Capsule endoscopy and panendoscopy:A journey to the future of gastrointestinal endoscopy

In 2000,the small bowel capsule revolutionized the management of patients with small bowel disorders.Currently,the technological development achieved by the new models of double-headed endoscopic capsules,as miniaturized devices to evaluate the small bowel and colon[pan-intestinal capsule endoscopy(PCE)],makes this non-invasive procedure a disruptive concept for the management of patients with digestive disorders.This technology is expected to identify which patients will require conventional invasive endoscopic procedures(colonoscopy or balloon-assisted enteroscopy),based on the lesions detected by the capsule,i.e.,those with an indication for biopsies or endoscopic treatment.The use of PCE in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases,namely Crohn’s disease,as well as in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and/or overt gastrointestinal(GI)bleeding,after a non-diagnostic upper endoscopy(esophagogastroduodenoscopy),enables an effective,safe and comfortable way to identify patients with relevant lesions,who should undergo subsequent invasive endoscopic procedures.The recent development of magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy to evaluate the upper GI tract,is a further step towards the possibility of an entirely non-invasive assessment of all the segments of the digestive tract,from mouth-to-anus,meeting the expectations of the early developers of capsule endoscopy.

Upper gastrointestinal microbiota and digestive diseases

Metagenomics which combines the power of genomics,bioinformatics,and systems biology,provide new access to the microbial world.Metagenomics permit the genetic analysis of complex microbial populations without requiring prior cultivation.Through the conceptual innovations in metagenomics and the improvements in DNA high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis technology,gastrointestinal microbiology has entered the metagenomics era and become a hot topic worldwide.Human microbiome research is underway,however,most studies in this area have focused on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and the relationship between intestinal microbiota and metabolic diseases(obesity,diabetes,metabolic syndrome,etc.) and intestinal disorders [inflammatory bowel disease,colorectal cancer,irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),etc.].Few investigations on microbiota have been conducted within the upper gastrointestinal tract(esophagus,stomach and duodenum).The upper gastrointestinal microbiota is essential for several gastrointestinal illnesses,including esophagitis,Barrett's esophagus,and esophageal carcinoma,gastritis and gastric cancer,small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,IBS and celiac disease.However,the constitution and diversity of the microbiota in different sections of the upper gastrointestinal tract under health and various disease states,as well as the function of microbiota in the pathogenesis of various digestive diseases are still undefined.The current article provides an overview of the recent findings regarding the relationship between upper gastrointestinal microbiota and gastrointestinal diseases;and discusses the study limitations and future directions of upper gastrointestinal microbiota research.

Microbial community changes in the digestive tract of the clam Meretrix petechialis in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge

Disease in clams frequently occurred over the last decade and has become a serious threat to the clam aquaculture industry and natural stocks.Mass clam mortality events were reported to be associated with the presence of opportunistic pathogen vibrio.However,the complexity of infection that occurs in the natural environment remains poorly understood.In this study,we smulated a natural disease outbreak by vibrio immersion infection to study the diversity and dynamics of microbiota in the digestive tract of clam Meretrix petechialis during the infection process.Dramatic changes in operational taxonomic unit richness and phylum composition of the bacterial communities were observed during pathogen invasion.In addition,we investigated the potential relationship between microbiota dynamics and host status during disease progression.Results reveal that,at the end stage of vibrio infection,interindividual variation in the digestive tract microbiota increased,as did the diff erence in individual health status.The moribund clams displayed signs of microbial community shifts to low diversity,and the microbial community was characterized by mass proliferation of a few operational taxonomic units.

An Analysis of the Readers' Roles in the Construction of Meaning in John Donne's The Flea under Reader-Oriented Theory

Among the sundry studies in China on John Donne's The Flea,there has been none done from the perspective of Reader-Oriented Theory to probe into the readers' roles in the construction of meaning.The present article under Wolfgang Iser's theories,in a further pursuit of the expansion of the gestalt of such studies on the poem,aims at exploring the readers' active roles in complementing,completing and recreating the textual meaning,and differentiating the implied reader and the actual reader through the poem as well as attempting to fulfill the construction of the reading cognitive model through the interpretation of the conceit the flea.

Short-term influence of anaerobically-digested and conventional swine manure, and N fertilizer on organic C and N, and available nutrients in two contrasting soils

A three-year (2006-2008) field experiment was conducted at Swift Current and Star City in Saskatchewan to determine the short-term in-fluence of land-applied anaerobically digested swine manure (ADSM), conventionally treated swine manure (CTSM) and N fertilizer on total organic C (TOC), total organic N (TON), light fraction organic C (LFOC), light fraction organic N (LFON) and pH in the 0 - 7.5 and 7.5 - 15 cm soil layers, and ammonium-N, nitrate-N, extractable P, exchangeable K and sulphate-S in the 0 - 15, 15 - 30, 30 - 60, 60 - 90 and 90 - 120 cm soil layers. Treatments included spring and autumn applications of CTSM and ADSM at a 1x rate (10,000 and 7150 L·ha-1, respectively) applied each year, a 3x rate (30,000 and 21,450 L·ha-1, respectively) applied once at the beginning of the experiment, plus a treatment receiving commercial fertilizer (UAN at 60 kg·N·ha-1·yr-1) and a zero-N control. There was no effect of swine manure rate, type and application time on soil pH. Mass of TOC and TON in the 15 cm soil layer increased significantly with swine manure application compared to the control, mainly at the Swift Current site, with greater increases from 3x rate than 1x rate (by 2.21 Mg·C·ha-1 and 0.167 Mg·N·ha-1). Compared to the control, mass of LFOC and LFON in the 15 cm soil layer increased with swine manure application at sites, with greater increases from 3x rate than 1x rate (by 287 kg·C·ha-1 and 26 kg·N·ha-1 at Star City, and by 194 kg·C·ha-1 and 19·kg·N ha-1 at Swift Current). Mass of TOC and TON in soil layer was tended to be greater with ADSM than CTSM, but mass of LFOC and LFON in soil was greater with CTSM than ADSM. Mass of TOC, TON, LFOC and LFON in soil also increased with annual N fertilizer application compared to the control (by 3.2 Mg·C·ha-1 for TOC, 0.195 Mg·N·ha-1 for TON, 708 kg·C·ha-1 for LFOC and 45 kg·N·ha-1 for LFON). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the quantity and quality of organic C and N in soil can be affected by swine manure rate and type, and N fertilization even after three years, most likely by influencing inputs of C and N through crop residue, and improve soil quality.

A Study on the Interaction Between The Catcher in the Rye and the Readers From the Perspective of Iser’s Reader-Response

The Catcher in the Rye has been popular with readers since its publication,and critics at home and abroad have also conducted a lot of research on it.But they mainly proceed from the author and the text to evaluate and analyze,ignoring the readers who are essential participants in text interpretation in the eyes of reader-response critics.In order to make up for this shortcoming,this article will take Iser’s reader-response criticism as a research perspective,starting from the three aspects of implied reader,response-inviting structure,and gaps to explore the interaction between the text of The Catcher in the Rye and the readers during the reading process.This research is expected to provide a new interpretation of this novel and provide reference for future research in related fields.

CPT's Readers Give Magazine High Marks

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Molecular quantification of copepod Acartia erythraea feeding on different algae preys

Quantitative evaluation of the copepod feeding process is critical for understanding the functioning of marine food webs, as this provides a major link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. In this study, a molecular protocol based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) targeting 18S rDNA was developed and used to investigate the feeding and digestion rates of the copepod Acartia erythraea in a laboratory experiment using microalgae Thalassiosira weissflogii, Prorocentrum shikokuense, and Alexandrium catenella as prey. Although offered an equal encounter rate based on biovolume, prey uptake varied substantially among the three algal species, with the ingestion rate(IR) and digestion rate(DR) of A. erythraea differing significantly(P <0.001) based on both cell counting and qPCR detection. Acartia erythraea showed the highest IR(2.79×10~4 cells/(ind.·h)) and DR(2.43×10~4 cells/(ind.·h)) on T. weissflogii, and the lowest amounts of ingested P. shikokuense were detected. The highest assimilation rate(~90.64%, IR/DR) was observed in copepods fed with P. shikokuense. The qPCR method used here can help determine the digestion rate and assimilation rate of copepods by detecting cells remaining in the gut hence providing the possibility to examine trophic links involving key species in the marine ecosystem. Our results indicate that A. erythraea has diet-specific feeding performance in different processes, and a quantitative assessment of copepod feeding is needed to accurately determine its functional role in the energy and matter uptake from marine food webs.

On the Relationship between T. S. Eliot and the New Criticism from Their Opinions on Literary Work and Reader

T. S. Eliot is always considered as the pioneering father and founder of the New Criticism. This paper compares the similarities and differences of T. S. Eliot's relevant theories with those of the New Criticism from two aspects: their viewpoints of the literary works and those of the reader. It concludes that though they share the same belief in the importance of the literary works, the New Criticism is good at the subtle analysis of one text and another. However, Eliot recognizes the reader's function in the appreciation of the works which New Criticism totally objects to, and their responses should be properly considered in the criticism of the works.

China's Tibet Readers and Friends Are Welcome to Visit Tibet

Many of our readers have been reading our magazine for years. But very few of them have been to Tibet. The landscape is number one in the world. It is highlighted by the Tibetan culture is unique. However, this is what is described in written language. What is Tibet really like? Is Tibet a region just as described by China’s Tibet?

China's Tibet Readers and Friends Are Welcome to Visit Tibet

Many of our readers have been reading our magazine for years. But very few of them have been to Tibet.The landscape is number one in the world. It is highlighted by the Tibetan culture is unique.However, this is what is described in written language.What is Tibet really like? Is Tibet a region just as described by China’s Tibet?We sincerely invite our readers and friends to visit in order to see Tibet with their own eyes and talk to our editors.

FeCl_(3)对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化及产生H_(2)S的影响试验研究

为探究FeCl_(3)对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响,在1.7 m^(3)的厌氧发酵罐分别梯度添加43%FeCl_(3)35 mL、45 mL、60 mL、70 mL和75 mL进行试验。试验结果表明:厌氧消化pH值与VFA呈负相关。添加FeCl_(3)可提升沼气产气量15%,且甲烷浓度在58%以上。添加70 mL 43%FeCl_(3),产气值量达到最高2.59 m^(3)/kgVS,且沼气中H2S含量低于200 mg/L。

羊消化道4种易混淆线虫虫卵的形态学观察与比较

为了方便临床上鉴定羊消化道常见且易混淆线虫虫卵并丰富相关资料,试验从羊消化道中采集疑似捻转血矛线虫、夏伯特线虫、食道口线虫和奥斯特线虫共4种线虫,采用形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定虫种,将4种线虫于体外短暂培养后得到纯种虫卵,通过观察虫卵不同发育阶段的胚胎形态变化获取每种线虫虫卵形态特征,并对虫卵的长径、宽径和长宽比进行测定。结果表明:经鉴定4种线虫分别为捻转血矛线虫、绵羊夏伯特线虫、粗纹食道口线虫和普通奥斯特线虫。4种线虫虫卵初期胚胎多呈收缩状态且形似桑葚,在外观形态上具有相似性,均为双层卵壳,多数对称,少数不对称。捻转血矛线虫虫卵呈短椭圆形,颜色较浅;绵羊夏伯特线虫虫卵呈椭圆形,颜色较捻转血矛线虫虫卵深;粗纹食道口线虫虫卵呈长椭圆形,颜色较捻转血矛线虫虫卵深,与绵羊夏伯特线虫虫卵相近;普通奥斯特线虫虫卵亦呈长椭圆形,颜色与捻转血矛线虫相近,较绵羊夏伯特线虫和粗纹食道口线虫虫卵浅。虫卵在生理盐水中培养1~6 d后,捻转血矛线虫、绵羊夏伯特线虫和普通奥斯特线虫依次进入蝌蚪期和幼虫期,但仅凭肉眼依然难以区分虫卵种类;绵羊食道口线虫未观察到含蝌蚪或含幼虫的虫卵,仅在桑葚期观察到胚胎收缩成1团及分裂成2团或3团不同形态的虫卵。部分粗纹食道口线虫和普通奥斯特线虫虫卵可观察到明显的气室。捻转血矛线虫卵大小为(61.22~102.05)μm×(37.96~69.33)μm,长宽比为1.51;绵羊夏伯特线虫卵大小为(81.89~139.14)μm×(43.97~90.60)μm,长宽比为1.57;粗纹食道口线虫卵的大小为(84.57~104.59)μm×(40.86~59.18)μm,长宽比为1.83;普通奥斯特线虫卵大小为(82.83~117.22)μm×(41.70~71.79)μm,长宽比为1.76。说明4种线虫虫卵的外观形态虽有细微差异,但没有特征性标识,临床上易造成误判,因此采用分子生物学方法进行鉴定更为可靠。

富含S-层蛋白乳酸菌的鉴定及其消化酶耐受性研究

通过平板划线分离法从新鲜牛奶中筛选获得一株乳酸菌菌株,命名为M8,SDS-PAGE分析该菌株富含S-层蛋白。结合表型特征、生理生化特征与16S rRNA基因序列分析法,鉴定该菌株为短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)。对其人工消化液耐受性分析,结果显示:其对人工胃液(3.0g/L,pH2.5)具有良好耐受能力,能在人工肠液(10g/L,pH8.0)中增殖,且S-层蛋白具有耐消化酶酶解能力。提示S-层蛋白作为保护屏障,可抵抗消化酶的作用。

食品中铝残留量干法消化铬天青S分光光度法测定方法探讨

目的:探讨食品中铝残留量检测方法;方法:采用干法消化样品,用铬天青S分光光度法测定食品中铝残留量;结果:铝在10.0μg/mL以内,其线性关系良好,回归方程Y=0.0917X+0.017,r=0.99936,平均回收率为97.55%,RSD1.79%;结论:本方法用于实际样品的测定,结果较为满意。

铬天青S分光光度法测定茶汤中的铝含量

采用浓缩-湿法消化对茶汤进行前处理,用分光光度法测定茶汤中的铝含量,建立了浓缩-湿法消解-铬天青S分光光度法测定茶汤中铝的方法。实验结果表明,本方法前处理简单易行,检测结果准确度、灵敏度高、精密度好,在0～6μg/25mL浓度范围内,呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9997,样品的加标回收率在96.7%～100%,RSD为1.84%,该法方便、简单、快速、准确、可靠,适合茶汤中铝的测定。

基于C/S和B/S混合模式的身份识别系统的设计与实现

在分析系统需求的基础上,采用客户端/服务器、浏览器/服务器、动态网页技术,对身份识别系统进行了设计和开发,实现了智能一卡通功能扩充。

硅藻硝酸消化法与浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法在溺死鉴定中的比较

目的比较和探讨硅藻硝酸消化法与浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法在溺死鉴定中的应用价值。方法收集40例温州医科大学法医学系2010—2011年受理并证实溺死的鉴定案件,每例案件标本包括肺、肾、肝及现场水样4份样本,分别运用硅藻硝酸消化法与浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法对标本进行检验,硅藻硝酸消化法和浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法所需各器官检材量分别为约20g和2g,现场水样分别为15mL和1.5mL,从所需检验时间以及检出率等方面进行比较分析。结果硅藻硝酸消化法检出硅藻主要为中心硅藻纲和羽纹硅藻纲,浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法可扩增出一条162 bp的条带。平均检验每例案件所需的检验时间,硅藻硝酸消化法为(95.30±2.78)min,少于浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法(325.33±14.18)min(P<0.05)。两种方法对现场水样及肺样本的检出率均为100%,而对肝及肾样本的检出率,浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法均为80%,高于硅藻硝酸消化法40%和30%(P<0.05)。结论在溺死的法医学鉴定中,应根据具体情况来挑选合适的实验室检验方法。与硅藻硝酸消化法相比,浮游生物16S rDNA PCR法具有检材用量少、信息量大、特异性高等特点,有一定的推广和实践价值。

应用SELDI技术与MATLAB软件预测替吉奥联合榄香烯治疗消化道肿瘤敏感性的前瞻性研究

目的:借助蛋白质指纹技术及MATLAB软件探索预测替吉奥联合榄香烯治疗晚期消化道肿瘤耐药的可能性。方法:选择7例术后采用替吉奥联合榄香烯治疗有确切疗效的晚期消化道肿瘤患者,应用CM10弱阳离子芯片结合表面增强飞行时间质谱(SELDI-TOF-MS)技术于用药前检测患者血清样本的蛋白质谱,动态观察该药应用后2周至半年内的疗效,根据实体瘤近期疗效标准分为用药稳定组(SD)(4例)和无效组(PD)(3例),应用Biomarker Wiz-ard软件得出两组间差异有统计学意义的指纹。用MATLAB软件进行多项式曲线拟合得出每个差异指纹的拟合曲线及曲线方程。结果:稳定组与无效组相比有6个蛋白质峰的差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),蛋白质质荷比(M/Z)分别为4467、7959、9277、9555、15903、15064,其中,与稳定组相比,无效组上调的峰M/Z为9277、9555,下调的峰M/Z为4467、7959、15903、15064。用MATLAB软件进行多项式曲线拟合得出每个差异指纹的曲线和曲线方程均呈线性函数关系。结论:替吉奥联合榄香烯治疗晚期消化道癌前检测SELDI指纹M/Z为4467、7959、9277、9555、15903、15064的蛋白质组指纹可以预测替吉奥联合榄香烯治疗晚期消化道癌的敏感性。