The largest reed field in the world, with an area of 1000 km<sup>2</sup> in 1953, is located in the Liaohe Delta, which lies in the five-point-in-a-line economic strategic zone of northeastern China. Howev...The largest reed field in the world, with an area of 1000 km<sup>2</sup> in 1953, is located in the Liaohe Delta, which lies in the five-point-in-a-line economic strategic zone of northeastern China. However, the area of reeds has declined dramatically in recent years to accommodate oil field infrastructure and societal developments. Although the direct and indirect services provided by such wetlands make valuable contributions to human welfare, wetlands are often given little weight in policy decisions, because ecosystem services are not fully “captured” in commercial markets or adequately quantified in terms comparable with the values of economic services and manufactured capital. In this study the value of 10 of 17 ecosystem services provided by the reed wetlands in the Liaohe Delta was estimated by using market pricing, shadow projects, and benefit transfer methods. The value of the 10 services provided by the 800 km<sup>2</sup> of reed wetland totaled approximately US $2.68 billion. Remarkably, aquaculture and the production of pulp from reeds accounted for only 19% of the total value of the reed wetland services. About 32% of the value of the ecosystem services was attributed to non-consumptive recreation, an easily perceived service that may act as a powerful incentive for sustainable management of this wetland ecosystem. The results of this study should help not only to guide management decisions with respect to this particular wetland but also to serve as an example of the approach to be taken with respect to valuation of similarly endangered wetlands throughout China.展开更多
The researches about reed growth were mainly concentrated on seasonal dynamics, investigation of reed resource, and comparison of different ecotypes of reed. By means of fractal geometric theory of non linear science...The researches about reed growth were mainly concentrated on seasonal dynamics, investigation of reed resource, and comparison of different ecotypes of reed. By means of fractal geometric theory of non linear science, the fractal character of growth pattern of reed, for the purpose of quantitatively exploring the mechanism of reed growth was studied. The way to calculate fractal dimension of reed growth is box dimension (BD) and information dimension (ID). The results showed that the difference between two samplings in May and those among three samplings in June and later were not remarkable for both BD or ID. It was noted that the difference between samplings in and after May is significant. It was demonstrated that the fractal dimension of size distribution of reed ranged from 0 6235 to 0 8761 The distribution pattern could be statistically divided as two significant periods: the size of reed is quite well distributed at the beginning of reed growth (fractal dimension>0 8), but is irregular in the middle and later growth season (fractal dimension<0 7). These results are benefit to reach the goal of rational use of reed resources and to protect the biodiversity in wetland ecosystem.展开更多
Reed is one of the most frequent and dominant species in wetlands all over the world, with common reed （Phragmites australis （Cav.） Trin. ex Steud.） as the most widely distributed species. In many wetlands, P. aus...Reed is one of the most frequent and dominant species in wetlands all over the world, with common reed （Phragmites australis （Cav.） Trin. ex Steud.） as the most widely distributed species. In many wetlands, P. australis plays a highly ambivalent role. On the one hand, in many wetlands it purifies wastewater, provides habitat for numerous species, and is a potentially valuable raw material, while on the other hand it is an invasive species which expands aggressively, prevents fishing, blocks ditches and waterways, and builds monospecies stands. This paper uses the eutrophic reed-swamp of Wuliangsuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia, northern China, as a case to present the multiple benefits of regular reed cutting. The reed area and aboveground biomass production are calculated based on field data. Combined with data about water and reed nutrient content, the impact of reed cutting on the lake nutrient budget （N and P） is investigated. Currently, at this lake around 100,000 tons of reed are harvested in winter annually, removing 16% and 8% of the total nitrogen and phosphorus influx, respectively. Harvesting all available winter reed could increase the nutrient removal rates to 48% and 24%, respectively. We also consider the effects of summer harvesting, in which reed biomass removal could overcompensate for the nutrient influx but could potentially reduce reed regrowth.展开更多
Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas...Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.展开更多
滨海河口湿地生态系统具有很强的储碳和固碳能力,正确评估其固碳变化及其环境影响因子是滨海河口湿地科学保护与管理的基础。本研究以盘锦芦苇湿地为对象,采用陆地生态系统模型,结合Mann-Kendall突变检验法、统计分析方法和情景模拟试验...滨海河口湿地生态系统具有很强的储碳和固碳能力,正确评估其固碳变化及其环境影响因子是滨海河口湿地科学保护与管理的基础。本研究以盘锦芦苇湿地为对象,采用陆地生态系统模型,结合Mann-Kendall突变检验法、统计分析方法和情景模拟试验,分析了1971—2020年芦苇湿地净生态系统生产力(NEP)的变化特征、稳定性、未来趋势以及环境影响因子对NEP的贡献率。结果表明:1971—2020年盘锦芦苇湿地的年均NEP为415.51 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),以1.7 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)的速率稳定增长,且未来仍呈持续增加趋势。NEP在春、夏、秋和冬季的多年均值分别为33.95、418.05、-18.71和-17.78 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),增长速率分别为0.35、1.26、0.14和-0.06 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。未来春季和夏季的NEP呈增加趋势,而秋季和冬季的NEP呈减少趋势。不同尺度下环境因子对盘锦芦苇湿地NEP的贡献率不同。年尺度下降水的贡献率最高,达37.1%,高于CO_(2)浓度(28.4%)、气温(25.1%)和光合有效辐射(9.4%)。春季和秋季的NEP主要受降水影响,贡献率分别达49.5%和38.8%,夏季的NEP主要受CO_(2)浓度影响(36.9%),冬季的NEP主要受气温影响(-86.7%)。展开更多
采用涡度相关法,对2018年下半年辽河口国家级自然保护区内滨海芦苇湿地的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))进行测量分析,研究海洋保护区内典型芦苇湿地生态系统-大气CO_(2)交换的变化规律及其环境调...采用涡度相关法,对2018年下半年辽河口国家级自然保护区内滨海芦苇湿地的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))进行测量分析,研究海洋保护区内典型芦苇湿地生态系统-大气CO_(2)交换的变化规律及其环境调控。结果表明,有芦苇生长的7月-10月,各月NEE日变化曲线呈相似的"U"形,但变化幅度存在较大差异;非芦苇生长季的11月-12月,生态系统表现为微弱的净CO_(2)释放,NEE日变化轨迹与温度波动一致。该芦苇湿地生态系统的GPP、R_(eco)和NEE均呈现7月-10月数值较大、11月-12月数值较小的规律。7月-10月,白天CO_(2)交换主要受芦苇光合作用的影响,各月白天NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系,PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的45%~54%。7月-12月,夜间R_(eco)与气温呈指数关系,气温可以解释R_(eco)变化的62%,生态系统呼吸敏感性(Q_(10))为2.20。2018年下半年,辽河口国家级自然保护区内芦苇湿地生态系统累计GPP总值达到359.67 g C/m^(2),累计Reco达到278.29 g C/m^(2),总净固碳量为81.38g C/m^(2)。展开更多
文摘The largest reed field in the world, with an area of 1000 km<sup>2</sup> in 1953, is located in the Liaohe Delta, which lies in the five-point-in-a-line economic strategic zone of northeastern China. However, the area of reeds has declined dramatically in recent years to accommodate oil field infrastructure and societal developments. Although the direct and indirect services provided by such wetlands make valuable contributions to human welfare, wetlands are often given little weight in policy decisions, because ecosystem services are not fully “captured” in commercial markets or adequately quantified in terms comparable with the values of economic services and manufactured capital. In this study the value of 10 of 17 ecosystem services provided by the reed wetlands in the Liaohe Delta was estimated by using market pricing, shadow projects, and benefit transfer methods. The value of the 10 services provided by the 800 km<sup>2</sup> of reed wetland totaled approximately US $2.68 billion. Remarkably, aquaculture and the production of pulp from reeds accounted for only 19% of the total value of the reed wetland services. About 32% of the value of the ecosystem services was attributed to non-consumptive recreation, an easily perceived service that may act as a powerful incentive for sustainable management of this wetland ecosystem. The results of this study should help not only to guide management decisions with respect to this particular wetland but also to serve as an example of the approach to be taken with respect to valuation of similarly endangered wetlands throughout China.
文摘The researches about reed growth were mainly concentrated on seasonal dynamics, investigation of reed resource, and comparison of different ecotypes of reed. By means of fractal geometric theory of non linear science, the fractal character of growth pattern of reed, for the purpose of quantitatively exploring the mechanism of reed growth was studied. The way to calculate fractal dimension of reed growth is box dimension (BD) and information dimension (ID). The results showed that the difference between two samplings in May and those among three samplings in June and later were not remarkable for both BD or ID. It was noted that the difference between samplings in and after May is significant. It was demonstrated that the fractal dimension of size distribution of reed ranged from 0 6235 to 0 8761 The distribution pattern could be statistically divided as two significant periods: the size of reed is quite well distributed at the beginning of reed growth (fractal dimension>0 8), but is irregular in the middle and later growth season (fractal dimension<0 7). These results are benefit to reach the goal of rational use of reed resources and to protect the biodiversity in wetland ecosystem.
基金the financial support of the project "Sustainable Water Management and Wetland Restoration in Settlements of Continental-arid Central Asia" (Su Wa Rest) by the Kurt-Eberhard-Bode Foundation within the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft
文摘Reed is one of the most frequent and dominant species in wetlands all over the world, with common reed （Phragmites australis （Cav.） Trin. ex Steud.） as the most widely distributed species. In many wetlands, P. australis plays a highly ambivalent role. On the one hand, in many wetlands it purifies wastewater, provides habitat for numerous species, and is a potentially valuable raw material, while on the other hand it is an invasive species which expands aggressively, prevents fishing, blocks ditches and waterways, and builds monospecies stands. This paper uses the eutrophic reed-swamp of Wuliangsuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia, northern China, as a case to present the multiple benefits of regular reed cutting. The reed area and aboveground biomass production are calculated based on field data. Combined with data about water and reed nutrient content, the impact of reed cutting on the lake nutrient budget （N and P） is investigated. Currently, at this lake around 100,000 tons of reed are harvested in winter annually, removing 16% and 8% of the total nitrogen and phosphorus influx, respectively. Harvesting all available winter reed could increase the nutrient removal rates to 48% and 24%, respectively. We also consider the effects of summer harvesting, in which reed biomass removal could overcompensate for the nutrient influx but could potentially reduce reed regrowth.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41101080)Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China(No.ZR2014DQ028,ZR2015DM004)
文摘Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.
文摘滨海河口湿地生态系统具有很强的储碳和固碳能力,正确评估其固碳变化及其环境影响因子是滨海河口湿地科学保护与管理的基础。本研究以盘锦芦苇湿地为对象,采用陆地生态系统模型,结合Mann-Kendall突变检验法、统计分析方法和情景模拟试验,分析了1971—2020年芦苇湿地净生态系统生产力(NEP)的变化特征、稳定性、未来趋势以及环境影响因子对NEP的贡献率。结果表明:1971—2020年盘锦芦苇湿地的年均NEP为415.51 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),以1.7 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)的速率稳定增长,且未来仍呈持续增加趋势。NEP在春、夏、秋和冬季的多年均值分别为33.95、418.05、-18.71和-17.78 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),增长速率分别为0.35、1.26、0.14和-0.06 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。未来春季和夏季的NEP呈增加趋势,而秋季和冬季的NEP呈减少趋势。不同尺度下环境因子对盘锦芦苇湿地NEP的贡献率不同。年尺度下降水的贡献率最高,达37.1%,高于CO_(2)浓度(28.4%)、气温(25.1%)和光合有效辐射(9.4%)。春季和秋季的NEP主要受降水影响,贡献率分别达49.5%和38.8%,夏季的NEP主要受CO_(2)浓度影响(36.9%),冬季的NEP主要受气温影响(-86.7%)。
文摘采用涡度相关法,对2018年下半年辽河口国家级自然保护区内滨海芦苇湿地的净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))进行测量分析,研究海洋保护区内典型芦苇湿地生态系统-大气CO_(2)交换的变化规律及其环境调控。结果表明,有芦苇生长的7月-10月,各月NEE日变化曲线呈相似的"U"形,但变化幅度存在较大差异;非芦苇生长季的11月-12月,生态系统表现为微弱的净CO_(2)释放,NEE日变化轨迹与温度波动一致。该芦苇湿地生态系统的GPP、R_(eco)和NEE均呈现7月-10月数值较大、11月-12月数值较小的规律。7月-10月,白天CO_(2)交换主要受芦苇光合作用的影响,各月白天NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系,PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的45%~54%。7月-12月,夜间R_(eco)与气温呈指数关系,气温可以解释R_(eco)变化的62%,生态系统呼吸敏感性(Q_(10))为2.20。2018年下半年,辽河口国家级自然保护区内芦苇湿地生态系统累计GPP总值达到359.67 g C/m^(2),累计Reco达到278.29 g C/m^(2),总净固碳量为81.38g C/m^(2)。
