the excellent solutions of removing the fading of the channel for broadband wireless communications is using space diversity. Then, with the constellation rotation of the symbol, rotated version of Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code is generated. It provides full diversity. We simulate BER for QOSTBC, rotated QOSTBC, orthogonal STBC and for uncoded system. The simulation result shows that QOSTBC and rotated QOSTBC perform better than other systems. It shows that QOSTBC provides a full transmission rate but that rotated QOSTBC provides the full rate with the full diversity.

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNELS IN MC-CDMA SYSTEMS

For Multi-Carrier-Code Division Multiple Access （MC-CDMA） systems, it is usually assumed that the fading of the subcarriers is frequency non-selective and independent of each other. This paper shows that the two assumptions are incompatible. In fact, the MC-CDMA signals at each subcarrier undergo fading that are highly correlated. Based on this observation, this paper develops a simulation algorithm for Rayleigh fading channels via frequency-domain correlation functionl which incorporates the Doppler effect simultaneously. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm, with the conclusion that the independence assumption of subcarrier fading overrates the system performance.

AN EFFICIENT SIMULATION OF MULTIPLE CORRELATED RAYLEIGH FADING ENVELOPES

In order to better assess the performance of wireless communication systems,it is desirable to produce multiple Rayleigh fading envelopes with specified correlations.In this paper,we analyze theoretically a procedure which generates correlated Gaussian random variables from independent Gaussian random variables and give a physical explanation for the limitation of this procedure.Then,based on some uncorrelated Rayleigh fading envelopes,a simple but efficient procedure for generating an arbitrary number of cross-correlated Rayleigh fading envelopes is proposed.Simulation results and computational complexity analysis are presented,which show that the proposed method has some advantages,such as high accuracy,low computational complexity and easy implementation,over the conventional simulation method.

WATER-FILLING SPACE-TIME CODE IN CORRELATED FLAT RAYLEIGH FADING MISO CHANNELS

In this paper, STC with water-filling transmit power distribution in MISO system is proposed when the partial channel information feedback is possible, for example, at slow fading scenario. The performances of the water-filling STC including water-filling STTC and water-filling STBC are analyzed. Performance comparison of the Ungerboeck's 2/3 trellis coded 8PSK modulated 2-STBC and 2-STTCs with QPSK is given out in different channel correlation.

Performance Evaluation of a DS-CDMA System in a Rayleigh Fading Environment

This work represents the performance evaluation of DS-CDMA in a Rayleigh fading environment. Performance analysis was carried out for a DS-CDMA system to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and bit error rate (BER) for different modulation schemes like ASK, PSK and FSK. Results were evaluated at different data rates and were presented in terms of SNR, SIR and BER. Computer simulation was also carried out by using Matlab to evaluate the signal waveforms with and without addition white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Butterworth filtered waveform was given to get better signal quality. Decoded output waveforms were also evaluated to confirm the simulation.

EFFICIENT BIT ERROR PROBABILITY EXPRESSION AND VERY TIGHT BOUND FOR MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINING DIVERSITY SYSTEMS OVER RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL

Bit Error Probability (BEP) provides a fundamental performance measure for wireless diversity systems. This paper presents two new exact BEP expressions for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems. One BEP expression takes a closed form, while the other is derived by treating the squared-sum of Rayleigh random variables as an Erlang variable. Due to the fact that the extant bounds are loose and could not properly characterize the error performance of MRC diversity systems, this paper presents a very tight bound. The numerical analysis shows that the new derived BEP expressions coincide with the extant expressions, and that the new approximation tightly bounds the accurate BEP.

ERASED-CHASE DECODING FOR RS-CODED MPSK SIGNALING OVER A RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL

In this paper,a novel dual-metric,the maximum and minimum Squared Euclidean Distance Increment (SEDI) brought by changing the hard decision symbol,is introduced to measure the reli-ability of the received M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) symbols over a Rayleigh fading channel. Based on the dual-metric,a Chase-type soft decoding algorithm,which is called erased-Chase algorithm,is developed for Reed-Solomon (RS) coded MPSK schemes. The proposed algorithm treats the unre-liable symbols with small maximum SEDI as erasures,and tests the non-erased unreliable symbols with small minimum SEDI as the Chase-2 algorithm does. By introducing optimality test into the decoding procedure,much more reduction in the decoding complexity can be achieved. Simulation results of the RS(63,42,22)-coded 8-PSK scheme over a Rayleigh fading channel show that the proposed algorithm provides a very efficient tradeoff between the decoding complexity and the error performance. Finally,an adaptive scheme for the number of erasures is introduced into the decoding algorithm.

Performance Evaluation of Antenna Receive Diversity in SlMO-OFDM System over Rayleigh Fading Channel

This paper represents a comparative performance evaluation of different diversity combining techniques for a SIMO-OFDM （single-input-multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing） system over Rayleigh fading channel. OFDM is a key technique for achieving high data rates and spectral efficiency requirements for wireless communication systems. But in scattering environment, the system performances are severely degraded by the effects of multipath fading and inter-symbol interference. In wireless communication systems, antenna diversity is an important technique to combat multipath fading in order to improve the system performance and increase the channel capacity. In this paper, the performance of different diversity combining techniques-SC （selection combining）, EGC （equal gain combining） and MRC （maximal ratio combining） has been analyzed and compared in terms of SNR （signal to noise ratio） and BER （bit error rate） probability. The simulation results show that the maximal ratio combining technique provides maximum performance improvement relative to all other combining schemes by maximizing the SNR of SIMO-OFDM system at the combiner output. The analytic expressions of error probability and effective bit energy to noise ratio correlated with BPSK （binary phase shift keying） modulation have been derived and formulated for N-branch SC, EGC and MRC schemes. The BER characteristics for all three combining techniques are simulated in MATLAB （matrix laboratory） tool box for varying bit energy to noise ratio. Our results also derives that SNR can be improved if the number of receiving antenna is increased, which in turn reduces BER over a Rayleigh fading channel.

基于莱斯信道的大规模MIMO协作中继网络设计与优化

随着移动通信技术的不断发展,大规模多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)系统被广泛应用于提高网络容量和性能。而协作中继网络作为一种有效提高通信覆盖能力和网络容量的手段,也受到越来越多的关注。文章基于莱斯信道模型,针对大规模MIMO协作中继网络进行设计与优化,旨在提升网络的可靠性和传输效率。通过对信道特性的分析和系统参数的优化,可以实现更好的性能表现。

一种基于CNN自编码器的空间调制技术

针对传统空间调制系统结构优化及复杂度较高的缺陷,提出了一种基于自动编码器的空间调制系统设计方案(Autoencoder Based Spatial Modulation Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,AE-SM-MIMO)。该方案通过使用卷积神经网络来构建系统的编码器和解码器,进行空间调制的端到端学习,进而实现不同发射天线、接收天线以及调制方式下信息比特流的传输与接收,在系统误码性能和复杂度之间提供了较好的平衡。在瑞利衰落信道环境下,将所提出的基于卷积神经网络的AE-SM-MIMO系统方案与传统的空间调制系统进行性能对比,实验结果表明,AE-SM-MIMO系统方案可获得接近最大似然检测算法的误码性能,并表现出了良好的适应性和泛化能力。此外,相比于传统最大似然检测算法和最大比合并检测算法,在4发2收BPSK调制方式下AE-SM-MIMO系统方案需要更少的计算时间,分别减少了78%和26%,大大降低了系统的时间复杂度。

一种在Rayleigh信道中计算级联码性能的理论方法

:本文结合单级编码的性能与信道调制特性 ,提出一种从理论上计算级联码在Rayleigh信道误比特率的方法。将计算机仿真需要做的繁琐工作瞬间完成 ,节省了大量的人力和机时。由此方法得到的计算结果显示出级联码优异的性能 ,将为级联码的研究提供有力的帮助。