基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型的氨气泄漏数值模拟研究

针对液氨泄漏事故,为了分析不同泄漏点、不同排风条件下氨气的运移规律,以便合理设置应急处置装备、采取有效措施,基于Realizable k-ε的氨气泄漏有限元数值模拟分析方法,计算了液氨泄漏质量,模拟分析了增加排风口、不同液氨泄漏口及不同液氨泄漏量的氨气扩散规律及浓度变化情况。模拟结果表明:对流排风口位置对于泄漏氨气浓度影响较大,泄漏口位置对泄漏氨气扩散影响不显著;氨气泄漏量的增加使得泄漏口垂直方向氨气浓度显著增加。

应用Realizable k-ε湍流模型的振荡水翼绕流数值模拟研究(英文)

采用计算流体力学软件Fluent提供的Realizable k-ε湍流模型计算了振荡水翼的绕流问题,利用有限体积法求解雷诺平均N-S方程,空间离散应用二阶迎风格式,速度—压力耦合格式为SIMPLEC格式;为了验证该数值格式及湍流模型,计算了文献中的算例并做了对比;考察了不同参数对振荡水翼周围流场及受力特征的影响,研究表明在一定水翼攻角条件下,水翼振幅及振荡频率均对振荡水翼的涡结构产生发展及其受力特征具有明显的影响.

障碍物对火焰结构影响的Realizable k-ε模型数值模拟

在管道内设置长方体障碍物,对火焰翻越障碍物的情形进行数值模拟研究,分析火焰褶皱现象。基于可实现k-ε模型(Realizable k-εmodel)和EDC(涡流耗散概念模型),建立湍流加速火焰现象的数值模型,实现管道火焰流场的可视化,研究障碍物对火焰结构、火焰流场的加速过程,分析了导致火焰发生褶皱的机理,得出火焰在翻越障碍物后会形成两个相反方向的涡流。

修正Realizable k-ε模型在高压淹没水射流中的应用

淹没水射流在工程中具有广泛的应用,空化是高压淹没水射流的基本特征。现有的空化模型仍不完善,对各种工况普适性较差,数值模拟仍存在较大误差。为了提高数值模拟对淹没水射流的预测能力,采用Realizable k-ε模型模拟淹没水射流,使用修正的模型常数并结合滞止压力实验验证,研究5~40 MPa射流压力下的修正模型常数。结果表明,对模型常数进行修正可有效地提高模型对0~70倍直径射程范围内淹没水射流轴心压力的预测能力,使误差降低至10%以内,可见使用修正常数的Realizable k-ε模型模拟高压淹没水射流是一种简便且准确的方法。

静水条件下倾斜射流的Realizable k-ε和RNG k-ε数值模拟研究

进行了静水条件下倾斜射流的实验与数值模拟,分析了不同工况下倾斜射流的运动轨迹、顶点高度、横截面宽度及浓度分布情况与规律。重点验证了Realizable k-ε和RNG k-ε两个湍流模型在该问题模拟中的适用性,结果证明这两个模型都可以较准确地计算出静水条件下倾斜射流的运动与稀释情况,但前者相对后者更为精确。

基于标准和Realizable k～ε湍流模型的阶梯式溢洪道流的数值模拟

采用Realizable k~ε湍流模型并结合VOF自由面追踪技术对阶梯式溢洪道流进行了数值模拟。计算所得水力特性与文献中的实验观察结论基本一致,验证了该模拟方法在分析阶梯式溢洪道流中的有效性。分析了3个不同阶梯处的竖直表面压强分布情况,对标准和Realizable k~ε这两种湍流模型的预测结果进行了比较,结果表明Realizable k~ε湍流模型在该问题的分析中优于标准k~ε湍流模型。

基于k-ε湍流模型的结构物水流中跌落过程数值分析

为了深入研究结构物水流跌落轨迹以及水底散布问题,针对结构物水流跌落现象,建立了三维圆柱体水流中跌落模型,采用了可实现的k-ε湍流模型,运用VOF法、明渠模型、动网格与六自由度模型对圆柱体在水流中跌落进行模拟仿真。对结构物跌落过程的竖直和水平方向速度进行了定量分析,分析结果表明:在脱离空穴时圆柱体受水流的作用力最大。分别将结构物跌落现象和轨迹与跌落实验进行对比,通过误差分析进一步确认仿真数据与实验结果基本吻合,给出圆柱体水中跌落轨迹拟合方程,为结构物跌落运动学分析和水底散布打捞等提供一定的参考依据。

Strong ground motion simulation for the 2013 Lushan M_W6.6 earthquake, Sichuan, China, based on the inverted and synthetic slip models

It is well known that quantitative estimation of slip distributions on fault plane is one of the most important issues for earthquake source inversion related to the fault rupture process. The characteristics of slip distribution on the main fault play a fundamental role to control strong ground motion pattern. A large amount of works have also suggested that variable slip models inverted from longer period ground motion recordings are relevant for the prediction of higher frequency ground motions. Zhang et al. （Chin J Geophys 56：1412-1417, 2013） and Wang et al. （Chin J Geophys 56：1408-1411,2013） published their source inversions for the fault rupturing process soon after the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake in Sichuan, China. In this study, first, we synthesize two forward source slip models： the value of maximum slip, fault dimension, size, and dimension of major asperities, and comer wave number obtained from Wang＇s model is adopted to constrain the gen- eration of k-2 model and crack model. Next, both inverted and synthetic slip models are employed to simulate the ground motions for the Lushan earthquake based on the stochastic finite-fault method. In addition, for a comparison purpose, a stochastic slip model and another k-2 model （k 2 model II） with 2 times value of comer wave number of the original k-2 model （k 2 model I） are also employed for simulation for Lushan event. The simulated results characterized by Modified Mer- calli Intensity （MMI） show that the source slip models based on the inverted and synthetic slip distributions could capture many basic features associated with the ground motion patterns. Moreover, the simulated MMI distributions reflect the rupture directivity effect and the influence of the shallow velocity structure well. On the other hand, the simulated MMI bystochastic slip model and k 2 model II is apparently higher than observed intensity. By contrast, our simulation results show that the higher frequency ground motion is sensitive to the degree of slip roughness; therefore, we suggest that, for realistic ground- motion simulations due to future earthquake, it is imperative to properly estimate the slip roughness distribution.

Structural Design of a Bionic Anti-Clogging Drip Irrigation Emitter Based on Shark Dorsal Fin

Due to the poor anti-clogging performance of the common drip irrigation emitters, this paper designed a new bionic flow channel in the emitter based on the shape of shark dorsal fin. After preliminary structural design, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation showed that the bionic emitter exhibited superior anti-clogging performance and reasonable hydraulic performance. The passage rate of particles of the bionic emitter in simulation reached 96.3% which was 37.6% higher than 70% of traditional emitter, and the discharge exponent reached 0.4995 which was close to traditional emitter. Physical experiments were consistent with the CFD results, which confirmed the correctness of simulation. After a short cycle anti-clogging performance experiment, the bionic emitter still maintained 96.09% of the initial flow rate.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Dilute Gas-Solid Flow inside a 90°Horizontal Square Pipe Bend

A pneumatic test rig is built to test a curved 90° square bend in an open-circuit horizontal-to-horizontal suction wind tunnel system. Sand particles are used to represent the solid phase with a wide range of particle diameters. Velocity profiles are constructed by measuring the gas velocity using a 3-hole probe. Flow patterns inside the bend duct are introduced using sparks caused by burning sticks of incense with the air flow inside the piping system for flow visualization purpose. Numerical calculations are performed by Lagrangian-particle tracking model for predicting particle trajectories of dispersed phase, and standard k-ε model for predicting the turbulent gas-solid flows in bends. Comparisons made between the theoretical results and experimental data for the velocity vectors and particle trajectories show good agreement.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OVER DREDGED TRENCHES

A 3- D free surface flow in open channels based on the Reynolds equations with the k-ε turbulence closure model is presented in this paper. Insted of the 'rigid lid' approximation, the solution of the free surface equation is implemented in the velocity-pressure iterative procedure on the basis of the conventional SIMPLE method. This model was used to compute the flow in rectangular channels with trenches dredged across the bottom. The velocity, eddy viscosity coefficient, turbulent shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy and elevation of the free surface can be obtained. The computed results are in good agreement with previous experimental data.

A New Efficient Finite Volume Modeling of Small Amplitude Free Surface Flows with Unstructured Grid

A staggered finite-volume technique for non-hydrostatic, small amplitude free surface flow governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented there is a proper balance between accuracy and computing time. The advection and horizontal diffusion terms in the momentum equation are discretized by an integral interpolation method on the orthogonal unstructured staggered mesh and, while it has the attractive property of being conservative. The pressure-correction algorithm is employed for the non-hydrostatic pressure in order to achieve second-order temporal accuracy. A conservative scalar transport algorithm is also applied to discretize k - c equations in this model. The eddy viscosity is calculated from the k-c turbulent model. The resulting model is mass and momentum conservative. The model is verified by two examples to simulate unsteady small amplitude free surface flows where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field, and then applied to simulate the tidal flow in the Bohai Sea.

圆柱形膛口装置对膛口流场的影响研究

为避免后效期燃气对枪口周围的影响,通过改变圆柱形膛口装置的尺寸,运用CFD仿真分析,结合动网格技术和重叠网格技术,使用Realizeable k-ε湍流模型,对膛口流场进行仿真计算,通过同一位置观测点温度判断后效期燃气对周围环境影响程度。研究表明:当膛口装置的尺寸设计长径比为1时,能降低40%的膛口气流对周围环境的影响,且相同长径比下,等比例扩大的圆柱形膛口装置能更好的降低对周围环境的影响。

1000MW超超临界旋流燃烧锅炉稳燃特性数值模拟与优化

使用realizable k-双方程模型,对一台1 000 MW超超临界机组对冲旋流燃烧锅炉的燃烧过程进行数值模拟,研究燃烧器一、二次风口形状对燃烧器热态流场、温度场分布的影响,并考虑了NO的排放量,对燃烧器3个改进方案进行了比较。数值模拟结果表明,二次风扩口角度及轴向长度较大时,火焰形状短而宽,NO排放浓度较低,煤质较差时燃烧不稳定;二次风扩口角度减小及轴向长度缩短后,中心给粉与原始结构燃烧器燃烧稳定性均增强,同时,锅炉NO排放量有所增加。二次风扩口轴向长度减少1/2,可以有效增加燃烧稳定性,且NO排放量无明显增加,为最佳改进方案。并与改进后试验结果进行对比,获得比较一致的结果。为大容量旋流燃烧锅炉燃烧劣质煤的燃烧不稳定问题提供参考和依据,为HT-NR3燃烧器的设计和运行提供一定的理论基础。

旋流燃烧器给粉方式对锅炉NO排放特性影响的数值模拟

使用可实现realizable k-ε双方程模型,对600 MW超临界锅炉LNASB燃烧器燃烧过程进行数值模拟。研究燃烧器给粉方式、二次风量及过量空气系数对炉膛内部NO分布的影响,对燃烧器拟改进结构与原结构NO生成特性进行比较。数值模拟结果表明,内二次风对NO影响较大,内二次风关闭时炉膛出口NO下降22%。主燃烧器区域过量空气系数对NO影响明显,过量空气系数较小时NO生成量较少;中心给粉可以有效地降低锅炉NO的生成,100%负荷投入5层燃烧器时NO下降16%,数值计算结果为燃烧器改进提供了NO生成的理论依据。并与试验结果进行对比,获得比较一致的结果。通过设备改进和燃烧调整,有效地控制了锅炉NO的排放,为LNASB燃烧器设计和运行提供了一定的降低NO的理论基础。

稳燃特性对1000MW超超临界锅炉NO_x排放特性影响的数值模拟

使用可实现k-ε双方程模型,对一台1 000 MW超超临界对冲旋流燃烧锅炉NOx生成特性进行数值模拟。对燃烧器拟改进结构与原始结构NOx生成特性进行对比,并对燃烧器稳燃特性增强后过量空气系数、燃尽风(After air port,AAP)与侧燃尽风(Side air port,SAP)率、燃烧器投运方式及锅炉负荷等因素对NOx排放特性的影响进行计算。计算与分析结果表明,燃烧器稳燃特性增强后炉膛温度场变化较大,无油点火燃烧器温度场变化也非常明显,锅炉NOx排放量无明显增长;同时,根据NOx沿炉高方向的变化规律,可以将炉膛沿炉高分为浓度迅速升高、浓度缓慢下降、浓度快速下降和浓度缓慢上升4个区段,AAP与SAP风率越高、过量空气系数越小,炉膛出口NOx排放越少;同等负荷条件下,投入下层燃烧器数量较多时NOx排放量明显下降。并将计算结果和改进前后试验数据进行对比,计算误差在10%以内,数值模拟结果比较准确地预测了燃烧器改进后NOx生成与排放量,为燃烧器的设计和运行提供一定的理论依据。

软性磨粒流加工特性及近壁区域微切削机理

软性磨粒流加工是一种能够有效解决模具结构化表面光整加工的新方法。基于软性磨粒流光整加工的特点,对软性磨粒流中颗粒对壁面的微切削机理进行研究。以普林斯顿方程为基础,对固体相颗粒在流体中的受力进行分析,进而分析颗粒对壁面的微切削机理。通过对汽车模具中的典型结构化表面进行结构简化,得到用于数值模拟及加工试验的流道的物理模型,采用可实现k-ε湍流模型对软性磨粒流在流道中的压力、速度流场的分布进行数值分析;搭建软性磨粒流加工试验平台并进行20 h加工试验,加工结果证明微切削机理分析的正确性,试验对比结果证明软性磨粒流加工方法可以实现细微尺寸结构化表面的光整加工,有效提高加工的精度。

多孔横向紊动射流涡量场的数值分析

应用realizablek-ε紊流模型并结合SIMPLEC算法,分别对单圆孔、双圆孔和四个圆孔的涡量场进行了数值模拟,近壁区流动的处理采用两层模型的壁面函数法,计算得出了不同工况下的剪切层涡、马蹄形涡和反向涡旋对(CVP)。结果表明:在多孔射流中,由于前面射流的遮挡作用,使得后面射流剪切层涡发生的位置升高;在多孔射流中,当多股射流合并为一股新的射流之后,才出现马蹄形涡的雏形,并最终发展成为马蹄形涡;剪切层涡的破裂导致CVP的形成,马蹄形涡和尾迹涡都影响CVP的发展。当多股射流合并为一个新的射流之后,CVP的形状才逐渐发生变化并趋于规则。

600 MW超临界旋流燃烧锅炉炉内温度场数值模拟及优化

使用可实现k-ε双方程模型,对600 MW超临界锅炉低NOx轴向旋流燃烧器(low NOx axial swirl burner,LNASB)燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,研究了二次风量及旋流强度对燃烧器热态流场、温度场分布的影响,对燃烧器拟改进方案进行了比较。数值模拟结果表明,内二次风对回流区影响较大,外二次风对扩展角影响明显,增大中心风速可以增加回流区根部距离;内二次风旋流强度及风量过大时容易引起火焰偏斜贴壁,中心风退出后燃烧器喷口处温度上升明显,中心给粉可以有效地增加火焰离喷口距离,为最佳改进方案。与试验结果进行对比,获得了比较一致的结果。通过设备改进和燃烧调整,解决了锅炉长期以来的恶性结渣问题,为LNASB燃烧器设计和运行提供了一定的防结渣理论基础。

某1000MW超超临界双切圆锅炉燃烧特性的数值模拟与优化

使用realizable k-ε双方程模型,对一台1000MW超超临界机组双切圆锅炉的燃烧特性进行了数值模拟,研究了一、二次风速及喷口结构对锅炉热态流场、温度场分布的影响,对燃烧器原始结构及拟改进结构流场及温度场进行了比较。数值模拟结果表明:燃烧器拟改进结构情况燃烧过程中,炉膛内形成2个旋向相反的椭圆形温度场与流场。一、二次风速对炉内燃烧器区域热态流场影响较大,一次风速增大,切圆直径变小;二次风速增大,切圆直径变大。燃烧器喷口形状与布置方式不同时,炉内温度场变化较大。增大一次风喷口尺寸能够增加火焰刚性,可避免一次风速较低时火焰偏斜贴壁,为最佳改进方案。并与改进后试验结果进行了对比,获得了比较一致的结果。为PM型燃烧器设计和运行提供了一定的理论基础。