The practical applications of high-capacity alloy-type anode materials in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are challenged by their vast volume effects and resulting unstable electrode-electrolyte interphases during discharge...The practical applications of high-capacity alloy-type anode materials in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are challenged by their vast volume effects and resulting unstable electrode-electrolyte interphases during discharge-charge cycling.Taking red phosphorus(P)/carbon anode material as an example,we report an on-site conversion reaction to intentionally eliminate the volume effect-dominated surface P and yield an ionically conducting layer of Na3PS4solid-state electrolyte on the composite.Such a surface reconstruction can significantly suppress the electrode swelling and simultaneously enable the activation energy of interfacial Na+transfer as low as 36.7 k J mol^(-1),resulting in excellent electrode stability and ultrafast reaction kinetics.Consequently,excellent cycling performance(510 mA h g^(-1)at 5 A g^(-1)after 1000 cycles with a tiny capacity fading rate of 0.016%per cycle)and outstanding rate capability(484 mA h g^(-1)at 10 A g^(-1)are achieved in half cells.When coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO4)3cathode,the full cells exhibit 100%capacity retention over 200 cycles at 5C with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.93%and a high energy density of 125.5 W h kg^(-1)at a power density of 8215.6 W kg^(-1)(charge or discharge within~49 s).Remarkably,the full cell can steadily operate at a high areal capacity of 1.9 mA h cm^(-2),the highest level among red P-based full SIBs ever reported.展开更多
Supercapacitors have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage.However,material preparation,stability,performance as well as power density limit their applications in many fields.Herein,a...Supercapacitors have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage.However,material preparation,stability,performance as well as power density limit their applications in many fields.Herein,a sponge-like red phosphorus@graphene(rP@rGO)negative electrode and a Ni2P positive electrode were prepared using a simple one-step method.Both electrodes showed excellent performances(294 F g^−1 and 1526.6 F g^−1 for rP@rGO and Ni2P,respectively),which seem to be the highest among all rP@rGO-and Ni2P-based electrodes reported so far.The asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor was assembled by sandwiching a gel electrolyte-soaked cellulose paper between rP@rGO and Ni2P as the negative and positive electrodes.Compared to other asymmetric devices,the device,which attained a high operating window of up to 1.6 V,showed high energy and power density values of 41.66 and 1200 W kg−1,respectively.It also has an excellent cyclic stability up to 88%after various consecutive charge/discharge tests.Additionally,the device could power commercial light emitting diodes and fans for 30 s.So,the ease of the synthesis method and excellent performance of the prepared electrode materials mat have significant potential for energy storage applications.展开更多
The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of conventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective tec...The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of conventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective technology to modify red phosphorus.Functionalized lignin-based compounds can provide a great potential in improving the preservation and processing of red phosphorus.Here,we prepared melamine modified lignin/aluminum phosphate coated red phosphorus(LMAP@RP)and used it as the flame retardant of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)resin.With 25wt%loading LMAP@RP,the ABS samples show excellent flame inhibiting capacity and reached UL-94 V-0 rating.Cone calorimetry test results show that the peak heat release rate,total heat release and total smoke release of ABS/25LMAP@RP are reduced strikingly by 64.6%,49.3%,and 30.1%,respectively.The char residue is 15.36wt%and the char layer is continuous and dense.The outstanding flame retardant and smoke-suppressant performances of LMAP@RP show its application prospect for ABS.展开更多
Secondary batteries are widely used in energy storage equipment.To obtain high-performance batteries,the development and utilization of electrode materials with cheap price and ideal theoretical gravimetric and volume...Secondary batteries are widely used in energy storage equipment.To obtain high-performance batteries,the development and utilization of electrode materials with cheap price and ideal theoretical gravimetric and volumetric specific capacities have become particularly important.Naturally abundant and low-cost red phosphorus(RP)is recognized as an anode material with great promise because it has a theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g^(-1) in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,owing to the inferior discharging,the capacity of pure RP has a fast decay.Nanoconfinement of RP nanoparticles within porous carbon framework is one of the efficient methods to overcome these problems.In this review,we introduce the recent progress of RP confinement into carbon matrix as an energy storage anode material in LIBs,SIBs and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).The synthetic strategies,lithiation/sodia tion/potassiation mechanism,and the electrochemical performances of RP/carbon composites(RP/C)with kinds of designed structures and P-C and P-O-C bond by kinds of methods are included.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of RP faced in the application development as anodes for LIBs/SIBs/PIBs are covered.This review will strengthen the understanding of composites of RP nanoparticles in porous carbon materials and aid researchers to carry out future work rationally.展开更多
Although lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries with high specific energy exhibit great potential for next-generation energy-storage systems,their practical applications are limited by the growth of Li dendrites and lithium po...Although lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries with high specific energy exhibit great potential for next-generation energy-storage systems,their practical applications are limited by the growth of Li dendrites and lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)shuttling.Herein,a highly porous red phosphorus sponge(HPPS)with well distributed pore structure was efficiently prepared via a facile and largescale hydrothermal process for polysulfides adsorption and dendrite suppression.As experimental demonstrated,the porous red phosphorus modified separator with increased active site greatly promotes the chemisorption of LiPSs to efficiently immobilize the active sulfur within the cathode section,while Li metal anode activated by Li_(3)P interlayer with abundant ionically conductive channels significantly eliminates the barrier for uniform Li^(+)permeation across the interlayer,contributing to the enhanced stability for both S cathode and Li anode.Mediated by the HPPS,long-term stability of 1,200 h with minor voltage hysteresis is achieved in symmetric cells with Li_(3)P@Li electrode while Li-S half-cell based on HPPS modified separator delivers an outperformed reversibility of 783.0 mAh·g^(−1)after 300 cycles as well as high-rate performance of 694.5 mAh·g^(−1)at 3 C,which further boosts the HPPS tuned full cells in practical S loading(3 mg·cm^(−2))and thin Li3P@Li electrode(100μm)with a capacity retention of 71.8%after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.This work provides a cost-effective and metal free mediator for simultaneously alleviating the fundamental issues of both S cathode and Li anode towards high energy density and long cycle life Li-S full batteries.展开更多
Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery,which include bone plates and bone nails.These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility,b...Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery,which include bone plates and bone nails.These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility,but also their by-products induced infection after therapy or long-time treatment in vivo.Thus,the development of novel implant materials is quite urgent.Red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability.Herein,a red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine(RGDC)coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared.The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780 with 808 nm light irradiation.With keeping the cells and tissues normal,a high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared(808 nm)irradiated within 10 min at 50℃.Besides the high effective antibacterial efficacy provided by photothermal therapy(PTT)and photodynamic therapy(PDT),the RGDC decorated surface can also possess an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo.展开更多
Solar-to-hydrogen conversion through photocatalysis is a sustainable and promising strategy for storing solar energy.Recently,elemental red phosphorus(RP)with broad light absorption has been recognized as a potential ...Solar-to-hydrogen conversion through photocatalysis is a sustainable and promising strategy for storing solar energy.Recently,elemental red phosphorus(RP)with broad light absorption has been recognized as a potential candidate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,while challenges remain due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers.In this work,RP modified TiO_(2)hollow spheres were designed and fabricated through the chemical vapor deposition method.The optimal hydrogen production rate reaching 215.5μmol/(g h)over TiO_(2)@RP heterostructure was obtained under simulated solar light irradiation.Experimental results evidenced that the hollow sphere structure and RP light absorber extended light absorption ability,and the heterostructure induced interfacial charge migration facilitated photoinduced charge separation,which benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance.展开更多
Red phosphorus-carbon nanotube (P@CNT) composites were synthesized as anodes for advanced lithium ion batteries via a facile solution-based method at room temperature. In these composites, the entangled P@CNT nanost...Red phosphorus-carbon nanotube (P@CNT) composites were synthesized as anodes for advanced lithium ion batteries via a facile solution-based method at room temperature. In these composites, the entangled P@CNT nanostructure reduced the aggregation of both components and allowed their complete utilization in a synergetic manner. The highly conductive and porous CNT framework, along with the nanoscale red P particles intimately anchored on the CNT surface, conferred the composite with excellent ion/electron transport properties. Volume expansion within the red P particles was mitigated by their amorphous and nanoscale features, which can be well buffered by the soft CNTs, therefore maintaining an integrated electrode structure during cycling. When used as an anode in lithium ion batteries, the composite exhibited a reversible capacity of 960 mAh·g^-1 (based on the overall weight of the composite) after 120 cycles at 200 mA·g^-1. The composite also delivered excellent high-rate capability with capacities of 886, 847, and 784 mAh·g^-1 at current densities of 2,000, 4,000, and 10,000 mA·g^-1 respectively, which reveals its potential as a high performance anode for lithium ion batteries.展开更多
Red phosphorus (RP) has attracted considerable attention as the anode for high-performance Na-ion batteries, owing to its low cost and high theoretical specific capacity of -2,600 mAh/g. In this study, a facile sing...Red phosphorus (RP) has attracted considerable attention as the anode for high-performance Na-ion batteries, owing to its low cost and high theoretical specific capacity of -2,600 mAh/g. In this study, a facile single-step flash-heat treatment was developed to achieve the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the simultaneous deposition of RP onto the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. The resulting RP/rGO composite was shown to be a promising candidate for overcoming the issues associated with the poor electronic conductivity and large volume variation of RP during cycling. The RP/rGO flexible film anode delivered an average capacity of 1,625 mAh/g during 200 cycles at a charge/ discharge current density of 1 A/g. Average charge capacities of 1,786, 1,597, 1,324, and 679 mAh/g at 1, 2, 4, and 6 A/g current densities were obtained in the rate capability tests. Moreover, owing to the RP component, the RP/rGO film presented superior flame retardancy compared to an rGO film. This work thus introduces a highly accessible synthesis method to prepare flexible and safe RP anodes with superior electrochemical performance toward Na-ion storage.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries are approaching their theoretical limit and can no longer keep up with the increasing demands of human society.Lithium-sulfur batteries,with a high theoretical specific energy,are promising candi...Lithium-ion batteries are approaching their theoretical limit and can no longer keep up with the increasing demands of human society.Lithium-sulfur batteries,with a high theoretical specific energy,are promising candidates for next generation energy storage.However,the use of Li metal in Li-S batteries compromises both safety and performance,enabling dendrite formation and causing fast capacity degradation.Previous studies have probed alternative battery systems to replace the metallic Li in Li-S system,such as a Si/Li2S couple,with limited success in performance.Recently,there is a focus on red P as a favorable anode material to host Li.Here,we establish a novel battery scheme by utilizing a P/C nanocomposite anode and pairing it with a Li2S coated carbon nanofiber cathode.We find that red P anode can be compatible in ether-based electrolyte systems and can be successfully coupled to a Li2S cathode.Our proof of concept full-cell displays remarkable specific capacity,rate and cycling performances.We expect our work will provide a useful alternative system and valuable insight in the quest for next generation energy storage devices.展开更多
Red phosphorus/graphite(P/G) and red phosphorus/carbon nanotube(P/CNT) composites were prepared by ball milling red phosphorus with CNTs and graphite, respectively. The electrochemical results show superior electroche...Red phosphorus/graphite(P/G) and red phosphorus/carbon nanotube(P/CNT) composites were prepared by ball milling red phosphorus with CNTs and graphite, respectively. The electrochemical results show superior electrochemical performances of the P/G and P/CNT composites compared with that of the reference sample milled with Super-P carbon. After 70 cycles, the P/G and P/CNT composites remained771.6 and 431.7 mA h g^(-1), with 68 % and 50 % capacity retention, respectively. With increasing the milling time(20 h), CNTs were cut into short pieces and then broken into carbon rings and sheets which were well mixed with red phosphorus. The morphology of the P/CNT composite can buffer the large volume changes from alloying and de-alloying during cycling, resulting in the enhanced cycling stability.展开更多
Pathogens pose a serious challenge to environmental sanitation and a threat to public health.The frequent use of chemicals for sterilization in recent years has not only caused secondary damage to the environment but ...Pathogens pose a serious challenge to environmental sanitation and a threat to public health.The frequent use of chemicals for sterilization in recent years has not only caused secondary damage to the environment but also increased pathogen resistance to drugs,which further threatens public health.To address this issue,the use of non-chemical antibacterial means has become a new trend for environmental disinfection.In this study,we developed red phosphorus nanoparticles(RPNPs),a safe and degradable photosensitive material with good photocatalytic and photothermal properties.The red phosphorus nanoparticles were prepared using a template method and ultrasonication.Under the irradiation of simulated sunlight for 20 min,the RPNPs exhibited an efficiency of 99.98%in killing Staphylococcus aureus due to their excellent photocatalytic and photothermal abilities.Transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed that the RPNPs exhibited degradability within eight weeks.Both the RPNPs and their degradation products were nontoxic to fibroblast cells.Therefore,such RPNPs are expected to be used as a new type of low-cost,efficient,degradable,biocompatible,and eco-friendly photosensitive material for environmental disinfection.展开更多
A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus(P) was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. T...A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus(P) was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B.展开更多
Enhancing the selectivity of hydrocarbon in CO_(2)is a great challenge.Herein,taking widely-used and highly-stable TiO_(2)as an example,we found that the protonation step,the key step for CH_(4)production,can change f...Enhancing the selectivity of hydrocarbon in CO_(2)is a great challenge.Herein,taking widely-used and highly-stable TiO_(2)as an example,we found that the protonation step,the key step for CH_(4)production,can change from endoergic to exoergic by using red phosphorus quantum dots.Consequently,the main product in CO_(2)reduction can be shifted from CO into CH_(4).The preparation method is very simple,which just ultrasonically treating the red P in the presence of TiO_(2).With an initial rate of CH_(4)production of 4.69μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1),under simulated solar light,it manifests a significant 49.4-fold enhancement of CH_(4)yield over TiO_(2).Density functional calculation indicates that the red P optimizes the surface electronic structure.The Gibbs free energy for CHO^(*)formation(^(-1).12 eV)becomes lower than the desorption energy of the CO(-0.01 eV)when red P is introduced.This indicates that the CO intermediates on the surface are rapidly protonated to produce CHO^(*).Subsequently,the CHO^(*)will be converted into CH_(4)instead of being desorbed from the surface to produce CO.This study demonstrates that red P quantum dot is a promising candidate for the development of efficient photocatalyst for CO_(2)photoreduction to CH_(4)under solar light irradiation.展开更多
Red phosphorus(RP) is a promising visible-light-driven semiconductor for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,but the activity is restricted due to the rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish surface reaction kin...Red phosphorus(RP) is a promising visible-light-driven semiconductor for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,but the activity is restricted due to the rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish surface reaction kinetics.Herein,cobalt phosphide(CoP_(2)) modified RP heterostructure was developed by in situ phosphorization of cobalt oxide from phosphorus vapor.By tuning the amounts of CoP_(2) in the heterostructure,the optimized hybrid exhibited a HER rate reaching 11.79 μmol h^(-1) under visible light illumination,which is 3.5 times higher than that of the RP with Pt as cocatalyst.It was experimentally indicated that the intimate interaction between CoP_(2) and RP gave rise to improved visible light absorption and accelerated photogenerated electron-holes separation.Moreover,the CoP_(2) as a noble-metal-free cocatalyst could promote the surface hydrogen evolution reaction,which synergetic benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.展开更多
Phosphorus is the potential anode material for emerging potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)owing to the highest specific capacity and relatively low operation plateau.However,the reversible delivered capacities of phosphoru...Phosphorus is the potential anode material for emerging potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)owing to the highest specific capacity and relatively low operation plateau.However,the reversible delivered capacities of phosphorus-based anodes,in reality,are far from the theoretical capacity corresponding to the formation of K3P alloy.And,their underlying potassium storage mechanisms remain poorly understood.To address this issue,for the first time,we perform high-resolution solid-state31P NMR combined with XRD measurements,and density functional theory calculations to yield a systemic quantitative understanding of(de)potassiation reaction mechanism of phosphorus anode.We explicitly reveal a previously unknown asymmetrical nanocrystalline-to-amorphous transition process via rP←→(K_(3)P_(11),K_(3)P_(7),beta-K_(4)P_(6))←→(alpha-K4P6)←→(K_(1-x)P,KP,K_(4-x)P3,K_(1+x)P)←→(amorphous K4P3,amorphous K3P)that are proceed along with the electrochemical potassiation/depotassiation processes.Additionally,the corresponding KP alloys intermediates,such as the amorphous phases of K_(4)P_(3),K_(3)P,and the nonstoichiometric phases of“K_(1-x)P”,“K_(1+x)P”,“K_(4-x)P_(3)”are experimentally detected,which indicating various complicated K-P alloy species are coexisted and evolved with the sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics,resulting in lower capacity of phosphorus-based anodes.Our findings offer some insights into the specific multi-phase evolution mechanism of alloying anodes that may be generally involved in conversion-type electrode materials for PIBs.展开更多
The control of crystal growth is important but challenging for multi-disciplinary research.Violet phosphorus,the most stable phosphorus allotrope,has recently been produced as a unique semiconducting layered structure...The control of crystal growth is important but challenging for multi-disciplinary research.Violet phosphorus,the most stable phosphorus allotrope,has recently been produced as a unique semiconducting layered structure.The crystal orientation and morphology bring extra performance due to its unique structure and anisotropy.Herein,the layered violet phosphorus has been controlled to grow along the c-axis to give tunable length up to centimeters with the assistance of tin,while the reported flat bulk ones with thickness are limited to micrometers.The as-produced needle-shaped violet phosphorus has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange pollutants due to its special crystallographic orientation.About 98.6%of methyl orange pollutants with a concentration of 50 ppm were degraded within 80 min under visible light conditions by needle-shaped violet phosphorus,which is much more effective than that of amorphous red phosphorus with only 14.1%degradation.展开更多
The durable red phosphorus(RP)anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has attracted great attention owing to its high theoretical specific capacity(2596 mA·h·g^(-1))and moderate lithiation potential(~0.7 V vs.L...The durable red phosphorus(RP)anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has attracted great attention owing to its high theoretical specific capacity(2596 mA·h·g^(-1))and moderate lithiation potential(~0.7 V vs.Li^(+)/Li).However,its intrinsic poor electrical conductivity,enormous volume expansion,and soluble intermediates(lithium polyphosphides,Li_(x)PP_(s))lead to poor cycling performance.To overcome these issues,we introduce a new type of wrinkle carbon spheres as the host for loading phosphorus through a vaporization-condensation strategy.Density functional theory calculations reveal that the wrinkle carbon sphere shows strong binding energy with P4 molecule,accelerating the adsorption and polymerization of P4,thus enhancing RP conversion in the preparation process.In the lithiation/delithiation process,the wrinkle carbon has strong bonding with phosphorus and strong adsorption with Li_(x)PP_(s),resulting in excellent cycling performance.The design strategy to modify RP polymerization via reforming the interaction between wrinkle carbon spheres and phosphorus expands the application of RP for LIBs and beyond.展开更多
Li-related anodes with stable ability and excellent rate performance are urgently being pursued to overcome the slow kinetic of current lithium ion storage devices.In this work,an annealing-hydrothermal method is deve...Li-related anodes with stable ability and excellent rate performance are urgently being pursued to overcome the slow kinetic of current lithium ion storage devices.In this work,an annealing-hydrothermal method is developed to fabricate the anode of a three-dimension nano-construction with robust charge transfer networks,which is composed of elements B,N co-doped carbon tube(BN-CT)as the carrier of red phosphorous to(3D BN-CT@P).Then,3D BN-CT@P is embedded in the graphene aerogel network to obtain (3D BN-CT@P@GA).Impressively,the 3D BN-CT@P@GA shows high capacity and good cycle stability in the potential rage of 0.01-2.5V.Especially,the discharge capacity is~800 mAh g^(-1) at 500 mA g^(-1) after 500 cycles when evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).The improved electrochemical performances result from the unique structure of the 3D BN-CT@P@GA.With the hetero atoms doping,the active P can load up to the BN-CT,which can realize the high capacity as well as the low potential for the anode.At the same time,the graphene aerogel network provides the protection for the BN-CT@P species and good conductivity to enhance ion diffusion.This work fundamentally presents an effective structural engineering way for improving the performance of P-based anodes for advanced LIBs.展开更多
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the sediment to the surface water is a major source of water quality impairment. Therefore, inhibiting sediment nutrient release seems necessary. In this study, red so...Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the sediment to the surface water is a major source of water quality impairment. Therefore, inhibiting sediment nutrient release seems necessary. In this study, red soil (RS) was employed to control the nutrients released from a black-odorous river sediment under flow conditions. The N and P that were released were effectively controlled by RS capping. Continuous-flow incubations showed that the reduction efficiencies of total N (TN), ammonium (NH4+-N), total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) of the overlying water by RS capping were 77%, 63%, 77% and 92%, respectively, and nitrification and denitrification occurred concurrently in the RS system. An increase in the water velocity coincided with a decrease in the nutrient release rate as a result of intensive water aeration.展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976143)the Guangdong Key Areas Research and Development Program(2020B090904001 and 2019B090909003)。
文摘The practical applications of high-capacity alloy-type anode materials in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are challenged by their vast volume effects and resulting unstable electrode-electrolyte interphases during discharge-charge cycling.Taking red phosphorus(P)/carbon anode material as an example,we report an on-site conversion reaction to intentionally eliminate the volume effect-dominated surface P and yield an ionically conducting layer of Na3PS4solid-state electrolyte on the composite.Such a surface reconstruction can significantly suppress the electrode swelling and simultaneously enable the activation energy of interfacial Na+transfer as low as 36.7 k J mol^(-1),resulting in excellent electrode stability and ultrafast reaction kinetics.Consequently,excellent cycling performance(510 mA h g^(-1)at 5 A g^(-1)after 1000 cycles with a tiny capacity fading rate of 0.016%per cycle)and outstanding rate capability(484 mA h g^(-1)at 10 A g^(-1)are achieved in half cells.When coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO4)3cathode,the full cells exhibit 100%capacity retention over 200 cycles at 5C with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.93%and a high energy density of 125.5 W h kg^(-1)at a power density of 8215.6 W kg^(-1)(charge or discharge within~49 s).Remarkably,the full cell can steadily operate at a high areal capacity of 1.9 mA h cm^(-2),the highest level among red P-based full SIBs ever reported.
基金supported by Basic Sci-ence Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)founded by the ministry of Education(NRF-2017R1D1A1B03030456)
文摘Supercapacitors have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage.However,material preparation,stability,performance as well as power density limit their applications in many fields.Herein,a sponge-like red phosphorus@graphene(rP@rGO)negative electrode and a Ni2P positive electrode were prepared using a simple one-step method.Both electrodes showed excellent performances(294 F g^−1 and 1526.6 F g^−1 for rP@rGO and Ni2P,respectively),which seem to be the highest among all rP@rGO-and Ni2P-based electrodes reported so far.The asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor was assembled by sandwiching a gel electrolyte-soaked cellulose paper between rP@rGO and Ni2P as the negative and positive electrodes.Compared to other asymmetric devices,the device,which attained a high operating window of up to 1.6 V,showed high energy and power density values of 41.66 and 1200 W kg−1,respectively.It also has an excellent cyclic stability up to 88%after various consecutive charge/discharge tests.Additionally,the device could power commercial light emitting diodes and fans for 30 s.So,the ease of the synthesis method and excellent performance of the prepared electrode materials mat have significant potential for energy storage applications.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51503041)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(No.2018J01752)。
文摘The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of conventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective technology to modify red phosphorus.Functionalized lignin-based compounds can provide a great potential in improving the preservation and processing of red phosphorus.Here,we prepared melamine modified lignin/aluminum phosphate coated red phosphorus(LMAP@RP)and used it as the flame retardant of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)resin.With 25wt%loading LMAP@RP,the ABS samples show excellent flame inhibiting capacity and reached UL-94 V-0 rating.Cone calorimetry test results show that the peak heat release rate,total heat release and total smoke release of ABS/25LMAP@RP are reduced strikingly by 64.6%,49.3%,and 30.1%,respectively.The char residue is 15.36wt%and the char layer is continuous and dense.The outstanding flame retardant and smoke-suppressant performances of LMAP@RP show its application prospect for ABS.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51808303 and 51672143)the Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges in Shandong Province(DC2000000961)+2 种基金the Taishan Scholar Program,Outstanding Youth of Natural Science in Shandong Province(JQ201713)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019BEE027)the State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University,No.ZKT25 and ZKT30)。
文摘Secondary batteries are widely used in energy storage equipment.To obtain high-performance batteries,the development and utilization of electrode materials with cheap price and ideal theoretical gravimetric and volumetric specific capacities have become particularly important.Naturally abundant and low-cost red phosphorus(RP)is recognized as an anode material with great promise because it has a theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g^(-1) in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,owing to the inferior discharging,the capacity of pure RP has a fast decay.Nanoconfinement of RP nanoparticles within porous carbon framework is one of the efficient methods to overcome these problems.In this review,we introduce the recent progress of RP confinement into carbon matrix as an energy storage anode material in LIBs,SIBs and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).The synthetic strategies,lithiation/sodia tion/potassiation mechanism,and the electrochemical performances of RP/carbon composites(RP/C)with kinds of designed structures and P-C and P-O-C bond by kinds of methods are included.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of RP faced in the application development as anodes for LIBs/SIBs/PIBs are covered.This review will strengthen the understanding of composites of RP nanoparticles in porous carbon materials and aid researchers to carry out future work rationally.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074359,51904342,and U21A20284)the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan(No.2020JJ3048)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Nos.2021RC3014,2020RC4005,and 2019RS1004).
文摘Although lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries with high specific energy exhibit great potential for next-generation energy-storage systems,their practical applications are limited by the growth of Li dendrites and lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)shuttling.Herein,a highly porous red phosphorus sponge(HPPS)with well distributed pore structure was efficiently prepared via a facile and largescale hydrothermal process for polysulfides adsorption and dendrite suppression.As experimental demonstrated,the porous red phosphorus modified separator with increased active site greatly promotes the chemisorption of LiPSs to efficiently immobilize the active sulfur within the cathode section,while Li metal anode activated by Li_(3)P interlayer with abundant ionically conductive channels significantly eliminates the barrier for uniform Li^(+)permeation across the interlayer,contributing to the enhanced stability for both S cathode and Li anode.Mediated by the HPPS,long-term stability of 1,200 h with minor voltage hysteresis is achieved in symmetric cells with Li_(3)P@Li electrode while Li-S half-cell based on HPPS modified separator delivers an outperformed reversibility of 783.0 mAh·g^(−1)after 300 cycles as well as high-rate performance of 694.5 mAh·g^(−1)at 3 C,which further boosts the HPPS tuned full cells in practical S loading(3 mg·cm^(−2))and thin Li3P@Li electrode(100μm)with a capacity retention of 71.8%after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.This work provides a cost-effective and metal free mediator for simultaneously alleviating the fundamental issues of both S cathode and Li anode towards high energy density and long cycle life Li-S full batteries.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China No.2016YFC1100600(sub-project 2016YFC1100604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.51671081,51871162,51801056 and 51422102Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province,2018CFA064.
文摘Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery,which include bone plates and bone nails.These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility,but also their by-products induced infection after therapy or long-time treatment in vivo.Thus,the development of novel implant materials is quite urgent.Red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability.Herein,a red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine(RGDC)coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared.The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780 with 808 nm light irradiation.With keeping the cells and tissues normal,a high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared(808 nm)irradiated within 10 min at 50℃.Besides the high effective antibacterial efficacy provided by photothermal therapy(PTT)and photodynamic therapy(PDT),the RGDC decorated surface can also possess an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51672143,51808303,52102362)Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province,Outstanding Youth of Natural Science in Shandong Province(No.JQ201713)+2 种基金Applied Basic Research of Qingdao City(Special Youth Project)(No.19-6-2-74-cg)State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University)(Nos.ZKT-25,ZKT-26,and ZKT-30)Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges in Shandong Province(No.DC2000000961)。
文摘Solar-to-hydrogen conversion through photocatalysis is a sustainable and promising strategy for storing solar energy.Recently,elemental red phosphorus(RP)with broad light absorption has been recognized as a potential candidate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,while challenges remain due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers.In this work,RP modified TiO_(2)hollow spheres were designed and fabricated through the chemical vapor deposition method.The optimal hydrogen production rate reaching 215.5μmol/(g h)over TiO_(2)@RP heterostructure was obtained under simulated solar light irradiation.Experimental results evidenced that the hollow sphere structure and RP light absorber extended light absorption ability,and the heterostructure induced interfacial charge migration facilitated photoinduced charge separation,which benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. 2652015425) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51572246).
文摘Red phosphorus-carbon nanotube (P@CNT) composites were synthesized as anodes for advanced lithium ion batteries via a facile solution-based method at room temperature. In these composites, the entangled P@CNT nanostructure reduced the aggregation of both components and allowed their complete utilization in a synergetic manner. The highly conductive and porous CNT framework, along with the nanoscale red P particles intimately anchored on the CNT surface, conferred the composite with excellent ion/electron transport properties. Volume expansion within the red P particles was mitigated by their amorphous and nanoscale features, which can be well buffered by the soft CNTs, therefore maintaining an integrated electrode structure during cycling. When used as an anode in lithium ion batteries, the composite exhibited a reversible capacity of 960 mAh·g^-1 (based on the overall weight of the composite) after 120 cycles at 200 mA·g^-1. The composite also delivered excellent high-rate capability with capacities of 886, 847, and 784 mAh·g^-1 at current densities of 2,000, 4,000, and 10,000 mA·g^-1 respectively, which reveals its potential as a high performance anode for lithium ion batteries.
文摘Red phosphorus (RP) has attracted considerable attention as the anode for high-performance Na-ion batteries, owing to its low cost and high theoretical specific capacity of -2,600 mAh/g. In this study, a facile single-step flash-heat treatment was developed to achieve the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the simultaneous deposition of RP onto the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. The resulting RP/rGO composite was shown to be a promising candidate for overcoming the issues associated with the poor electronic conductivity and large volume variation of RP during cycling. The RP/rGO flexible film anode delivered an average capacity of 1,625 mAh/g during 200 cycles at a charge/ discharge current density of 1 A/g. Average charge capacities of 1,786, 1,597, 1,324, and 679 mAh/g at 1, 2, 4, and 6 A/g current densities were obtained in the rate capability tests. Moreover, owing to the RP component, the RP/rGO film presented superior flame retardancy compared to an rGO film. This work thus introduces a highly accessible synthesis method to prepare flexible and safe RP anodes with superior electrochemical performance toward Na-ion storage.
文摘Lithium-ion batteries are approaching their theoretical limit and can no longer keep up with the increasing demands of human society.Lithium-sulfur batteries,with a high theoretical specific energy,are promising candidates for next generation energy storage.However,the use of Li metal in Li-S batteries compromises both safety and performance,enabling dendrite formation and causing fast capacity degradation.Previous studies have probed alternative battery systems to replace the metallic Li in Li-S system,such as a Si/Li2S couple,with limited success in performance.Recently,there is a focus on red P as a favorable anode material to host Li.Here,we establish a novel battery scheme by utilizing a P/C nanocomposite anode and pairing it with a Li2S coated carbon nanofiber cathode.We find that red P anode can be compatible in ether-based electrolyte systems and can be successfully coupled to a Li2S cathode.Our proof of concept full-cell displays remarkable specific capacity,rate and cycling performances.We expect our work will provide a useful alternative system and valuable insight in the quest for next generation energy storage devices.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51801136,51701142,and 51871165)the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA,No.DE180101478) of the Australian Research Council。
文摘Red phosphorus/graphite(P/G) and red phosphorus/carbon nanotube(P/CNT) composites were prepared by ball milling red phosphorus with CNTs and graphite, respectively. The electrochemical results show superior electrochemical performances of the P/G and P/CNT composites compared with that of the reference sample milled with Super-P carbon. After 70 cycles, the P/G and P/CNT composites remained771.6 and 431.7 mA h g^(-1), with 68 % and 50 % capacity retention, respectively. With increasing the milling time(20 h), CNTs were cut into short pieces and then broken into carbon rings and sheets which were well mixed with red phosphorus. The morphology of the P/CNT composite can buffer the large volume changes from alloying and de-alloying during cycling, resulting in the enhanced cycling stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51801056)the National Natural Science Foundation of China key program(No.51631007)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51671081,51871162)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.51925104)the Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province(No.2018CFA064)。
文摘Pathogens pose a serious challenge to environmental sanitation and a threat to public health.The frequent use of chemicals for sterilization in recent years has not only caused secondary damage to the environment but also increased pathogen resistance to drugs,which further threatens public health.To address this issue,the use of non-chemical antibacterial means has become a new trend for environmental disinfection.In this study,we developed red phosphorus nanoparticles(RPNPs),a safe and degradable photosensitive material with good photocatalytic and photothermal properties.The red phosphorus nanoparticles were prepared using a template method and ultrasonication.Under the irradiation of simulated sunlight for 20 min,the RPNPs exhibited an efficiency of 99.98%in killing Staphylococcus aureus due to their excellent photocatalytic and photothermal abilities.Transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed that the RPNPs exhibited degradability within eight weeks.Both the RPNPs and their degradation products were nontoxic to fibroblast cells.Therefore,such RPNPs are expected to be used as a new type of low-cost,efficient,degradable,biocompatible,and eco-friendly photosensitive material for environmental disinfection.
基金partially supported by grants from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Nos. 404112 and T23-407/13-N)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21173179)a grant from the Vice-Chancellor's One-off Discretionary Fund of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (No. VCF2014016)
文摘A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus(P) was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51902357)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2019A 1515012143)+3 种基金the Start-up Funds for High-Level Talents of Sun Yat-sen University(No.38000-18841209)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.19lgpy153)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019B1515120058)The theoretical calculation is supported by the National supercomputer center in Guangzhou and the National supercomputing center in Shenzhen(Shenzhen cloud computing center).
文摘Enhancing the selectivity of hydrocarbon in CO_(2)is a great challenge.Herein,taking widely-used and highly-stable TiO_(2)as an example,we found that the protonation step,the key step for CH_(4)production,can change from endoergic to exoergic by using red phosphorus quantum dots.Consequently,the main product in CO_(2)reduction can be shifted from CO into CH_(4).The preparation method is very simple,which just ultrasonically treating the red P in the presence of TiO_(2).With an initial rate of CH_(4)production of 4.69μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1),under simulated solar light,it manifests a significant 49.4-fold enhancement of CH_(4)yield over TiO_(2).Density functional calculation indicates that the red P optimizes the surface electronic structure.The Gibbs free energy for CHO^(*)formation(^(-1).12 eV)becomes lower than the desorption energy of the CO(-0.01 eV)when red P is introduced.This indicates that the CO intermediates on the surface are rapidly protonated to produce CHO^(*).Subsequently,the CHO^(*)will be converted into CH_(4)instead of being desorbed from the surface to produce CO.This study demonstrates that red P quantum dot is a promising candidate for the development of efficient photocatalyst for CO_(2)photoreduction to CH_(4)under solar light irradiation.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51672143,51808303,52102362)Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(ts201712030)+5 种基金Outstanding Youth of Natural Science in Shandong Province(JQ201713)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2021QB022,ZR2021ME012)Applied Basic Research of Qingdao City(Special Youth Project)(19-6-2-74-cg)Qingdao Science and Technology Plan Key Research and Development Special Project No.21-1-2-17-xxState Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University)(Nos.ZKT-25,ZKT-26,ZKT-30,ZDKT202105)Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges in Shandong Province(DC2000000961)。
文摘Red phosphorus(RP) is a promising visible-light-driven semiconductor for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,but the activity is restricted due to the rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish surface reaction kinetics.Herein,cobalt phosphide(CoP_(2)) modified RP heterostructure was developed by in situ phosphorization of cobalt oxide from phosphorus vapor.By tuning the amounts of CoP_(2) in the heterostructure,the optimized hybrid exhibited a HER rate reaching 11.79 μmol h^(-1) under visible light illumination,which is 3.5 times higher than that of the RP with Pt as cocatalyst.It was experimentally indicated that the intimate interaction between CoP_(2) and RP gave rise to improved visible light absorption and accelerated photogenerated electron-holes separation.Moreover,the CoP_(2) as a noble-metal-free cocatalyst could promote the surface hydrogen evolution reaction,which synergetic benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.
基金financially supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22272175,21805278,52072323,52122211)the Fujian Science and Technology Planning Projects of China(2020T3022,2022T3067)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3500400)the Future-prospective and Stride-across Programs of Haixi Institutes,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CXZX-2022-GH02)the Youth Innovation Foundation of Xiamen City(Grant No.3502Z20206083)the Opening Project of PCOSS,Xiamen University(Grant No.202014)。
文摘Phosphorus is the potential anode material for emerging potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)owing to the highest specific capacity and relatively low operation plateau.However,the reversible delivered capacities of phosphorus-based anodes,in reality,are far from the theoretical capacity corresponding to the formation of K3P alloy.And,their underlying potassium storage mechanisms remain poorly understood.To address this issue,for the first time,we perform high-resolution solid-state31P NMR combined with XRD measurements,and density functional theory calculations to yield a systemic quantitative understanding of(de)potassiation reaction mechanism of phosphorus anode.We explicitly reveal a previously unknown asymmetrical nanocrystalline-to-amorphous transition process via rP←→(K_(3)P_(11),K_(3)P_(7),beta-K_(4)P_(6))←→(alpha-K4P6)←→(K_(1-x)P,KP,K_(4-x)P3,K_(1+x)P)←→(amorphous K4P3,amorphous K3P)that are proceed along with the electrochemical potassiation/depotassiation processes.Additionally,the corresponding KP alloys intermediates,such as the amorphous phases of K_(4)P_(3),K_(3)P,and the nonstoichiometric phases of“K_(1-x)P”,“K_(1+x)P”,“K_(4-x)P_(3)”are experimentally detected,which indicating various complicated K-P alloy species are coexisted and evolved with the sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics,resulting in lower capacity of phosphorus-based anodes.Our findings offer some insights into the specific multi-phase evolution mechanism of alloying anodes that may be generally involved in conversion-type electrode materials for PIBs.
基金support for this research is from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22175136)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The control of crystal growth is important but challenging for multi-disciplinary research.Violet phosphorus,the most stable phosphorus allotrope,has recently been produced as a unique semiconducting layered structure.The crystal orientation and morphology bring extra performance due to its unique structure and anisotropy.Herein,the layered violet phosphorus has been controlled to grow along the c-axis to give tunable length up to centimeters with the assistance of tin,while the reported flat bulk ones with thickness are limited to micrometers.The as-produced needle-shaped violet phosphorus has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange pollutants due to its special crystallographic orientation.About 98.6%of methyl orange pollutants with a concentration of 50 ppm were degraded within 80 min under visible light conditions by needle-shaped violet phosphorus,which is much more effective than that of amorphous red phosphorus with only 14.1%degradation.
基金This work was supported by the Hebei Natural Science Foundation(Nos.B02020208088,H2020206514,B2021208074,and D2022208001)the S&T Program of Hebei(Nos.20544401D,20314401D,206Z4406G,21314402D,22344402D,22373709D,22284601Z,and 21344601D)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22109038)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFA1504100 and 2019YFE0118800).
文摘The durable red phosphorus(RP)anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has attracted great attention owing to its high theoretical specific capacity(2596 mA·h·g^(-1))and moderate lithiation potential(~0.7 V vs.Li^(+)/Li).However,its intrinsic poor electrical conductivity,enormous volume expansion,and soluble intermediates(lithium polyphosphides,Li_(x)PP_(s))lead to poor cycling performance.To overcome these issues,we introduce a new type of wrinkle carbon spheres as the host for loading phosphorus through a vaporization-condensation strategy.Density functional theory calculations reveal that the wrinkle carbon sphere shows strong binding energy with P4 molecule,accelerating the adsorption and polymerization of P4,thus enhancing RP conversion in the preparation process.In the lithiation/delithiation process,the wrinkle carbon has strong bonding with phosphorus and strong adsorption with Li_(x)PP_(s),resulting in excellent cycling performance.The design strategy to modify RP polymerization via reforming the interaction between wrinkle carbon spheres and phosphorus expands the application of RP for LIBs and beyond.
基金Financial supports from the NSFC(22035001,21574018,and 51433003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412019ZD002).
文摘Li-related anodes with stable ability and excellent rate performance are urgently being pursued to overcome the slow kinetic of current lithium ion storage devices.In this work,an annealing-hydrothermal method is developed to fabricate the anode of a three-dimension nano-construction with robust charge transfer networks,which is composed of elements B,N co-doped carbon tube(BN-CT)as the carrier of red phosphorous to(3D BN-CT@P).Then,3D BN-CT@P is embedded in the graphene aerogel network to obtain (3D BN-CT@P@GA).Impressively,the 3D BN-CT@P@GA shows high capacity and good cycle stability in the potential rage of 0.01-2.5V.Especially,the discharge capacity is~800 mAh g^(-1) at 500 mA g^(-1) after 500 cycles when evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).The improved electrochemical performances result from the unique structure of the 3D BN-CT@P@GA.With the hetero atoms doping,the active P can load up to the BN-CT,which can realize the high capacity as well as the low potential for the anode.At the same time,the graphene aerogel network provides the protection for the BN-CT@P species and good conductivity to enhance ion diffusion.This work fundamentally presents an effective structural engineering way for improving the performance of P-based anodes for advanced LIBs.
文摘Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the sediment to the surface water is a major source of water quality impairment. Therefore, inhibiting sediment nutrient release seems necessary. In this study, red soil (RS) was employed to control the nutrients released from a black-odorous river sediment under flow conditions. The N and P that were released were effectively controlled by RS capping. Continuous-flow incubations showed that the reduction efficiencies of total N (TN), ammonium (NH4+-N), total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) of the overlying water by RS capping were 77%, 63%, 77% and 92%, respectively, and nitrification and denitrification occurred concurrently in the RS system. An increase in the water velocity coincided with a decrease in the nutrient release rate as a result of intensive water aeration.