A Review of REE Tracer Method Used in Soil Erosion Studies

Rare earth elements （REEs） have been proved ideal tracers for soil erosion and aggregation. REE tracer method （REETM） used to study soil erosion, as a new technique, has been developed in recent 20 yr. It is able to quantitatively monitor the temporal and spatial variation of erosion intensity, compared with traditional approaches. The applications of REETM in studying of sediment differentiation law, erosion process evolution, determination of sediment sources and sedimentation investigations, and determination of prediction parameters, were reviewed. Some application limitations were summarized.

Variations of trace elements and rare earth elements(REEs)treated by two different methods for snow-pit samples on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their implications

Although previous investigations of the trace elements in snow and ice from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau obtained interesting information about pollution from human activities on the plateau, most were based on traditional acidification methods.To emphasize the influence of the different sample-preparation methods on the records of trace elements and rare earth elements, snow samples were collected from glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China and prepared using two methods: traditional acidification and total digestion. Concentrations of 18 trace elements(Al, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Li,Cu, Co, Mo, Cs, Sb, Pb, Tl, and U), along with 14 rare earth elements(REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er,Tm, Yb, and Lu), Y, and Th in the snow samples, were measured using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry(ICP-SFMS). The results showed that the mass fraction of the trace elements(defined as ratio of concentration in the acid-leachable fraction to that in the digested sample) such as Mo, Ti, Al, Rb, and V, varied from 0.06 to 0.5. The mass fraction of other trace elements varied from about 0.6 to more than 0.9; those of the REEs, Y, and Th varied from 0.34 to0.75. Lower mass fractions will lead to an overestimated contribution of other sources, especially human activities, and the underestimated fluxes of these trace elements(especially REEs, Y, and Th, as well as dust) if the REEs are used as the proxy for the crust dust. The two sample-preparation methods exhibited different REE normalized distribution patterns,REE ratios, and provenance-tracing results. The REE normalized distribution patterns and proxies in the digested samples are more reliable and integrated than those found in traditional acidification method for dust-provenance tracing.

REE示踪条带施放法研究坡面土壤侵蚀垂直分布规律

通过室内模拟和野外小区试验，采用中子活化分析手段，进行了运用ＲＥＥ 示踪条带施放法研究坡面土壤侵蚀垂直分布的可行性分析。结果表明：示踪元素条带施放法研究土壤侵蚀，可定量分析黄土坡面不同坡段的相对侵蚀量，具有满意的试验精度，并揭示了产沙强度随坡长存在３ 种变化模式。

土壤侵蚀REE示踪法研究初报

文中提出了一种研究土壤侵蚀的新方法——稀土元素(REE)示踪法;讨论了该方法的基本原理、REE施加量计算、实验技术及应用前景。人工降雨小区的试验结果表明,该方法不但可用于精确测定不同地形部位侵蚀量,其测定结果相对误差小于15％,并可揭示降雨侵蚀过程不同地形部位侵蚀量的变化趋势。

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程的REE示踪

利用ＲＥＥ示踪技术探讨了坡面细沟侵蚀的发育过程。试验结果表明：在细沟发育过程中，各坡段细沟侵蚀量呈动态变化趋势；细沟发育过程可以分为起始、发展、稳定３个阶段，在不同阶段，侵蚀方式、发育特征迥异。总的看来，在坡顶部、上部、中部、下部４个坡段上，细沟发育过程中，坡面下部的侵蚀量较大。但随着放水流量的增加，坡面上部侵蚀量的比重增加。由于溯源侵蚀，最下部坡段的相对侵蚀量从９２％减少到 ３７％，呈显著下降趋势，其它 ３个坡段则分别从４．７％、０．２５％、２．１４％增加到 ２９％、１７％和 ２３％。试验结果还表明，ＲＥＥ示踪法不仅可定量测定不同坡位的侵蚀量，还可以揭示冲刷过程中各坡位相对侵蚀量的变化趋势。

REE示踪法研究土壤侵蚀的室内模拟试验

通过运用REE示踪法对土壤侵蚀垂直分布的模拟试验研究，讨论了REE示踪法的基本原理，REE的选择与施放方法，模拟试验布设技术及示踪法的应用前景。室内试验表明：REE示踪法不仅可定量测定不同地形部位的相对侵蚀量，而且可揭示降雨过程中各地形部位相对侵蚀量的变化趋势．为野外试验的顺利实施提供了可靠的科学依据。

REE示踪坡面侵蚀过程研究

在观测年度气候条件下,坡面产流初始阶段片蚀是坡面侵蚀的主要方式,试验期间的三次降雨片蚀分别占坡面总侵蚀量的71%、48%、49%,表明坡面侵蚀处于片蚀-细沟侵蚀演变的初期阶段;同时随着降雨的进行,细沟侵蚀量在不断增大,表明坡面由片蚀为主逐渐过渡到片蚀向细沟侵蚀转变的阶段。对次降雨条件下坡面不同部位的侵蚀泥沙来源研究表明：无论片蚀绝对量如何变化,坡面表层上段的相对侵蚀量始终不大于10%,表明坡面片蚀的来源主要集中在坡面下部;降雨结束后对不同坡段的细沟相对侵蚀量比较分析后发现,不同坡段的相对侵蚀量结果分别为：距坡脚0-1米坡段16%;2-4米坡段6%;5-9米坡段3%,三段的侵蚀量之比约为5∶2∶1,表明细沟侵蚀的主要来源集中在距坡脚4米段内。

坡面侵蚀形态转变过程的REE示踪法研究

利用REE元素示踪法,采取沿坡面垂直分层布设的新的试验布设方法,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的转变过程和细沟的发育发展过程。研究结果表明,降雨初期坡面以面蚀为主,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀将加快加剧;随着降雨时间的延续,累积面蚀量和细沟累积侵蚀量都将逐渐增加,后者的增加速率大于前者,面蚀所占总侵蚀量的百分比随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减,细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加;试验结束时细沟侵蚀量分别为面蚀量的4～5倍。本研究为定量区分片蚀和细沟侵蚀量以及坡面侵蚀过程中片蚀向细沟侵的转变以细胞侵蚀发生、发育提供了新的思路和解决途径。

利用REE示踪法分析坡面放水冲刷的侵蚀过程

为确定放水条件下坡面侵蚀规律,采用3个坡度(15°,18°,21°)和3个流量(3.5,4.5,5.5L·min-1)交叉组合进行室内冲刷试验,并利用REE示踪法系统分析细沟发生和发展过程。结果表明:坡面上部细沟侵蚀最为剧烈,到试验结束时,坡面上部、中部和下部的沟蚀深度分别在20cm、10cm和5cm的范围内;上部和中部各层稀土元素示踪区的侵蚀率在试验过程中的变化曲线呈现单峰型或多峰型。流量对各元素示踪区侵蚀率的影响比坡度更为显著,是影响细沟侵蚀量的主要因素。水流流量不变时,在试验初始3min内,坡度对坡面下部的侵蚀影响相对较大。

坡面侵蚀分布特征动态变化过程的REE示踪法研究

本文利用REE示踪技术 ,初步探讨了野外全坡长小区在次降雨过程中 ,坡面侵蚀时空分布的动态变化过程。结果表明 :利用REE示踪法不仅可以准确地测定坡面不同地形部位的相对侵蚀量 ,还可通过对侵蚀过程样的分析 ,较为客观揭示降雨侵蚀过程中坡面各部位相对侵蚀量的时空变化趋势。坡面各部位相对侵蚀量随时间的变化可能存在三种模式 ,增长递减型、递增型和波动型。其最大侵蚀部位主要集中在坡面中段 ,并随降雨的持续 ,存在向坡面下部移动的趋势。

Otway-Rees协议改进及形式化证明

选取认证密钥分配协议Otway-Rees协议作为研究对象,利用协议组合逻辑(PCL)作为协议证明工具,对安全协议形式化分析及证明进行了研究。首先给出了Otway-Rees协议常见的攻击形式,分析了存在的缺陷,提出了改进方案(AOR协议);然后,为了更好地形式化描述AOR协议,对传统的PCL进行一定的扩展;紧接着,用扩展后的PCL对改进的协议中各个实体的行为和协议的安全属性进行形式化描述,将改进后的协议进行模块化划分,并利用PCL进行组合证明;最后,得出改进后的AOR协议具有密钥保密属性。

一种变步长AP-REE算法的研究

为了提高自适应滤波器的滤波性能,提出了一种变步长的AP-REE算法。通过分析AP-REE算法权值误差和权值均方误差的二阶统计量,获得了参数迭代步长的一个优化解,促进了AP-REE算法在迭代方向上均方误差的收敛速度。仿真结果表明,相比较于定步长的AP-REE算法,变步长的AP-REE算法获得了更快的收敛速度。

Exploration and research progress on ion-adsorption type REE deposit in South China

Since 2011,certain advances have been made through the resource investigation,metallogenesis research,mining supervision and environmental protection of ion-adsorption type rare earth element (REE) deposit in South China.Firstly,some progress has been made in REE prospecting in Jiangxi,Guangdong,Guangxi and Yunnan.REE deposits are not only found within the weathering crusts of granites and felsic volcanic rocks,but also within the weathering crusts of epimetamorphic rocks and basic magmatic rocks.Secondly,the methods of exploration,delineating ore bodies and calculation of reserves have been improved,which intuitively reflect the thickness,REE composition and value of weathering crust.Thirdly,the relationship between REEs and weathering degree and the rule of distribution,migration and enrichment of REEs in the weathering profile was summarized through the analysis of big data,which can predict the metallogenetic horizon of REEs.Fourthly,a method for quick,accurate and dynamic investigation of the REE deposit has been established by using high resolution remote sensing technology.Finally,the relation between the production status of REE mines and water pollution has been revealed based on long-term hydrochemical monitoring data of rivers and wells in mines and surrounding areas.

Otway-Rees协议改进及安全分析

选取Otway-Rees协议作为研究对象,用一种改进的BAN类逻辑――安全协议分析本征逻辑(SPALL)作为协议分析工具展开研究。首先对SPALL系统进行扩展,针对Otway-Rees协议存在的缺陷,提出了改进方案。为了更好地描述改进协议,用SPALL系统对其安全属性进行了形式化描述,并做出安全分析。分析结果表明,改进协议能够确保密钥分发的正确性,并具有密钥机密性和强认证性,还能满足通信双方验证会话密钥一致性的要求。

REEs示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

近年来,随着示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的广泛应用,稀土元素示踪技术(REEs Tracer Method)已被公认为理想的土壤侵蚀示踪法。与传统的研究方法相比较,REEs示踪技术能够定量监测坡面侵蚀形态的时空演变过程,分析坡面侵蚀分布规律。同时,REEs示踪技术也为确定泥沙来源、评估土壤侵蚀与泥沙治理措施提供了帮助。分析了REEs示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的可行性以及取得的成果,并对其在土壤侵蚀研究中的不足进行分析。

Using REE Tracers to Measure Sheet Erosion Changing to Rill Erosion

Rare earth element(REE) tracer method was used to study sheet erosion changing to rill erosion on slope land. By placing different REE on different soil depth across a slope in an indoor plot, two simulated rainfalls were applied to study the change of erosion type and the rill erosion process. The results indicate that the main erosion type is sheet erosion at the beginning of the rainfalls, and serious erosion happens after rill erosion appears. Accumulated sheet and rill erosion amount increases with the rainfalls time. The percentage of sheet erosion amount decreases and rill erosion percentage increases with time. At the end of the rainfalls, the total rill erosion amounts are 4.3 and 5 times more than sheet erosion. In this paper, a new REE tracer method was used to quantitatively distinguish sheet and rill erosion amount. The new REE tracer method should be useful to future studying of erosion processes on slope lands.

A quantitative BP neural network analysis of the relationships between ΣREE content and impact factors in the Beibu Gulf

The distribution characteristics of rare earth elements （REE） in bottomsediments are influenced by many factors. Hence, conducting a quantitative analysis isdifficult. A qualitative analysis of the relationships between ΣREE content andprovenance, hydrodynamics, grain size and mineral distribution in the Beibu Gulf showsthat terrestrial rocks control the ΣREE composition. Both weaker hydrodynamics andfiner grain size lead to a higher ΣREE content. Relative curves revealing therelationships between individual impact factors and ΣREE content were obtained fromthe combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses of the BP neural network,which trained the position of samples, gravel content, sand content, silt content, claycontent and clay mineral content. The results are consistent with those of thequantitative analysis. The self-learning algorithm is automatically determined andcalculated quantitatively. The impact of each factor on REEs and how each factorcontrols the ΣREE distribution is identified. Thus, environmental changes and thegeological evolution of the region can be inferred based on curve variation and the geological evolution of the region can be inferred based on curve variation and theactual situation. This method also provides useful theoretical guidance for the analysisof REE enrichment and dispersion.

花岗岩成矿元素迁移富集的分析方法——以滇西南大同山稀土矿区矿化与风化过程为例

研究区位于滇西南临沧花岗岩中南段.为查证稀土矿体中有色金属、稀有金属的共伴生情况,在钻孔的稀土矿体中采集30件化学分析样品,分析元素为W、Sn、Nb、Ta、Rb、Cs.对花岗岩成矿元素迁移富集的研究,采用了如下方法步骤:1)将各元素的分析值由大到小顺序排列并划分为6个组,每组5个数据;进行观察后发现21件样品未发生矿化,4件样品发生过Sn矿化,4件样品发生过Rb矿化,1件样品发生过Sn、Rb矿化.2)在未发生矿化的样品中,将风化壳与未风化岩石的元素质量分数进行对比,定量评估岩石在风化过程中元素的迁移富集程度;与该地区基岩相比较,风化壳中W、Sn、Nb、Ta质量分数增高(元素富集),Rb、Cs质量分数下降(元素迁移).3)将Sn、Rb矿化样品的平均值与非矿化样品的平均值进行对比,定量评估岩石的矿化程度;发生矿化的样品平均值中,Sn矿化伴有较弱的W、Ta矿化,Rb矿化伴有明显的W、Ta、Cs矿化,Sn、Rb矿化伴生明显的W、Ta、Cs矿化.

稀土元素分析方法研究及应用——以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷永安地区物源分析为例

通过稀土元素(REE)的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)分析方法的建立和完善,在对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷永安地区开展稀土元素分析的基础上,初步建立了永安地区母岩区太古界、古生界、中生界以及沉积区沙四段和沙三段各层段的稀土元素分布形式。通过母岩区与沉积区稀土元素分布特征对比,完成了沉积区沙四段和沙三段的物源分析。永安地区沉积区沙四段与母岩区中生界、下古生界稀土元素分布特征最相似;沉积区沙三中、下亚段与母岩区中生界、下古生界稀土元素分布特征相似,兼有太古界稀土元素分布特征;沉积区沙三上亚段稀土元素分布形式与母岩区太古界稀土元素特征相似。沉积区与母岩区稀土元素分布特征的差异性,反映了古近系沙四段、沙三段各时期物源的不同。

稀土元素示踪法在坡面侵蚀产沙垂直分布研究中的应用

简要分析了核示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用现状 ,并以稀土元素 (REE)示踪法为例 ,结合不同坡度、不同流量的室内放水冲刷模拟试验对坡面侵蚀产沙垂直分布特征进行了研究 ,研究结果表明 :在坡度较小的情况下 ,坡面各不同部位的相对侵蚀量沿下坡方向呈现出先减小后增大的趋势 ;在坡度较大而流量较小的情况下 ,坡面各坡段的相对侵蚀量与坡度较小的情况相似 ,当流量较大时 ,坡面各不同坡段的相对侵蚀量呈现出随坡长的增大而减小的趋势。但坡面最下端坡段的相对侵蚀量总是随着冲刷历时的延长而呈现出下降趋势 ,而其余各坡段的相对侵蚀量则呈现出缓慢的波动式上升。试验结果还表明 REE示踪法可以比较满意地说明坡面侵蚀过程中的泥沙来源情况 ,是一种研究坡面侵蚀产沙特征的有效方法。