Control of hepatitis B virus replication by interferons and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of liver diseases, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. The interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses could restrict HBV replication at the different steps of viral life cycle. Indeed, IFN-α has been successfully used for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. However, the role of the innate immune response in HBV replication and the mechanism of the anti-HBV effect of IFN-α are not completely explored. In this review, we summarized the currently available knowledge about the IFN-mediated anti-HBV effect in the HBV life cycle and the possible effectors downstream the IFN signaling pathway. The antiviral effect of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in HBV replication is briefly discussed. The strategies exploited by HBV to evade the IFN- and TLR-mediated antiviral actions are summarized.

Interferon beta(IFN-β) treatment exerts potential neuroprotective effects through neurotrophic factors and novel neurotensin/neurotensin high affinity receptor 1 pathway

Multiple sclerosis（MS）is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system（CNS）characterized by coexisting processes of inflammation,demyelination,axonal neurodegeneration,and gliosis.It is the most common disabling neurological disease in young adulthood.

T29C genotype polymorphism of estrogen receptor alpha is associated with initial response to interferon-alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients

BACKGROUND: Virological clearance, delayed progression to cirrhosis or liver cancer, and increased survival are the long-term goals of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients. Identification of host factors correlated with therapeutic response may contribute greatly to individual treatment. This study aimed at investigating whether T29C genotype polymorphism of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) is associated with the initial response to interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients. METHODS: The initial responses of 100 patients to IFN-alpha therapy were evaluated and compared by classifying them into three groups according to T29C genotype polymorphism of ESR1: T/T, TIC, and C/C genotype groups. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to analyze the genotype polymorphism in T29C. RESULTS: The frequency of initially combined response was markedly higher in both the T/T and TIC groups than in the C/C group (Z=10.326, P=0.006 and Z=26.247, P=0.000, respectively). In addition, the initial virological response was higher in the T/T and T/C groups than the C/C group (chi(2)=5.674, P=0.017 and chi(2)=4.980, P=0.026, respectively). In 78 initially HBeAg-positive patients, however, the frequency of initial e-antigen disappearance or seroconversion among the T/T, T/C, and C/C genotype groups was 34.15%, 27.78% and 15.79%, respectively, which were not significantly different. CONCLUSION. The T29C genotype polymorphism of ESR1 is associated with the initial response to IFN-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis B, and might be a significant marker for predicting the initial response to IFN-alpha, at least in this study population. (Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2010; 9: 275-279)

Toll-like receptors and hepatitis C virus infection

Background:Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection is a worldwide issue.However,the current treatment for hepatitis C has many shortcomings.Toll-like receptors(TLRs)are pattern recognition receptors involved in HCV infection,and an increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of TLRs in the progression of hepatitis C.Data sources:We performed a Pub Med search up to January 2021 with the following keywords:hepatitis C,toll-like receptors,interferons,inflammation,and immune evasion.We also used terms such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),susceptibility,fibrosis,cirrhosis,direct-acting antiviral agents,agonists,and antagonists to supplement the query results.We reviewed relevant publications analyzing the correlation between hepatitis C and TLRs and the role of TLRs in HCV infection.Results:TLRs 1–4 and 6–9 are involved in the process of HCV infection.When the host is exposed to the HCV,TLRs,as important participants in HCV immune evasion,trigger innate immunity to remove the virus and also promote inflammation and liver fibrosis.TLR gene SNPs affect hepatitis C susceptibility,treatment,and prognosis.The contribution of each TLR to HCV is different.Drugs targeting various TLRs are developed and validated,and TLRs can synergize with classic hepatitis C drugs,including interferon and direct-acting antiviral agents,constituting a new direction for the treatment of hepatitis C.Conclusions:TLRs are important receptors in HCV infection.Different TLRs induce different mechanisms of virus clearance and inflammatory response.Although TLR-related antiviral therapy strategies exist,more studies are needed to explore the clinical application of TLR-related drugs.

Estrogen receptorα-mediated signaling inhibits type Ⅰ interferon response to promote breast carcinogenesis

Estrogen receptorα(ERα)is an important driver and therapeutic target in∼70%of breast cancers.How ERαdrives breast carcinogenesis is not fully understood.In this study,we show that ERαis a negative regulator of type I interferon(IFN)response.Activation of ERαby its natural ligand estradiol inhibits IFN-β-induced transcription of downstream IFN-stimulated genes(ISGs),whereas ERαdeficiency or the stimulation with its antagonist fulvestrant has opposite effects.Mechanistically,ERαinduces the expression of the histone 2A variant H2A.Z to restrict the engagement of the IFN-stimulated gene factor 3(ISGF3)complex to the promoters of ISGs and also interacts with STAT2 to disrupt the assembly of the ISGF3 complex.These two events mutually lead to the inhibition of ISG transcription induced by type I IFNs.In a xenograft mouse model,fulvestrant enhances the ability of IFN-βto suppress ERα^(+)breast tumor growth.Consistently,clinical data analysis reveals that ERα^(+)breast cancer patients with higher levels of ISGs exhibit higher long-term survival rates.Taken together,our findings suggest that ERαinhibits type I IFN response via two distinct mechanisms to promote breast carcinogenesis.

Association between interferon gamma receptor 1-56C/T gene polymorphism and tuberculosis susceptibility： a meta-analysis

Background Genetic variations in the interferon-gamma （IFN-γ） receptor 1 gene （IFNGR1） may contribute to tuberculosis （TB） risk in different populations.Many studies have investigated the relationship between IFNGR1 56C/T polymorphism and the susceptibility to TB,but have yielded conflicting results.A comprehensive meta-analysis is needed to provide a more accurate estimation of the relationship between them.Methods A literature search based on a combination of manual and computer-based methods was conducted on four English databases （PubMed,Science Direct,SpringerLink,and EBSCO） and three Chinese databases （Wanfang,CQVIP,and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases）.Pooled odds ratios （ORs） and 95％ confidence intervals （95％ Cls） were calculated using either the fixed-effects model or the random-effects model for different genetic models based on the heterogeneity examination.Results A total of six studies comprising 1 497 confirmed TB cases and 1 802 controls were included in this meta-analysis.Overall,no significant association was observed between IFNGR1-56C/T polymorphism and TB susceptibility （C vs.T,OR=0.90,95％ Cl 0.69-1.17; CC vs.TT,OR=0.87,95％ Cl 0.65-1.18; TC vs.TT,OR=-1.031,95％ Cl 0.872-1.219; CC＋TC vs.TT,OR=0.89,95％ Cl 0.64-1.26; CC vs.TC＋TT,OR=0.92,95％ Cl 0.66-1.29）.In subgroup analysis,a significant association was found in the dominant model （CC＋TC vs.TT,OR=1.24,95％ Cl 1.02-1.51） in Africans,but not in Asians or Caucasians.Conclusions Our meta-analysis did not provide enough powerful evidence to identify a significant association between IFNGR1-56C/T polymorphism and TB susceptibility in the overall population.In subgroup analysis,it indicates that IFNGR1-56C/T is possibly associated with increased TB risk in Africans,but not in Asians or Caucasians.However,larger sample size and better-designed case-control studies are needed to validate these findings.

Approach to loss of response to advanced therapies in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND Remarkable progress over the last decade has equipped clinicians with many options in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.Clinicians now have the unique opportunity to provide individualized treatment that can achieve and sustain remission in many patients.However,issues of primary non-response(PNR)and secondary loss of response(SLOR)to non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor(TNFi)therapies remains a common problem.Specific issues include the choice of optimization of therapy,identifying when dose optimization will recapture response,establishing optimal dose for escalation and when to switch therapy.AIM To explores the issues of PNR and SLOR to non-TNFi therapies.METHODS This review explores the current evidence and literature to elucidate management options in cases of PNR/SLOR.It will also explore potential predictors for response following SLOR/PNR to therapies including the role of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM).RESULTS In the setting of PNR and loss of response to alpha-beta7-integrin inhibitors and interleukin(IL)-12 and IL-23 inhibitors dose optimization is a reasonable option to capture response.For Janus kinase inhibitors dose optimization can be utilized to recapture response with loss of response.CONCLUSION The role of TDM in the setting of advanced non-TNFi therapies to identify patients who require dose optimization and as a predictor for clinical remission is not yet established and this remains an area that should be addressed in the future.

The host type I interferon response to viral and bacterial infections

Type I interferons (IFN) are well studied cytokines with anti-viral and immune-modulating functions. Type I IFNsare produced following viral infections, but until recently, the mechanisms of viral recognition leading to IFN productionwere largely unknown. Toll like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as key transducers of type I IFN during viral infectionsby recognizing various viral components. Furthermore, much progress has been made in defining the signaling path-ways downstream of TLRs for type I IFN production. TLR7 and TLR9 have become apparent as universally importantin inducing type I IFN during infection with most viruses, particularly by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. New intracellularviral pattern recognition receptors leading to type I IFN production have been identified. Many bacteria can also inducethe up-regulation of these cytokines. Interestingly, recent studies have found a detrimental effect on host cells if type IIFN is produced during infection with the intracellular gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Thisreview will discuss the recent advances made in defining the signaling pathways leading to type I IFN production.

泛癌分析揭示SREK1在低级别胶质瘤中促进CD274表达

目的剪接调节谷氨酸和富赖氨酸的蛋白质1(SREK1)在多种肿瘤中的泛癌分析,揭示SREK1在泛癌中的作用。方法利用在线数据库GEPIA 2、TIMER 2.0、TISIDB和cBioPortal分析SREK1表达对肿瘤患者预后的影响、在低级别胶质瘤(LGG)肿瘤组织中的表达、遗传变异的特征及其表达对肿瘤组织中免疫细胞的浸润和免疫—肿瘤靶基因的相关性分析。结果LGG肿瘤组织中,SREK1表达与记忆B细胞、活化的CD4+T细胞、Th2细胞、中性粒细胞、NKT细胞以及单核细胞和CD56dimNK细胞的浸润存在相关性(P均<0.05)。SREK1与免疫—肿瘤靶基因如信号传导及转录激活蛋白3(STAT3)、Ⅰ型干扰素受体1(IFNAR1)、核受体亚家族3C组成员1(NR3C1)和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、表面抗原分化簇274(CD274)等表达在LGG中均呈正相关(P均<0.05)。结论SREK1是LGG患者的危险因子之一,可能通过促进CD274的表达来加剧LGG的进展。

伊伐布雷定联合常规药物治疗小儿病毒性心肌炎的临床效果分析

目的:分析伊伐布雷定联合常规药物治疗小儿病毒性心肌炎(VMC)的临床效果。方法:选取2020年7月—2022年7月淮安市妇幼保健院收治的VMC患儿94例作为研究对象,依据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各47例。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上应用盐酸伊伐布雷定治疗。比较两组治疗效果。结果:观察组治疗总有效率、白细胞介素-4水平高于对照组,血清γ干扰素、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1、血清淀粉样蛋白、心肌肌钙蛋白T、B型钠尿肽前体水平以及外周血Toll样受体3(TLR3)、β干扰素TIR结构域衔接蛋白(TRIF)、核因子-κBp65表达量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:伊伐布雷定联合常规药物治疗VMC的效果较好,可通过抑制TLR3/TRIF信号通路减轻炎性反应,改善患者心功能,且安全性高。

基于miR-155/TLR4/MyD88信号通路探讨蛇伤胶囊对竹叶青蛇伤的抗炎作用

目的探讨蛇伤胶囊对竹叶青蛇伤miR-155/Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子88(MyD88)信号通路及炎症的影响。方法将18只雄性新西兰大白兔分为对照组、模型组和蛇伤胶囊组,每组6只。对照组正常饮食饮水,另两组注射7.5 mg/kg竹叶青蛇毒液6 h后,模型组灌胃348 mg/(kg·d)生理盐水,蛇伤胶囊组灌胃348 mg/(kg·d)蛇伤胶囊,均连续灌胃1周。观察实验兔的一般行为学,qRT-PCR检测外周血中miR-155a-5p、TLR4和MyD88表达,ELISA检测血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)含量。结果与对照组比较,模型组精神和食欲变差,排便稀软带血,伤口溃烂,miR-155-5p、TLR4 mRNA、MyD88 mRNA、IL-6和TNF-α表达均显著增加(均P<0.01),IFN-γ和IL-4表达显著下降(均P<0.01)。蛇伤胶囊组较模型组情况明显好转,miR-155a-5p、TLR4 mRNA、MyD88 mRNA、IL-6和TNF-α表达显著下降(均P<0.01),IFN-γ和IL-4表达显著增加(均P<0.01)。结论蛇伤胶囊抑制竹叶青蛇伤造成的炎症反应,维持Th1/Th2细胞平衡,其作用机制可能与抑制miR-155/TLR4/MyD88轴的表达有关。

中国旱獭Ⅰ型干扰素受体β亚基克隆、表达及功能初步鉴定

目的克隆中国旱獭Ⅰ型干扰素受体β亚基(mhIFNAR2)的基因,并进行抗体制备及功能鉴定。方法应用RT-PCR技术,从中国旱獭脾组织中扩增得到序列,克隆至原核表达载体p RSET-B,表达重组蛋白,电泳和Western Blot法鉴定;重组蛋白常规免疫BALB/c小鼠制备其胞外段多克隆抗体,免疫组化、免疫荧光和Western Blot法鉴定;再通过si RNA阻断的方法检测其功能。计量资料多组间比较采用方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。结果从mhIFNAR2扩增出149~1300 bp片段,其同源性在分析的种属中以土拨鼠最高,可达98.05%。成功地构建了表达胞外段mhIFNAR2_((50-181aa))蛋白的原核表达质粒,命名为pRSET-B.mhIFNAR2;其表达重组蛋白分子量27 kD,纯化后纯度约为95%,浓度约为160μg/mL。用纯化的重组蛋白常规免疫BALB/c小鼠后,获得1∶1000的特异性多克隆抗体,用免疫组化及免疫荧光可见细胞膜、细胞质有表达。合成的三条siRNA,其中有一条起始于277位点的siRNA(siRNA277)与空白对照及阴性对照相比,可以沉默目的基因的表达,并能减弱干扰素的信号通路(P值均<0.05)。结论获得mhIFNAR2的部分序列,成功地制备出抗mhIFNAR2胞外段多克隆抗体,该抗体有较高的效价和特异性,并能用于免疫组化、免疫荧光及Western Blot的检测。用siRNA277可以抑制目的基因的表达,并能阻断干扰素的信号通路。

Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Polymorphisms in Coronary Artery Disease: An Overview of Experimental and Clinical Studies

Heart diseases are the main cause of mortality in Mexico, being coronary heart disease the most frequent in the country. Its high prevalence makes important the study of the pathophysiology and the search for prognostic factors. Different genes and polymorphisms promote atherogenesis and coronary artery disease, they affect inflammatory and vascular pathological processes. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is associated with coronary heart disease, it promotes chronic inflammation and cytokines release;it could trigger immune reactions and its activating receptors express in the vascular endothelium. Besides, polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are implied with coronary disease, they are found in angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes. These genetic polymorphisms are associated with a prothrombotic state, endothelial dysfunction, and immune activation. Multiple experimental studies showed that chronic activation of RAAS and chronic expression of IRF5 generates an environment prone to the development of atherosclerosis, and autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Studying these specific genes and their relationship with coronary heart disease will allow a better understanding of the pathological process and possibly the quest for new treatments.

Toll-like receptor 9 is correlated to disease activity in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus population

Methods mRNA level of TLR9 and interferon （IFN） regulatory factor 5 （IRF5） in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs） were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. IFN-a expression was measured in the serum of the SLE patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results TLR9 expression was significantly higher in SLE patients than that in health controls （P=0.011）. SLE patients with positive anti-dsDNA antibody had significantly higher expression of TLR9 than that with negative anti-dsDNA antibody （P=0.001）. TLR9 expression was positively correlated with fever （P=0.017）, alopecia （P=0.046）, safety of estrogens in lupus erythematosus national assessment SLE disease activity index （SELENA-SLEDAI） score （rs=0.385, P=0.003）, and the level of IRF5 （rs=0.35, P=0.027） and IFN-a （rs=0.627, P=0.001） in SLE patients. Conclusion TLR9 is associated with SLE disease activity and might be involved in the IFN-a pathway of SLE.

The interferon inducing pathways and the hepatitis C virus

The innate immune response is triggered by a variety of pathogens, including viruses, and requires rapid induction of typeⅠ?interferons (IFN), such as IFNβ and IFNα. IFN induction occurs when specific pathogen motifs bind to specific cellular receptors. In non-professional immune, virally-infected cells, IFN induction is essentially initiated after the binding of dsRNA structures to TLR3 receptors or to intracytosolic RNA helicases, such as RIG-Ⅰ/MDA5. This leads to the recruitment of specific adaptors, such as TRIF for TLR3 and the mitochondrial-associated IPS-1/VISA/MAVS/CARDIF adapter protein for the RNA helicases, and the ultimate recruitment of kinases, such as MAPKs, the canonical IKK complex and the TBK1/IKKε kinases, which activate the transcription factors ATF-2/ c-jun, NF-κB and IRF3, respectively. The coordinated action of these transcription factors leads to induction of IFN and of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the establishment of the innate immune response. HCV can cleave both the adapters TRIF and IPS-1/VISA/MAVS/ CARDIF through the action of its NS3/4A protease. This provokes abrogation of the induction of the IFN and cytokine pathways and favours viral propagation and presumably HCV chronic infection.

Hepatitis C virus core protein-induced miR-93-5p upregulation inhibits interferon signaling pathway by targeting IFNAR1

AIM To investigate the mechanism by which hepatitis C virus(HCV) core protein-induced mi R-93-5 p up-regulation regulates the interferon(IFN) signaling pathway.METHODS HCV-1 b core protein was exogenously expressed in Huh7 cells using pc DNA3.1(+) vector. The expression of mi R-93-5 p and interferon receptor 1(IFNAR1) was measured using quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The protein expression and phosphorylation level of STAT1 were evaluated by Western blot. The overexpression and silencing of mi R-93-5 p and IFNAR1 were performed using mi R-93-5 p agomir and antagomir, and pc DNA3.1-IFNAR1 and IFNAR1 si RNA, respectively. Luciferase assay was used to identify whether IFNAR1 is a target of mi R-93-5 p. Cellular experiments were also conducted.RESULTS Serum mi R-93-5 p level was increased in patients with HCV-1 b infection and decreased to normal level after HCV-1 b clearance, but persistently increased in those with pegylated interferon-α resistance, compared with healthy subjects. Serum mi R-93-5 p expression had an AUC value of 0.8359 in distinguishing patients with pegylated interferon-α resistance from those with pegylated interferon-α sensitivity. HCV-1 b core protein increased mi R-93-5 p expression and induced inactivation of the IFN signaling pathway in Huh7 cells. Furthermore, IFNAR1 was identified as a direct target of mi R-93-5 p, and IFNAR1 restore could rescue mi R-93-5 p-reduced STAT1 phosphorylation, suggesting that the mi R-93-5 p-IFNAR1 axis regulates the IFN signaling pathway.CONCLUSION HCV-1 b core protein-induced mi R-93-5 p up-regulation inhibits the IFN signaling pathway by directly targeting IFNAR1, and the mi R-93-5 p-IFNAR1 axis regulates STAT1 phosphorylation. This axis may be a potential therapeutic target for HCV-1 b infection.

Expression of IFN-γ and its receptor alpha in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis C

Background It has been known that intra-cellualr immunity is important for defense against viral infections and this function lies with interferon gamma (INF-γ). Here we evaluated the role of IFN-γ system in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods The levels of interferon gamma receptor alpha (IFNGRα) on the peripheral lymphocyte membrane were assayed with flow cytometry. The plasma concentrations of the cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10 in CHC patients and normal controls were assayed by enzume-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The samples were collected randomly from Xinjiang Autonomous Region,Zhejiang and the northern regions of Jiangsu Province in China. Results The levels of IFNGRα in CHC patients were significantly lower than that of normal controls (NC),especially among patients during the stable stage ( P <0.001),whereas there were no significant differences between CHC in active and stable stages. Among the patients of the three regions,there were no significant differences between patients from Xinjiang and Zhejiang provinces,but both had statistically significant difference compared with the patients from Jiangsu Province ( P <0.001). Plasma IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations in CHC patients decreased significantly,IFN-γ in particular,but there were no significant differences in these levels between various stages of the disease. The IFN-γ/IL-10 (Th1/Th2 ) ratio in patients was reversed. Conclusion There may be defects in the IFN-γ system in chronic HCV infected subjects and a low immune response,which may play an important role in the persistence of HCV infection.

中国旱獭、土拨鼠肝组织及外周血单核细胞中Ⅰ型干扰素受体的表达情况

目的了解中国旱獭、土拨鼠肝组织及外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC)中Ⅰ型干扰素受体(type Ⅰ interferon receptor,mhIFNAR)的表达情况。方法采用荧光定量RT-PCR检测中国旱獭、土拨鼠肝组织、PBMC中mhIFNAR的表达情况及其与感染状态是否存在相关性,以及WH12-6、PWH细胞在α、γ干扰素刺激下mhIFNAR的表达情况。结果中国旱獭肝组织、PBMC中mhIFNAR表达,肝组织现症感染组及未感染组中mhIFNAR1和mhIFNAR2分别为3.9±2.6、6.2±3.90(P=0.405),2.97±1.25、49.58±34.53(P=0.064),PBMC中分别为:5.675±3.076、5.18±1.16(P=0.694),32.04±13.01、4.35±1.44(P=0.000)。α和γ干扰素可以使WH12-6细胞中mhIFNAR1和mhIFNAR2分别上调(3.002±6.788)倍、(42.51±5.42)倍,而γ干扰素分别上调(11.342±0.242)倍和(13.72±1.48)倍。土拨鼠不同感染状态下肝组织中mhIFNAR的表达如下:mhIFNAR1和mhIFNAR2在慢性感染组、急性感染组、未感染组及合并HDV感染组分别为2.658±0.988、6.928±6.678、7.516±4.391、20.481±7.985(P=0.001);mhIFNAR2则分别为4.202±1.983、11.951±10.587、8.075±1.310、30.750±6.408(P=0.000);PWH在α、γ干扰素刺激下,其中mhIFNAR2分别上调(1.55±0.193)倍及(2.015±0.145)倍。结论中国旱獭肝组织、PBMC可以检测到mhIFNAR的表达,且PBMC中mhIFNAR2的表达量与感染结局存在相关性,同样在土拨鼠肝组织内mhIFNAR的表达与感染状态存在相关性,慢性感染组偏低。而α、γ干扰素可以上调mhIFNAR的表达,为其抗病毒治疗的机制提供了新的依据。

日本脑炎病毒感染睾丸间质细胞对干扰素调节因子3相关信号通路的影响

旨在探究日本脑炎病毒(JEV)感染睾丸间质细胞后通过激活视黄酸诱导基因Ⅰ型(RIG-Ⅰ)和Toll样受体3(TLR3)等模式识别受体后引发的先天免疫机制。建立JEV感染睾丸间质细胞模型,利用荧光定量PCR和Western blot技术检测不同感染时段细胞的RIG-Ⅰ、TLR3和干扰素调节因子3(IRF3)的转录和蛋白表达、IRF3的磷酸化以及干扰素β(IFN-β)的转录情况。结果显示:JEV感染后细胞中RIG-Ⅰ和IRF3的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均有显著升高(P<0.05),TLR3蛋白表达水平极显著上调(P<0.01),IRF3磷酸化水平极显著上调(P<0.001),IFN-β转录水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结果表明:JEV感染可激活睾丸间质细胞的RIG-Ⅰ和TLR3受体,进而激活IRF3磷酸化,启动IFN-β的分泌,启动机体的先天性免疫抗病毒免反应。

EGFR-TKI通过cGAS-STING信号通路对肺癌小鼠放疗远隔效应的影响

目的探讨表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激活抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)通过环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶-干扰素基因刺激因子(cGAS-STING)信号通路对肺癌小鼠放疗远隔效应的影响。方法取部分对数生长期肺癌细胞(LLC1细胞)随机分为对照组和辐照组,对照组正常培养不干预,辐照组给予4 Gy的辐照量,2 Gy/min,每次辐照2 min,24 h后用实时聚合酶链反应检测细胞中cGAS-STING信号通路相关基因MB21D1、TMEM173、TBK1、IRF3、IRF5、IRF7、IFNAR1、IFNAR2、MX1、MX2、IFIT1、IFIT mRNA。将100μL对数生长期LLC1细胞悬液注射至小鼠腹股沟处皮下,制备双侧皮下荷瘤模型,将成瘤小鼠随机分为对照组、8 Gy组、EGFR-TKI组、8 Gy+EGFR-TKI组,每组3只。对照组不干预;8 Gy组给予8 Gy辐照3次,定位辐照小鼠左边瘤体;EGFR-TKI组给予EGFR-TKI灌胃1 mg/g,给药3次;8 Gy+EGFR-TKI组既进行辐照又给药干预。干预17 d后取小鼠右侧瘤体。用Western blotting法检测肿瘤组织中cGAS、STING、p-STING、Ⅰ型干扰素(IFN-1)蛋白,用免疫组化法检测肿瘤细胞增殖核抗原(ki67)及肿瘤微环境相关蛋白CD4、CD8、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、叉头状转录因子p3(Foxp3)、钙网蛋白(CRT)及主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)。结果与对照组比较,辐照组LLC1细胞MB21D1、TMEM173、TBK1、IRF3、IRF5、IFNAR1、IFNAR2、MX1、MX2、IFIT1、IFIT mRNA相对表达量高(P均<0.05),IRF7 mRNA相对表达量低(P<0.05)。干预17 d后,与对照组比较,各干预组肿瘤体积小、肿瘤重量低、ki67蛋白相对表达量低(P均<0.05),且8 Gy+EGFR-TKI组肿瘤体积、肿瘤重量、ki67蛋白相对表达量最低(P均<0.05)。与对照组比较,EGFR-TKI组cGAS、STING、p-STING、IFN-1蛋白相对表达量差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);8 Gy组STING、IFN-1蛋白相对表达量差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),cGAS、p-STING蛋白相对表达量高(P均<0.05);8 Gy+EGFR-TKI组cGAS、STING、p-STING、IFN-1蛋白相对表达量高(P均<0.05)。与8 Gy+EGFR-TKI组比较,8 Gy组和EGFR-TKI组cGAS、IFN-1、STING蛋白相对表达量低(P均<0.05)。与对照组比较,各干预组CD4、CD8、MHC蛋白相对表达量高(P均<0.05),EGFR、Foxp3、CRT蛋白相对表达量低(P均<0.05)。与8 Gy组比较,8 Gy+EGFR-TKI组CD4、CD8、MHC蛋白相对表达量高(P均<0.05),EGFR、CRT蛋白相对表达量低(P均<0.05)。与EGFR-TKI组比较,8 Gy+EGFR-TKI组CD4、CD8、MHC蛋白相对表达量高,EGFR、Foxp3、CRT蛋白相对表达量低(P均<0.05)。结论EGFR-TKI通过激活cGAS-STING信号通路改善肿瘤微环境的免疫功能,从而增强肺癌小鼠放疗远隔效应。