Effect of post treatment temperature and humidity conditions onfixation performance of CCA-C treated red pine and southern pine

Rates of fixation in chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C) treated red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and southern pine (Pinus spp) sapwood specimens using retention of 1.5, 2.0, 6.4 kg·m?3 are compared at temperature (T) ranging from 70°C to 50°C and 5 different relative humidity (RH) conditions. The samples were investigated using the expressate method to follow chromium fixation. Red pine fixes faster than southern pine under all 11 post treatment schedules. The fixation rates for both species are not significantly different while the blocks were fixed under 6 fixation/drying schedules that differed only in the order of T/RH conditions applied. The rate of fixation of all samples in any fixation stage were reduced when the blocks were fixed under lower humidity conditions in spite of no change in chamber temperature. Some of this influence can be attributed to the effect of humidity on heat transfer into the wood and cooling of the wood surface.

Response of ground beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae)to forest gaps formed by a typhoon in a red pine forest at Gwangneung Forest,Republic of Korea

In Korea, damaging typhoons related to climate change have increased steadily since the 1990s. Red pine （Pinus densiflora） forests in Gwangneung Forest were greatly disturbed by typhoon Kompasu in 2010. A survey was carried out to clarify differences in ground beetle （Coleoptera： Carabidae） communities between forest gaps and undamaged forests. Ground beetles were sampled using pitfall traps from early May to late October 2011. Vegetation changes, litter layer, organic matter layer, and soil conditions were also measured. A total of 1035 ground beetles of 32 species were collected. Contrary to our expectation, species richness, abundance, and community structure of the ground beetles in forest gaps were similar to those in undamaged forests. Species richness and abundance of habitat type were also similar. However, species diversity and estimated species richness in forest gaps were significantly higher than in undamaged forests. These findings suggest that forest gaps formed by a typhoon did not lead to great change in ground beetle communities.

Effects of Fixation Drying Conditions on Fixation Rate and Leachability in CCA-C Treated Red Pine and Southern Pine

The effects of fixation drying conditions on fixation rates and chemical leachab ility were investigated with CCA-C treated red pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. )and southern pine specimens at a retention of 6 4 kg·m -3 , and under 11 post-treatment schedules ra ng ing from 50～70℃ and 5 different relative humidity conditions. These samples w e re monitored by expressing residual liquid and analyzing it for hexavatent chrom ium content. Samples were subjected to AWPA E11-97 (AWPA 1997) standard leachi n g tests after fixation. Generally, red pine fixed slightly faster than southern pine for most fixation conditions. High temperature, high humidity, fixation co nditions during the fixation/drying schedules resulted in faster fixation and lo wer leaching of chromium and arsenic elements compared to low humidity condition s. Copper leaching showed no significant difference under 11 fixation /drying co nditions for both species. All of the CCA components were leached significantly more in red pine than southern pine. Further work is needed to examine the effec ts of different fixation/drying conditions on leaching from full\|size samples a n d to optimize dry/wet bulb depression for fixation/drying of CCA treated lumber.

Impact of fixation/drying conditions on fixation rate, leachability and bioefficacy in CCA-C treated red pine and southern pine

Red pine (Pinus resinosia Ait) and southern pine (Pinus spp.) sapwood blocks were pressure treated with CCA-C at retention of 6.4, 2.0, 1.5 kg(m-3 followed by fixation using 11 post-treatment schedules ranging from 50-70 (C and 5 different relative humidity conditions. The effect of these post-treatment schedules on fixation rate, chemical leachability and decay resistant once were evaluated to better understand the effects of fixation/drying conditions on leachability and biodeterioration. Southern pine blocks fixes slightly slower than red pine. Fixation of CCA at high temperature high humidity, essential initially fixation at high humidity for fixation/drying schedules, resulted in lower leaching of chromium and arsenic elements than high temperature low humidity or initially fixation at the high temperature low humidity conditions. Copper leaching was indicated no significant difference under 11 fixation/drying conditions for both species. Weight losses for southern pine by Chaetomium globosum was lower than red pine by Gloeophyllom trabeum. There were some different capacities of decay resistance for both species under those post treatment conditions.

Radial variations in xylem sap flux in a temperate red pine plantation forest

Background:Scaling sap flux measurements to whole-tree water use or stand-level transpiration is often done using measurements conducted at a single point in the sapwood of the tree and has the potential to cause significant errors.Previous studies have shown that much of this uncertainty is related to(i)measurement of sapwood area and(ii)variations in sap flow at different depths within the tree sapwood.Results:This study measured sap flux density at three depth intervals in the sapwood of 88-year-old red pine(Pinus resinosa)trees to more accurately estimate water-use at the tree-and stand-level in a plantation forest near Lake Erie in Southern Ontario,Canada.Results showed that most of the water transport(65%)occurred in the outermost sapwood,while only 26%and 9%of water was transported in the middle and innermost depths of sapwood,respectively.Conclusions:These results suggest that failing to consider radial variations in sap flux density within trees can lead to an overestimation of transpiration by as much as 81%,which may cause large uncertainties in water budgets at the ecosystem and catchment scale.This study will help to improve our understanding of water use dynamics and reduce uncertainties in sap flow measurements in the temperate pine forest ecosystems in the Great Lakes region and help in protecting these forests in the face of climate change.

Effects of variable retention harvesting on canopy transpiration in a red pine plantation forest

Background:Variable Retention Harvesting(VRH)is a forest management practice applied to enhance forest growth,improve biodiversity,preserve ecosystem function and provide economic revenue from harvested timber.There are many different forms and compositions in which VRH is applied in forest ecosystems.In this study,the impacts of four different VRH treatments on transpiration were evaluated in an 83-year-old red pine(Pinus Pinus resinosa)plantation forest in the Great Lakes region in Canada.These VRH treatments included 55%aggregated crown retention(55A),55%dispersed crown retention(55D),33%aggregated crown retention(33A),33%dispersed crown retention(33D)and unharvested control(CN)plot.These VRH treatments were implemented in 1-ha plots in the winter of 2014,while sap flow measurements were conducted from 2018 to 2020.Results:Study results showed that tree-level transpiration was highest among trees in the 55D treatment,followed by 33D,55A,33A and CN plots.We found that photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)were major controls or drivers of transpiration in all VRH treatments.Our study suggests that dispersed or distributed retention of 55%basal area(55D)is the ideal forest management technique to enhance transpiration and forest growth.Conclusions:This study will help researchers,forest managers and decision-makers to improve their understanding of water cycling in forest ecosystem and adopt the best forest management regimes to enhance forest growth,health and resiliency to climate change.

Effects of red-yellow soil acidification on seed germination of Chinese pine

Acid treatments significantly change the physical and chemical properties of red yellow soil by lowering its pH value and leaching out aluminum(Al) ions that are harmful to the growth of plants. The structure of soil will be damaged, resulting in higher viscosity, higher water retention rate and lower air permeability of the soil. The germination rate of Chinese pine( Pinus tabulacformic Carr. ) seeds sowed in soil treated with sulphuric acid(H 2SO 4) decreased compared to that for untreated soil. The direct cause was the large amount of Al ions leached out because of low pH values(≥3.5). The added acid decreased the soil aggregation and increased the number of micro aggregates(under 250 μm in diameter). Such changes increased the soil's viscosity, which tied the pine needles to the soil after the seeds had germinated and prevented the seedlings from fully developing.

<i>Pinus taeda</i>cDNA Microarray as a Tool for Candidate Gene Identification for Local Red/Far-Red Light Adaptive Response in <i>Pinus sylvestris</i>

Light quality response is a vital environmental cue regulating plant development. Conifers, like angiosperms, respond to the changes in light quality including the level of red (R) and far-red (FR) light, which follows a latitudinal cline. R and FR wavelengths form a significant component of the entire plant life cycle, including the initial developmental stages such as seed germination, cotyledon expansion and hypocotyl elongation. With an aim to identify differentially expressed candidate genes, which would provide a clue regarding genes involved in the local adaptive response in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) with reference to red/far-red light;we performed a global expression analysis of Scots pine hypocotyls grown under two light treatments, continuous R (cR) and continuous FR (cFR) light;using Pinus taeda cDNA microarrays on bulked hypocotyl tissues from different individuals, which represented different genotypes. This experiment was performed with the seeds collected from northern part of Sweden (Ylinen, 68?N). Interestingly, gene expression pattern with reference to cryptochrome1, a blue light photoreceptor, was relatively high under cFR as compared to cR light treatment. Additionally, the microarray data analysis also revealed expression of 405 genes which was enhanced under cR light treatment;while the expression of 239 genes was enhanced under the cFR light treatment. Differentially expressed genes were re-annotated using Blast2GO tool. These results indicated that cR light acts as promoting factor whereas cFR antagonises the effect in most of the processes like C/N metabolism, photosynthesis and cell wall metabolism which is in accordance with former findings in Arabidopsis. We propose cryptochrome1 as a strong candidate gene to study the adaptive cline response under R and FR light in Scots pine as it shows a differential expression under the two light conditions.

黑龙江、辽宁两省红松果林产业现状考察

为进一步了解和掌握红松果林产业发展动态,兴安盟红森农业科技服务有限公司组织考察组,两次赴黑龙江、辽宁两省实地考察,通过考察,了解红松果林营造、育苗、栽培、市场、政策等情况,掌握营造红松果林的新技术、新方法、新成果,提高对红松果林发展前景的认识,提出推动兴安盟红松果林产业向健康、有序、高质量发展的几点建议。

延边地区天然赤松林单木根系生物量的研究

该文对延边地区天然赤松林单木的根系分布特征以及生物量结构进行了调查．结果表明：赤松根系发达，可塑性强；不同级别根系在根系生物量中所占比例大小顺序为：粗根＞大根＞中根＞小根＞细根，其中粗根和大根占总根量的９０％以上，中、小、细根不足１０％；土壤养分状况对根系总量影响不显著，与中、小、细根的量表现出一定关系；赤松个体生物量中地上部占８０％，根系占２０％，各器官生物量所占比例顺序为：干＞根＞枝＞皮＞叶．

水分胁迫对脂松苗木针叶质膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

以2年生盆栽脂松苗木为材料,研究了不同土壤水分处理(含干旱和水渍胁迫)及解除胁迫后对脂松苗木针叶质膜透性和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱与水渍胁迫时间的延长,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量均有所上升;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐降低;过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐升高;解除胁迫后,各项指标均有不同程度的恢复,其中田间含水量为40%、80%、100%处理(即FC40%、FC80%、FC)恢复较快;干旱处理中FC20%和水渍处理中的水渍胁迫(FL)对苗木的生理影响在解除胁迫后14天尚未完全恢复且表现为水淹处理恢复能力较干旱处理差。综上,FC60%为最适土壤水分含量,综合表现最佳。

赤松和黑松花粉的营养成分测定及功能分析

测定分析采自胶东半岛的赤松和黑松花粉的营养成分,包括氨基酸、粗蛋白、总糖、还原糖、蔗糖、脂肪、维生素以及矿物质元素的种类和含量,并同其它花粉种类进行了对比分析,结果认为:赤松和黑松花粉为富含多种营养物质的花粉资源,具有协调营养平衡、增强免疫功能、延缓衰老等多种保健功能.

长白山区松口蘑分布及生态研究

本文调查了长白山区松口蘑的分布状况,发现了一些新的松口蘑产区,研究了植被土壤等生态特征,讨论了松口蘑的适应性和驯化潜能等前沿问题。

红松仁清蛋白ACE抑制肽的分离纯化与结构鉴定

为研究酶解红松仁清蛋白中具有血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制活性短肽的组分及其序列,采用超滤、Sephadex G-25、Sephadex G-15及反相高效液相色谱对松仁清蛋白酶解液进行分离纯化,对纯化后样品(组分D2)进行质谱结构鉴定。质谱结果进行从头测序,筛选得到ACE抑制肽Tyr-Leu-Leu-Lys(YLLK),分子质量为535.34 D。该肽经固相合成纯度为99.80%,其半数抑制浓度测定值为0.282 5 μmol/L。

松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测研究进展

[目的]综合评述了松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测的数据和方法研究进展,并就星-机-地多源遥感数据协同监测变色松树提出展望。[方法]通过分析松材线虫病染病松树的生理生态特征和冠层光谱,综述遥感数据的获取、基于遥感数据的变色松树解译方法,讨论当前松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测存在的主要问题,并指出未来可能的研究方向。[结果]不同的遥感监测平台对于变色松树的识别各具其优势,地面调查具有高可靠性优势、卫星遥感具有多时相优势、无人机遥感具有高空间分辨率和高灵活性优势。其中以无人机遥感和高分卫星遥感为主的遥感技术的发展,伴随着遥感图像解译算法和计算机软硬件的改进,为松材线虫病疫区变色松树的快速定位和计数提供了新的手段。但新手段在变色松树监测过程中还存在着监测手段单一,定位位置偏差大、识别精度和识别效率低等问题。[结论]未来随着卫星数量的增多和无人机影像获取成本的减少,从多源遥感影像上采用人工智能算法快速定位出单株变色松树和疫区变色松树的计数将成为新的模式。

水分胁迫对脂松幼苗叶绿素荧光特征的影响

以2年生盆栽脂松苗木为材料,研究了不同土壤含水量(干旱和水渍胁迫及解除胁迫后)对脂松幼苗的叶绿素荧光参数的影响,旨在为脂松的扩大栽培和管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)土壤水分胁迫对脂松苗木针叶初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)有显著影响(p<0.05);(2)干旱和淹水胁迫中脂松针叶光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均表现为随胁迫强度增大和时间的延长而降低,总体表现为FC60>FC80>FC>FC40>FC20>FL,解除胁迫后有不同程度的升高,且干旱处理比水淹处理恢复快。(3)60%土壤含水量叶绿素荧光参数水平最佳,据此认为中等轻度干旱立地较适宜脂松苗木生长。

土壤pH值对脂松苗木膜脂过氧化及内源保护系统的影响

Red Pine seedlings were grown in the potted soils with different acidity (pH=4.5,5.5,6.5,7.5,8.0) to investigate their physiological responses to soil pH,and futher to evaluate the soil pH feasibility. Dramatic physiological responses of Red Pine seedlings were detected under various soil pH treatments. Under soil pH 5.5,the seedling foliages grew best,with the lowest malondialdehyde content,ion leakage and soluble substance content,and the highest carotinoid content and antioxidant enzyme activities;With soil pH 7.5 and 8.0 treatments,the seedling needles developed poorest,with greater membrane lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant enzyme activities,and the greater cell membrane injury and soluble substance content. Results suggested that Red Pine seedlings was mostly adapt to soil with pH of 5.5,followed by soils with pH of 4.5 and 6.5,and could hardly adapted to soil with pH of 7.5 and higher.

长白山红松籽油的提取及脂肪酸成分分析

以长白山红松籽为原料,采用机械液压冷榨法萃取红松籽油,考察了上限压力、榨油温度、压榨周期、停歇周期对萃取效果的影响,确定了液压冷榨法萃取红松籽油的最佳条件:上限压力为15MPa,温度为45℃,榨油周期为4min,停息周期为9min,在此条件下,红松籽油出油率为60.3%。对冷榨法萃取的红松籽油进行了脂肪酸成分分析,共测定出8种脂肪酸:棕榈酸、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、二十碳三烯酸、二十碳二烯酸、二十碳烯酸、二十碳酸,其含量分别为其含量分别为4.08%、18.13%、11.48%、2.39%、0.87%、0.88%、1.04%、1.44%。

微立地土壤物理性质差异及对脂松幼林生长的影响

为探索微立地对脂松幼林生长的影响,采用较小尺度,测定与单株林木生长空间相关的土壤物理性质,并通过方差分析方法分析了脂松幼林期间的树高和胸径的生长量。结果表明:不同微立地类型上土壤物理性质差异显著,微立地地形因子对脂松幼林的树高生长和胸径生长都有显著影响,其中凹地形和伐桩对脂松的树高和胸径的生长是负影响,而且与普通地形上的林木长势差异显著;凸地形对脂松的树高和胸径的生长是正影响,但与普通地形上的林木长势差异不显著。

不同处理对脂松苗木自然越冬过程中生理指标和越冬伤害的影响

研究不同处理(秋季涝渍、秋季变温、冬季遮荫)对2年生盆栽脂松苗木在自然越冬过程中针叶的膜脂过氧化作用、抗氧化酶活性和有机渗透调节物质的动态变化,并结合越冬伤害调查分析不同处理对其越冬伤害的影响。结果表明:在自然越冬期间各处理脂松苗木针叶的电导率、丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度、脯氨酸质量分数及过氧化物酶(POD)活性均表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势,可溶性糖质量分数表现为先升高后下降再升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在整个越冬期间总体的变化呈"M"形状;说明脂松苗木能够快速应对环境变化,通过调整生理代谢使叶片中快速积累渗透调节物和激活抗氧化酶防止氧自由基积累抑制膜脂过氧化,提高了脂松苗木组织内部的抗氧化能力、增强抗寒能力,从而在冬季低温变化过程中起到保护作用;各处理苗木均有不同程度的越冬伤害现象发生,冬季遮荫、秋季涝渍和秋季变温处理在3月份分别有10%、44%和100%的苗木发生越冬伤害现象,5月份的调查中分别有2%、10%和16%的苗木死亡。综合分析可见,脂松苗木具有较强的抗寒性,秋季骤然变温或秋季涝渍均会导致苗木在自然越冬过程中发生越冬伤害,而冬季适当遮荫有利于脂松安全越冬。