Genetic Structure of Reaumuria soongorica Population in Fukang Desert, Xinjiang and Its Relationship with Ecological Factors

Genetic structure and differentiation of Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim population from the desert of Fukang, Xinjiang, were assessed by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. High genetic diversity and differentiation were revealed in the population of R soongorica by 15 random primers. One hundred and thirty-six individuals from seven subpopulations were sampled in the study. Seventy-one loci have been detected, and among them 69 were polymorphic. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci (PPB) was 97.18%. The analyses of Shannon information index (0.307 5), Nei's gene diversity (0.312 7) and G(ST)(0.312 0) indicated that there were more genetic variations within the subpopulations than those among the subpopulations. The results of AMOVA analysis showed that 61.58% of the genetic variations existed within subpopulations, and 38.02% among the subpopulations. The gene flow among the subpopulations of R soongorica (Nm = 1.102 8) was much less than that of the common anemophytes (Nm = 5.24), so genetic differentiation among the subpopulations occurred to some extent. Additionally, through the use of clustering and the correlation analyses, we found that the genetic structure of natural population of R soongorica was related to some ecological factors (soil factors mainly) of the oasis-desert transition zone. The genetic diversity level of R soongorica had negative correlation with the content of total soil P and Cl significantly (P < 0.05). On the contrary, it had significant positive correlation with CO32- (P < 0.05), showing that the distribution of the individuals of R soongorica in the sampled areas correlates with certain soluble salt. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of the natural population of R soongorica increased with the decreasing of the content of soil organic matters, water, total N and total P in soil. The paper concluded that the microenvironment ecological factors played an important role in the adaptive evolution of R soongorica population.

荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)叶片元素和水分含量与土壤因子的关系

通过测定中国境内荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)主要分布区21个自然种群407个植株叶片的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量、有机质和叶片含水量,以及不同种群内土壤含水量、可溶性盐分含量、有机质、全氮、全磷含量等土壤理化性状指标,分析不同自然种群红砂叶片元素含量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着不同土壤层含水量的增加,红砂叶片N含量和叶片含水量显著增加,而叶片K含量显著降低。土壤养分含量、可溶性盐分含量与红砂叶片P含量显著正相关,与叶片含水量显著负相关。随着土壤pH值的增加,红砂叶片N含量显著下降,叶片含水量显著增加。说明不同自然种群中红砂叶片养分含量受土壤状况的影响显著,不同土壤理化性状指标对红砂叶片元素含量的贡献显著不同。土壤水分含量是生境中影响红砂叶片特征的最关键因子,而红砂叶片含水量则最易受各种土壤理化性状的影响。生境中土壤含水量对红砂各种元素含量的影响和红砂叶片含水量对不同土壤条件的这种响应模式支持了红砂是一种以提高水分利用效率而适应于极端干旱生境的典型超旱生植物。

Studies on photoprotective mechanism of desert plant Reaumuria soongorica under progressive soil drying

Reaumuria soongorica （pall.） Maxim, a perennial desert semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas of China. It shows strong tolerance to drought, high temperature and intense radiation in its natural habitat. In the present study, photoprotective mechanism of R. soongorica was investigated by analyzing diurnal variations of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorecence parameters during progressive soil drying. The results show that leaf water potential of R. soongorica decreased when the soil water content dropped. Diurnal patterns of net photosynthetic rate （Pn） changed from ＂two peaks＂ to ＂one peak＂ under drought stress, and the leaf water use efficiency （WUE） increased under moderate drought and declined under severe drought. Pn , the primary maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm） and the quantum efficiency of non-cyclic electron transport of PSII （ΦPSII） decreased obviously at noon, and showed a photoinhibition phenomenon. But, the non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence （NPQ） soon reached its maximum in the day and then remained almost at the high level until 17：00, indicating that the xanthophylls cycle-dependent thermal energy dissipation played an important role. Diurnal variations of the original chlorophyll fluorescence （Fo） increased at first and then decreased. The increased value of F o under drought stress indicates that there was a reversible inactivation of PSII reaction center. These results indicate that the photoprotective mechanism in R. soongorica was the photoinhibition by using both the xanthophylls cycle-dependent thermal energy dissipation and the reversible inactivation of PSII reaction center under drought stress.

Involvement of anti-oxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments and flavonoid metabolism in the adaptation of Reaumuria soongorica to salt stress

Reaumuria soongorica is a short woody shrub widely found in semi-arid areas of China. It can survive severe environ- mental stress including high salinity in its natural habitat. Thus, we investigated the involvement of anti-oxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments and flavonoid metabolism in the adaptation of R. soongorica to saline environments. R. soon- gorica was treated with 0, 100, 200 and 400 mM NaC1 solutions for 14 days. Soil salt content increased significantly by watering with high content of NaC1 solution, and no variation between 8 and 14 days during treatment. The levels ofpe- roxidation of lipid membranes （measured by malondialdehyde content） and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes （superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX）） increased under salt stress. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content decreased with increasing salt content. The ratio of Chl a/Chl b and carotenoid/Chl exhibited sig- nificant increase under 400 mM NaC1. However, total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents and key enzyme activities in the flavonoid pathway including phenylalanine ammonialyase （PAL） and Chalcone isomerase （CHI） decreased under salt stress. These findings possibly suggest that R. soongorica has an adaptation protection mechanism against salt-induced oxidative damage by inducin~ the activity of antioxidant enzymes and maintaining a steady level of carotenoid/Chl.

Effects of salt and alkali stress on Reaumuria soongorica germination

Seed germination and early seedling growth are crucial stages for plant establishment. Two neutral(Na Cl and Na2SO4) and two alkali(Na HCO3 and Na2CO3) salts were selected to investigate their effects on germination and recovery responses in Reaumuria soongorica. Results show that both salt types significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation. The rate of germination and emergence of R. soongorica seeds continuously decreased as salinity increased, and the time to achieve maximum germination rate was delayed. The speed of seed germination dropped rapidly as salt concentration increased.Alkaline salts restricted the germination rate of R. soongorica seeds, and stresses resulting from alkaline salts and high concentrations of neutral salts resulted in many deformed seedlings. The length of the radicle and germ decreased with increasing salt concentration, but certain concentrations of salt and increased p H promoted germ growth. The results of regression analysis show that salt concentration was the dominant factor inhibiting R. soongorica seed germination rate. Salinity, buffering capacity, and p H all affected embryo growth, but salinity had the most pronounced effect. Seed viability under highly saline conditions appears to be a better indicator of adaptation to saline environments than seed germination under saline conditions.

不同生境下红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)的生理生化特征及适应性

测定了荒漠地区超旱生小灌木红砂在3种生境(山前荒漠、山前戈壁和中游戈壁)下的叶片水分状态、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量,以探讨荒漠植物在不同生境下的生理生化特征及对荒漠极端环境的适应机制。结果表明:在3种生境下,红砂叶片相对含水量和叶片水势随着土壤含水量的下降而下降,叶绿素含量随着土壤含水量的下降而升高。随着生境土壤干旱的加剧,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐升高,而过氧化氢酶活性下降。在土壤含水量较少的戈壁生境,渗透调节物质含量上升。SOD和POD活性的升高是红砂抵御干旱环境的主要抗氧化保护机制;渗透调节在红砂叶片适应干旱胁迫的过程中发挥着重要作用,高的渗透调节能力使红砂在水分不足的条件下维持较低的渗透势,有利于植物吸水,从而增强其耐旱性。

红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)黄酮类物质代谢及其抗氧化活性对UV-B辐射的响应

对荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)在UV-B辐射胁迫下不同时间内(0、2、4、6、8、10d)脂质过氧化、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的变化以及黄酮类代谢途径关键酶活性、代谢产物及代谢产物的抗氧化活性进行了分析,探讨黄酮类代谢响应UV-B辐射胁迫的变化以及与脂质过氧化和光合色素系统的相关性。结果表明:随着UV-B辐射处理时间的延长,叶绿素含量有所降低;类胡萝卜素含量升高;膜脂过氧化程度(以丙二醛(MDA)含量表示)增加;黄酮类代谢途径关键酶黄烷酮3-羟化酶(F3H)活性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,但仍高于处理前水平,二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR)活性增强,代谢终产物总黄酮含量先降低后恢复至处理前水平,花色素苷(ANS)含量上升;DFR活性、黄酮类代谢产物ANS及总黄酮对DPPH清除率和对MDA形成的抑制率均与MDA以及光合色素系统之间存在显著或极显著的相关性。这表明次生物质黄酮类代谢途径在UV-B胁迫下发挥了抗氧化功能,提高红砂对在UV-B辐射下的自我保护能力。

内蒙古荒漠区红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种群格局

在内蒙古荒漠区依照红砂的自然分布,按湿润度梯度,从东到西分别在荒漠草原-草原化荒漠过渡区、草原化荒漠、草原化荒漠-典型荒漠过渡区及典型荒漠植被带上选取样地,对红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种群进行实地调查,根据植株体积划分等级,运用点格局分析法,对红砂种群分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:从荒漠草原向草原化荒漠的过渡区到典型荒漠,随着干旱程度的加剧,红砂种群密度逐渐下降,从稳定增长型种群向成熟或衰退型种群变化,种群格局由聚集分布变为随机分布,聚集的尺度逐渐减少,在典型荒漠种群也出现了均匀分布。红砂种群级别间的空间关联性,具有很强的空间异质性和尺度异质性。随着干旱化和荒漠化程度加剧,红砂种群内部相互有利的生态关系在减弱,到典型荒漠区甚至有种群内部负向(相互排斥)的生态关系出现。荒漠区红砂群落组成简单,在典型荒漠成为纯一的红砂群落,具有特殊性和脆弱性,应重视保护与合理利用。

红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)对大气CO_2浓度升高及降水变化的光合生理响应

未来大气CO_2浓度的显著升高将引起降雨格局的变化,这必将对荒漠生态系统产生严重影响。研究CO_2浓度及降水变化对荒漠优势植物的影响有助于预测荒漠生态系统对全球气候变化的响应。以荒漠优势植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)2年生苗木为试材,采用开顶式CO_2控制气室模拟CO2浓度变化(350、550、700μmol·mol^(-1)),研究了降水变化(-30%、-15%、0、+15%、+30%)及其与CO_2的协同作用对红砂光合特性及水分利用的影响。结果表明:CO_2浓度增加可显著提高红砂的光合速率,短时高浓度CO_2下红砂光合能力对水分的适应性较广,在降雨增加或减少时均表现出光合速率的增加,但长时高CO_2浓度会导致红砂光合能力下降,出现光合适应现象。高浓度CO_2下,红砂的蒸腾速率和气孔导度均有所下降,但降水的增加可抑制这种作用,有一定的补偿作用。CO_2增加会显著提高红砂的水分利用效率,降雨越少这种作用越明显,但长期CO_2作用会使这种效应有所减小。由此说明,未来CO_2浓度升高可在一定程度上提高红砂的光合能力,尤其是在降雨减少时因CO_2增加会提高水分利用效率而增强其抗旱性,从而增强红砂对未来暖干化气候的适应能力。

Correlations Between Foliar Stable Carbon Isotope Composition and Environmental Factors in Desert Plant Reaumuria soongorica （Pall.） Maxim.

Leaves of 407 individuals of Reaumuria soongorica （Pall.） Maxim. collected from the major distribution areas were measured to investigate the distribution characteristics of the stable carbon isotope in this desert plant, as well as correlations between δ^13C values and environmental factors. Results showed that δ^13C values in R. soongorica ranged from -22.77‰ to -29.85‰ and that the mean δ^13C value （-26.52‰） was higher than a previously reported δ^13C value for a different desert ecosystem. This indicates that R. soongorica belongs to the C3 photosynthetic pathway and has higher water use efficiency than other species. The correlations between δ^13C values and environmental factors demonstrated that the foliar δ^13C values in R. soongorica increased significantly with decreasing mean annual precipitation and mean relative humidity, and decreased with decreasing duration of sunshine and evaporation. The spatial distribution trend of δ^13C values in R. soongorica was not obvious and there was no significant correlation between the δ^13C values and mean annual temperature. We conclude that different distribution trends in δ^13C values for R. soongorica were likely caused by stomatal limitation rather than by nutrient-related changes in photosynthetic efficiency and that precipitation played an important role in the wide distribution range of R. soongorica. This pattern of δ^13C values for R. soongorica reinforced that it is a super-xerophil in terms of its adaptive strategies to a desert environment.

荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)的保育效应及其对群落物种多样性的影响

红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)是我国北方温带荒漠的主要先锋植物,也是一种潜力巨大的水土保持和荒山绿化物种,但是该乡土物种是否具有保育植物的特征,目前尚未有这方面的研究。文中通过研究生长于半干旱区的荒漠植物红砂群落不同分布格局和群落特征,分析红砂盖度变化对群落多样性的影响,探究保育效应的发生条件及其对群落物种多样性影响机理。研究结果表明:群落的植物物种多样性随着红砂植被盖度和地上生物量增大而逐渐增大,然而,当红砂总盖度超过48.73%(地上生物量为35.62g/m2)时,虽植被盖度和地上生物量继续增大,目标物种碱蓬(Suaeda glauca),蓍状亚菊(Ajania achilleoides)多度明显增加,但植物物种多样性并没有显著的变化。这些说明在干旱区,当红砂的盖度增加到一定程度之后,才能通过冠层遮阴产生保育效应。因此,在植被稀疏、物种多样性较低的干旱地区,可以充分利用红砂物种的保育效应,促进和加快植被自然恢复进程,调控物种多样性和群落结构。

液质联用法测定干旱胁迫下红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)叶片F3H、DFR酶活性

黄烷酮3-羟化酶(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)和二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(di-hydroflavonol 4-reductase,DFR)是类黄酮合成途径中的2个关键酶,研究其活性的变化对探讨类黄酮合成途径的调控有重要的意义。以荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)为材料,建立了类黄酮合成途径关键酶F3H、DFR活性的液质联用检测法,研究干旱胁迫对红砂叶片F3H、DFR酶活性的影响。结果表明,F3H酶作用的底物柚皮素和DFR酶作用的底物二氢槲皮素的检测含量线性范围分别为0.04～1.20μg(r=0.998)和0.08～2.40μg(r=0.998)。因此,本方法可用于测定F3H、DFR酶活性。根据以上建立的方法,对干旱胁迫处理下,不同处理时间的红砂植株叶片进行F3H、DFR酶活性的测定,结果表明,干旱胁迫下,F3H酶活性随着干旱胁迫处理时间的延长,先升高后降低至处理前水平。DFR酶活性随干旱胁迫时间的延长逐渐升高。表明干旱胁迫对红砂叶片F3H、DFR酶活性有诱导作用。

红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)响应干旱和UV-B辐射双重胁迫的基因转录表达

荒漠植物在自然生境中同时遭受多种环境因子的胁迫,但植物对多重胁迫因子的应答响应机理目前仍然未知。利用数字基因表达谱技术分析了荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)在干旱、UV-B辐射以及干旱和UV-B辐射共胁迫下基因在转录水平的表达响应。结果显示:胁迫处理的材料与对照材料相比,差异表达的基因有上调表达基因和下调表达基因,且不同胁迫中下调表达基因总数多于上调的。双重胁迫与单因子胁迫相比,差异表达基因数量明显增加,且上调表达基因的数量增多,单因子胁迫之间的表达谱比双重胁迫与单因子之间的更为相似。双重胁迫诱导了356个上调和248个下调的特异表达基因。从诱导基因的差异表达量来看,多数基因的差异表达量集中在2~5倍,同时也诱导了少数基因的高度表达(高于100倍)。差异表达基因的GO(Gene Ontology)功能富集显著性分析和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)代谢通路分析表明,双重胁迫相比单因子胁迫,固碳作用等生物过程的表达显著性富集,且不同的代谢途径对不同的胁迫处理表现出不同程度的响应。这说明植物在基因转录水平对单因子胁迫和双重胁迫的响应机理在很大程度上存在差异。

荒漠环境梯度下联生红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、珍珠(Salsola passerina)荧光特性

高等植物的叶绿素荧光效应是植物为适应环境变化产生的生理响应,任何胁迫对光合作用产生的影响都可通过叶绿素荧光变化表现出来,对衡量各胁迫因子对植物光合特性的影响有重要意义。以荒漠草原区、半荒漠区、典型荒漠区、极端荒漠区4个生境条件下单生、联生红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)和珍珠(Salsola passerina)为材料,对其叶绿素荧光参数以及环境因子进行测定和分析,探讨两种植物在联生条件下对荒漠环境梯度的生理响应机制。结果表明:红砂和珍珠的叶绿素荧光参数各异,在联生条件下,红砂的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(q P)值均高于单生,珍珠则相反;随环境胁迫的加剧,各生长方式下红砂和珍珠的Fv/Fm、Yield、q P值均呈现下降趋势,非光化学猝灭系数(q N)呈上升趋势。可见,联生时红砂光合能力增强,对光能有高效的捕捉能力,珍珠则更多的选择以热量的方式散失光能。

Protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in Reaumuria soongorica: Leaf abscission and sucrose accumulation in the stem

Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub, is widely found in semi-arid areas in northwestern China and can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. In order to study the protective mechanism of desiccation tolerance in R. soongorica, diurnal patterns of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Photosystem II (PSII), and sugar content in the source leaf and stem were investigated in 6-year-old plants during progressive soil drought imposed by the cessation of watering. The results showed that R. soongorica was char-acterized by very low leaf water potential, high WUE, photosynthesis and high accumulation of sucrose in the stem and leaf abscission under desiccation. The maximum Pn increased at first and then de-clined during drought, but intrinsic WUE increased remarkably in the morning with increasing drought stress. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the quantum efficiency of noncyclic electric transport of PSII(ΦPSII) decreased significantly under water stress and exhibited an obvious phenomenon of photoinhibition at noon. Drought stressed plants maintained a higher capacity of dis-sipation of the excitation energy (measured as NPQ) with the increasing intensity of stress. Conditions of progressive drought promoted sucrose and starch accumulation in the stems but not in the leaves. However, when leaf water potential was less than –21.3 MPa, the plant leaves died and then abscised. But the stem photosynthesis remained and, afterward the plants entered the dormant state. Upon re-watering, the shoots reactivated and the plants developed new leaves. Therefore, R. soongorica has the ability to reduce water loss through leaf abscission and maintain the vigor of the stem cells to survive desiccation.

红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、珍珠(Salsola passerine)蒸腾耗水规律的尺度整合

利用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪和大型称重式蒸渗仪研究红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、珍珠(Salsola passerina)灌丛在干旱和湿润条件下的蒸腾耗水特征,并探讨从叶片到灌丛尺度转换中,在非破损状态下植物叶面积的可靠测定方法。结果表明:用图像法获得非破损状态下植物叶面积是可行的,基于植物叶面积通过尺度转换得到灌丛尺度的蒸腾量与蒸渗仪测定的蒸腾量具有较高一致性(r=0.9752,P<0.01)。干旱条件下,红砂蒸腾速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,主要影响因素为气孔导度(P<0.01);湿润条件下,红砂和珍珠蒸腾速率的日变化均呈单峰曲线,主要的影响因素为气孔导度、空气相对湿度、饱和蒸汽压亏缺和光合有效辐射(P<0.01)。珍珠水分利用效率和气孔限制值均高于红砂。此外,干旱条件下红砂的水分利用效率和气孔限制均高于湿润条件。通过尺度转换得到的灌丛尺度的蒸腾量和蒸渗仪测定的蒸腾量的结果均表明,红砂的蒸腾量始终大于珍珠,且随土壤湿润状况的改善而增大。红砂灌丛蒸腾量与蒸散量之比在干旱条件下(T/ET=21%)较湿润条件下高(约2%)。同时,红砂灌丛T/ET高于珍珠灌丛。因此,基于图像法获得的叶面积参数可用于从叶片(便携式光合仪法)到植株及灌丛水平(称重式蒸渗仪法)的植物蒸腾耗水尺度转换研究。

Spatial patch structure and adaptive strategy for desert shrub of Reaumuria soongorica in arid ecosystem of the Heihe River Basin

In many arid ecosystems,vegetation frequently occurs in high-cover patches interspersed in a matrix of low plant cover.However,theoretical explanations for shrub patch pattern dynamics along climate gradients remain unclear on a large scale.This context aimed to assess the variance of the Reaumuria soongorica patch structure along the precipitation gradient and the factors that affect patch structure formation in the middle and lower Heihe River Basin(HRB).Field investigations on vegetation patterns and heterogeneity in soil properties were conducted during 2014 and 2015.The results showed that patch height,size and plant-to-patch distance were smaller in high precipitation habitats than in low precipitation sites.Climate,soil and vegetation explained 82.5% of the variance in patch structure.Spatially,R.soongorica shifted from a clumped to a random pattern on the landscape towards the MAP gradient,and heterogeneity in the surface soil properties(the ratio of biological soil crust(BSC) to bare gravels(BG)) determined the R.soongorica population distribution pattern in the middle and lower HRB.A conceptual model,which integrated water availability and plant facilitation and competition effects,was revealed that R.soongorica changed from a flexible water use strategy in high precipitation regions to a consistent water use strategy in low precipitation areas.Our study provides a comprehensive quantification of the variance in shrub patch structure along a precipitation gradient and may improve our understanding of vegetation pattern dynamics in the Gobi Desert under future climate change.

额济纳荒漠红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)根系分布与土壤环境关系的研究

以额济纳荒漠典型红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落为样本,通过测定土壤的理化性质、水势以及红砂根系分布,研究红砂根系分布与土壤环境的关系。结果表明:红砂主要分布在灰棕漠-灰漠土地带,而其根系主要集中在pH8.0-8.97之间、电导率高达1.19-1.78ms/cm的地下30-70cm层,该层不但含盐量很高,含水率也较高;可以认为,土壤水分、盐分是影响红砂根系分布的主要因素,而红砂根系集中分布在盐化层和高含水层则是长期适应土壤环境的结果。

红砂软膏剂的制备工艺研究

目的:研究红砂软膏剂的制备方法,确定最佳制备工艺。方法:首先通过超声提取法提取红砂中的有效成分,并将提取液浓缩;然后以外观均一性、涂抹延展性、耐热耐寒性、离心稳定性为评价指标,进行油相、水相、油水两相最佳配比及最佳乳化温度的单因素考察,并在此基础上通过L9(3^(4))正交实验选出最佳软膏基质配比和乳化温度;最后以5%载药量制备红砂软膏,并再次通过L9(3^(4))正交实验及配方优化确定红砂软膏剂的最佳制备工艺;结果:红砂软膏剂的最佳制备工艺是载药量为5%;油水比为1∶2.5;油相:硬脂酸(9.40%)、白凡士林(7.00%)、司盘-80(3.50%)、羊毛脂(4.70%)、液体石蜡(4.70%)、尼泊金乙酯(0.15%);水相:三乙醇胺(3.60%)、甘油(10.70%)、红砂水提物浓缩液和蒸馏水(57.10%)。两相分别水浴加热到80℃,然后将水相缓慢加入油相中,快速搅拌即得O/W型红砂软膏剂。结论:研究制备出了一种理化性质稳定、耐热耐寒、外观细腻均匀、肤感较好的红砂软膏剂,为红砂软膏剂后期进一步应用于皮炎湿疹的治疗奠定了基础。

不同贮藏年限对红砂种子生理特性及胚结构的影响

以室温贮藏条件下0~4 a的红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种子为试验材料,通过测定不同贮藏年限红砂种子的萌发指标、生理指标及种胚显微结构,探究红砂种子在贮藏老化过程中种子活力及其生理和显微结构的变化特征。结果表明:随着贮藏年限的增加,红砂种子芽长、萌发率、萌发势、发芽指数、活力指数和含水量逐渐降低,超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、可溶性糖(soluble sugar,SS)和可溶性蛋白(soluble protein,SP)含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量逐渐上升。红砂种子萌发指标与MDA含量呈显著(P<0.05)负相关,与SS、SP呈正相关。当年采收的种子,胚部细胞排列紧密,贮藏3~4 a的种子胚部细胞排列散乱,木质化程度加深着色效果明显,并伴随子叶逐渐缩小的现象。综上认为,红砂种子含水量、MDA和SP含量可较为准确地反映其活力,且红砂种子活力变化的节点在2~3 a之间。在实际生产中,建议选择采收后室温贮藏1 a的种子为播种材料。