Effects of temperature and organic and inorganic nutrients on the growth of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae)from the Daya Bay,South China Sea

The effects of temperature and different forms of nutrients on Chattonella marina growth have been investigated in strains isolated from the Daya Bay, the South China Sea. The strain of C. marina preferred high temperatures, with an optimal temperature of 25℃, and 18℃ was the minimum for its survival. Higher cell number and growth rate were obtained in high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations （500 μg/L, 74μg/L） than under nutrient limitation. Nitrogen influenced the growth most, as the specific growth rate and maximum cell density were lower in nitrogen- limited cultures than noted under phosphorus limitation or under limitation from both. C. marina was capable of using many kinds of organic nitrogen sources including L-serine （L-Ser）, glycine （Gly）, alanine （Ala）, L-threonine （L-Thr）, glutamic acid （Glu） and urea, but could not utilize uric acid. Various forms of organic phosphorus compound such as glucose-6-phosphate （G6P）, sodium glycerophosphate （GYP）, adenosine triphosphate （ATP）, adenosine monophosphate （AMP）, cyti- dine monophosphate （CMP）, guanosine monophosphate （GMP）, uridine monophosphate （UMP）, 4-nitrophenylphosphate （NPP） and triethyl phosphate （TEP） supported the growth as well. Algal cells had the ability to sustain growth under nitrogenand/or phosphorus-free conditions particularly under phosphorus depleted condition. These results led to the hypothesis that high loading of nitrogen has played an important role in frequent C. marina blooms in the past decade, and its capability for utilization of diverse forms of organic nutrients and growth in low nutrient conditions make this species a likely recurrent dominant in the Daya Bay phytoplankton assemblages, visible as more frequent blooms.

Relative effectiveness of organic and inorganic nutrient sources in improving yield, seed quality and nutrient uptake of canola

The proper use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources is important to sustain high levels of crop production, while maintaining or enhancing soil and environmental quality. A 4-year (2009 to 2012) field experiment was established in spring 2009 on a Gray Luvisol (Typic Haplocryalf) loam soil at Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the effectiveness of organic/biological (compost, wood ash [fine and granular], alfalfa pellets, distiller grain, thin stillage, glycerol, fish food additive, Penicillium bilaiae), inorganic/mineral (granular-gypsum, rapid release elemental S [RRES], rock phosphate [granular and fine]) and chemical/synthetic (granular-ammonium nitrate, triple super phosphate and potassium sulphate) nutrient sources (amendments/chemicals) in improving seed yield, straw yield, seed quality and nutrient uptake (N, P, K and S) in seed + straw of canola. Combined application of N, P and S chemical fertilizers (NPS) produced considerably greater seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake of canola compared to the unamended control in all four years. In treatments receiving only organic amendments, thin stillage produced the greatest seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake in all years, and it was similar to the NPS balanced fertilizer treatment, while fish food additive and distiller grain dry of wheat in 2009, 2011 and 2012, distiller grain dry of corn in 2009 and 2012, and compost and alfalfa pellets in 2011 and 2012 produced significantly greater seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake, when compared to the control. In treatments where chemical fertilizers were also applied, in addition to organic amendments, ap- plication of N fertilizer increased seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake substantially when combined with wood ash fine in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, wood ash granular in 2009, 2011 and 2012, and glycerol in 2009 and 2012 (moderate increase in 2012). In the chemical fertilizer treatments, there was a reduction in seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake of canola when only N fertilizer was applied compared to the control (significant in 2010 and 2011). Application of P along with N (NP) increased seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake of canola compared to N alone treatment, but was less than the NPS treatment in all years. Application of S along with N (NS) increased seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake of canola further compared to the NP treatment, but it was still lower than the NPS treatment in 2010 and 2011. In treatments receiving inorganic/mineral amendments in addition to chemical fertilizers, application of N + P fertilizers substantially increased seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake in treatments receiving gypsum and RRES in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. This suggests the potential of gypsum and RRES in preventing S deficiency in organic crops when grown on S-deficient soils, provided other nutrients are not limiting in the soil for crop growth. Seed yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake with application of N and S fertilizers in combination with rock phosphate and/or Penicillium bilaiae were similar to N + S treatment in most cases, except in 2011 when application of finely-ground or powder rock phosphate in a combination with N + S produced significantly greater yield and nutrient uptake than N + S with granular rock phosphate. This suggests little contribution of rock phosphate and/or Penicillium bilaiae in improving yield and nutrient uptake of canola, and improves the performance of fine rock phosphate only evident in the third growing season in 2011, after three consecutive applications, but not in 2012. In conclusion, some organic amendments showed potential for improvement in organic crop production, and in some other cases highest yield and nutrient uptake were

The Production of Organic-Inorganic Compound Film-Coated Urea and the Characteristics of Its Nutrient Release

The effect of different concentrations of natural macromolecular compound on the characteristics of nutrient release in the membrane materials of organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea was discussed, and the optimal concentrations for better nutrient release was proposed. The characteristics of nutrient release of film-coated urea were evaluated by soil column leaching experiment. Organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea showed good characteristics of nutrient release, which could be well simulated by Logistic curve. The two parameters in this curve, a and r, can be used to present nutrient release of film-coated urea, and followed the order of B 〉 C 〉 A and C 〈 B 〈 A, respectively, indicating that the release was stronger with the increasing concentration of natural macromolecular compound in the membrane, which implied better controllability of nutrient release. The concentration of 5% of natural macromolecular compound showed better characteristic of nutrient release and can be utilized as a membrane material combined with inorganic mineral powders to develop film-coated slow-release fertilizer.

Changes of Organic Matter, N, P and K Content of Soils in Red Soil Areas Under Long-Term Experiment

The content of organic matter （OM）, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and potassium （K） in the three selected soils, including Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols （purple sand-shale parent material）, Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols （quaternary red clay parent material） and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols （granite parent material） were studied under a long-term experiment by using crop straw and inorganic fertilizers at the Hunan Red Soil Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results showed that the contents of OM, N, P and K in the three selected soils increased after 23 years application of crop straw and inorganic fertilizers, but the contents increased much less when crop straw or inorganic fertilizers was applied alone. The nutrient contents in the three soils developed from granite changed more remarkably than those in the soil derived from quaternary red clay and purple sand-shale. It was also found that the contents of OM, N, and P increased slightly in the treatments without applying fertilizers or returning the crop straw to the root bed. Combined application of inorganic fertilizers and crop straw could remarkably increase the contents of OM, alkalihydrolyzable N and available K, the positive correlation between application of organic fertilizers and increase of OM in soil did not always happened, it provided evidence for the relation between appropriate C/N ratio and accumulation of OM in soil. The increase of nutrient content was influenced by the soil properties. By comparing the contents of nutrient in 0-20 cm depth in the three different soils, it was concluded that the most increases of OM, alkali-hydrolyzable N, and available P were observed in Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols with the average increase by 3.03, 27.38, and 21.73 mg kg^-1, respectively. The available K increased in Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols with the average increase by 25.82 mg kg^-1, while it decreased in Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols. It was concluded that the application of inorganic fertilizer and crop straw was important to improve the soil fertility for all of three selected soils. The straw return to the field had played a significant role for enhancement of the soil quality in the study areas. The application of inorganic fertilizer combined with the straw return to the fields could remarkably improve the soil fertility.

基于“芳酸结构形貌调控的Zn-MOFs制备表征”构建无机化学综合实验

金属有机框架化合物(MOFs)是有机配体与金属离子或金属簇通过配位键组装而成的具有分子内孔隙结构的有机-无机杂化材料,具有比表面积大、孔隙率高、孔径可调、稳定性好等特征,在催化、能源、药物输送及传感等领域广泛应用。MOFs的物性特征与其形貌及组成密切相关,故形貌调控至关重要。本文以对苯二甲酸、均苯三甲酸、2,6-萘二羧酸为有机配体,以锌离子为金属中心,采用室温沉淀法制备Zn-MOFs纳米材料体系,基于有机配体调控Zn-MOFs形貌。采用扫描电子显微镜表征其形貌,X-射线衍射光谱表征其晶体结构,红外光谱表征化学组成,紫外可见吸收光谱表征其光谱特性,并修饰至玻碳电极表面,构建光电化学界面,考察三种Zn-MOFs纳米材料的光电转换性能。通过该综合实验,有助于延伸无机化学金属配合物之理论基础,拓展光电化学及化学修饰电极知识领域,有利于强化科研创新意识、提升材料制备及表征相关实验技能、建立数据处理与结果分析的思维模式,有助于培养学生立志创新、勇于探索之精神。

有机无机复混肥料对水稻产量及养分吸收利用的影响

为了提高水稻肥料利用率,减少化肥施用量,研究有机无机复混肥的施用效果,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(普通复合肥,氮肥分次施用)(FFP)、等养分有机无机复混肥(一次性施肥)(T1)、等养分有机无机复混肥(氮肥分次施用)(T2)、90%养分有机无机复混肥(氮肥分次施用)(T3)、80%养分有机无机复混肥(氮肥分次施用)(T4)共6个处理,研究有机、无机肥配施对水稻产量及氮磷吸收利用的影响。各处理花后干物质积累量对籽粒贡献率(62.7%~68.5%)均高于干物质转运量对籽粒贡献率(31.5%~37.3%);各处理的实际产量表现为T2>T1>FFP>T3>T4>CK,与FFP处理相比,T2和T1处理增产6.6%和2.2%,T3和FFP处理产量无显著差异;成熟期各处理水稻植株地上部氮素和磷素吸收积累量在籽粒部分占比达到65%和70%以上,与FFP处理相比,T1处理氮磷肥吸收利用率、氮磷肥农学利用率和氮磷肥偏生产力分别增加了8.9%和12.9%、0.9%和3.2%、0.9和3.2 kg·kg^(-1),T2处理氮磷肥吸收利用率、氮磷肥农学利用率和氮磷肥偏生产力分别增加了1.6%和1.6%、2.6%和9.6%、2.6和9.6 kg·kg^(-1),T3和T4处理与FFP处理差异不显著。有机、无机肥配施能提高氮磷养分吸收利用率,在氮磷钾总养分相同的情况下,一次性施用有机无机复混肥更有利于提高水稻氮磷吸收,在氮肥分次施用情况下,有机无机复混肥增产效果更明显,适当减肥不会降低水稻产量,还可以减少稻田养分残留。

改性粘土对对虾养殖池塘主要生源要素的调控作用

高强度养殖活动显著改变了主要生源要素的分布特征与循环过程,导致养殖水体呈现严重富营养化状态、有害藻华频发,既限制了养殖业的健康发展,又对周围海洋生态环境造成了负面影响。近年来,养殖水体水质调控成为研究热点,基于2023年5~9月份对莱州湾凡纳滨对虾精养池塘水体主要生源要素的现场观测与对比体系研究,揭示了改性粘土对主要生源要素分布特征的影响,结合培养实验,探究了改性粘土对主要生源要素循环的调控作用。结果表明,对虾养殖池塘水体中主要生源要素(碳、氮和磷)含量整体呈现波动上升的变化趋势。喷洒改性粘土24 h后可以迅速降低水体溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)和溶解无机磷(dissolved inorganic phosphorus,DIP)含量,去除率都达90%以上,且在养殖过程中实验池水体总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)含量均值都低于对照池。培养实验结果发现,改性粘土能够显著降低TOC矿化速率与DIN、DIP再生速率,有效促进了有机碳的埋藏,延缓了营养盐的再生与释放。综上,改性粘土可以降低水体中有机碳和营养盐含量,起到有效调控养殖水体水质的作用,并可促进有机碳的埋藏封存,在海洋碳埋藏增汇方面展现出良好的应用前景。

有机无机肥配施对连作高粱产量、养分利用及土壤理化性状的影响

以‘汾酒粱1号’酿造高粱为供试作物,于2018-2021年开展田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、农家肥羊粪(S)、商品有机肥(C)、S+NPK(SNPK)、C+NPK(CNPK)共6个处理,分析不同施肥处理对连作高粱产量、氮磷钾累积量以及土壤容重、pH值、土壤全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明:连作4年NPK、S、SNPK处理的高粱产量较不施肥处理显著提高4.45%~33.60%;随着连作年限的增加,施用农家肥处理的增产效应逐渐明显,连作第4年S处理的高粱产量较其他施肥处理显著增产6.47%~28.69%。S和SNPK处理的产量变异系数较NPK处理显著降低10.64%和6.38%,可持续性指数值分别提高2.53%和1.27%,表明S和SNPK处理具有较好的稳产性和可持续性。连作第4年S和SNPK处理较NPK处理地上部氮累积量、钾累积量分别提高8.36%、3.31%和3.48%、21.45%,磷的累积量无明显差异,仅分别增加2.22%和0.70%。与NPK处理相比,连作第4年S和SNPK处理的0~20、20~40 cm土层容重分别下降3.78%、4.55%和7.29%、4.31%;SNPK处理明显降低0~40 cm土层土壤pH值;0~20 cm土层土壤有机质和有效磷含量在SNPK处理下分别增加22.18%~36.71%和9.07%~25.62%;20~40 cm土层土壤有机质和有效磷含量在S处理下分别增加15.00%~22.37%和41.08%~43.91%。然而连作第4年各施肥处理高粱产量、氮磷累积量出现明显下降,其中产量降低15.57%~32.76%,氮累积量下降12.89%~27.90%,磷累积量下降5.89%~25.82%。综上所述,施用农家肥或农家肥配施无机肥有利于本地区连作高粱的产量稳产和土壤肥力的改善,但以连作年限在3年内为佳。农家肥配施无机肥有利于提高0~20 cm耕层土壤的肥力水平和连作2年内高粱的产量,施用农家肥处理更有利于提高20~40 cm土层土壤肥力水平和连作3年以上的高粱产量。

减氮配施有机粪肥对土壤理化性质及玉米产量的影响

为提高畜禽粪便等农业废弃物在农业生产过程中循环利用效率,改善土壤肥力,促进作物增产增收,于2022年春季在宝泉岭农场开展有机粪肥还田减施氮肥试验,设置生育期不施化肥(CK)、当地常规施肥(FFP)、优化施肥(OPT)、有机粪肥替代15%N(OPT-1)、有机粪肥替代30%N(OPT-2)5个处理,研究有机粪肥和减施氮肥对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,与常规施肥(FFP)相比,有机粪肥替代30%氮肥处理(OPT-2)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高14.28%和6.71%,有机粪肥替代15%氮肥处理(OPT-1)土壤有机质和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.20%和11.32%;与优化施肥处理(OPT)相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质含量显著提高7.63%,OPT-1处理土壤速效钾含量显著提高7.01%。在成熟期,与FFP处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别提高15.60%、9.64%和6.83%,玉米产量显著提高8.46%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高10.33%、5.26%和10.62%,玉米产量显著提高5.14%;与OPT处理相比,OPT-2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮含量分别显著提高11.09%和8.93%,OPT-1处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量分别显著提高6.03%、4.57%和5.80%。综合分析,施用有机粪肥可以改善土壤理化性质,提高玉米产量,改善籽粒品质,其中,30%有机粪肥替代氮肥(OPT-2)施用效果最优。

有机无机肥配施对潮土麦田肥力和冬小麦产量的影响

【目的】研究不同施肥方式对黄淮海潮土区麦田肥力和冬小麦氮素利用效率和产量的影响,为该区域优化施肥措施、合理利用有机肥资源和保障作物高产提供理论支持和技术指导。【方法】基于天津潮土区连续12年的施肥处理定位试验,设置施肥处理为对照(CK,不施肥)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥减量50%配施有机肥(MF_(1))、常量化肥配施有机肥(MF_(2))、单施化肥处理(F)。【结果】与对照相比,施肥处理均能显著提高麦田土壤有机质和碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,且有机无机肥配施处理提升土壤肥力效果最好。与对照相比,M、MF_(1)、MF_(2)和F处理土壤有机质增幅分别为92%、48%、78%和20%。MF_(1)处理孕穗-成熟期叶片氮素含量显著降低,促进氮素向籽粒的转移,提高氮素利用效率,显著提高穗粒数和千粒重,进而起到增产作用。MF_(1)、MF_(2)处理冬小麦产量分别达到6467和6345 kg/hm^(2),较F处理提高12%和9%。【结论】施用化肥115 kg/hm^(2)、有机肥15000 kg/hm^(2)的配施模式能够较常规模式降低化肥投入15%,并保持冬小麦产量稳定,可作为黄淮海平原潮土区冬小麦农田的推荐施肥技术。

有机无机肥配施对水稻产量·品质及土壤养分状况的影响

为了阐明水稻生长中有机肥与化肥配施对水稻产量及品质的影响,在湖北武汉开展大田试验,研究了不同有机肥替代化肥比例对水稻产量、品质及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,优化施肥(包括推荐施肥和不同梯度有机肥替代化肥)可以促进水稻增产3.49%~18.43%,等养分量条件下,有机肥替代化肥水稻增产5.63%~14.43%,有机肥替代30%化肥氮可以达到较高的产量水平。不同施肥对水稻品质指标无明显影响,优化施肥促进氮素、磷素和钾素的积累量分别增加1.03%~6.21%、16.32%~65.87%和2.11%~19.92%。有机肥替代30%化肥氮素时,水稻植株氮素和磷素积累量最大,有机肥替代15%化肥氮时,植株钾素积累量最大。优化施肥之后,化肥施用量降低0.89%~46.66%,与推荐施肥处理相比,施用有机肥的化肥施用量降低了15.37%~46.16%,综合考虑各方面经济因素,有机肥替代30%化肥经济效益最高,比农民习惯施肥增收6140.38元/hm^(2)。

2022年黄河调水调沙对下游有机物和营养盐年内变化的影响

2021年11月至2022年10月,在黄河下游泺口站进行了为期一年、每月一次的采样,测定了河水中溶解有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC)、有色溶解有机物(Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter,CDOM)、荧光溶解有机物(Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter,FDOM)、营养盐,以及悬浮颗粒态(Suspended Particulate Matter,SPM)中颗粒有机碳(Particulate Organic Carbon,POC)占比(POC占SPM的质量百分比,POC%)、δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N等生源要素相关指标。结果表明,调水调沙已经成为控制黄河下游多种生源要素在一年之中变化格局的关键因素,决定着其全年变化范围的上限和下限。在调水调沙的调水阶段,脉冲式激增的径流量通过稀释作用使得DOC浓度、CDOM浓度、FDOM中的类腐殖质组分含量,以及SPM中δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N达到全年的最低值,而CDOM光谱斜率(S_(275-295))达到最高值。在调水调沙的排沙阶段,上述指标则在相反方向上达到全年的极值。最近20年间,在调水调沙、流域生态环境保护、气候变化等一系列措施的影响下,黄河下游营养盐和DOC浓度呈现明显的下降趋势,而POC%的上升迹象也初步显现。黄河下游生源要素浓度、组成、性质、输出通量正经历着复杂而深刻的变化,将直接影响到黄河口的海洋生态环境。本研究有助于进一步理解在人类活动背景下大河生源要素的响应特征和反馈机制及其对邻近海洋生态环境的潜在影响。

金属尾矿微生物对尾矿环境的适应与调控机制研究进展

当前中国金属尾矿产生量和贮存量大、分布广、监管难度大、综合利用率低,由此而引起的环境污染问题引起了广泛关注。研究金属尾矿微生物对尾矿环境的适应和调控机制对于尾矿的生物修复具有重要的现实意义,是加强重金属污染防控的重要组成部分。综述了金属尾矿微生物群落的物种组成,并从pH、重金属和养分方面阐明其对尾矿环境的适应和调控机制。结果表明,金属尾矿中的优势细菌主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria);优势真菌主要为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota);奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)和广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)是其中的优势古菌。金属尾矿微生物属于K型策略微生物,它们通过阻止质子和重金属离子进入细胞和从细胞内部排出质子和重金属离子的方式来适应尾矿极酸性和高含量重金属环境,并在养分限制下利用有限的资源获取营养。微生物还进化出了主动改变尾矿环境的能力,它们通过中和质子以及转化和沉淀重金属的方式提高尾矿环境pH值和降低重金属的毒性,并通过固碳、固氮作用和溶解无机磷来积累养分。此外,豆科植物等修复植物能通过分泌次级代谢产物,吸引有益微生物参与尾矿环境的改善。对于金属尾矿的微生物修复研究,可以从金属尾矿风化和修复期间微生物群落的动态变化、多组学技术联合筛选尾矿修复菌剂、微生物的水平基因转移机制、金属尾矿中病毒多样性、微生物之间和微生物与植物的相互作用等方面深入研究,充分发掘金属尾矿微生物在促进生态修复方面的潜力,为金属尾矿环境治理提供科学的解决方案。

有机无机肥配施对冬小麦产量和土壤养分及酶活性的影响

【目的】研究有机无机肥配施对冬小麦生长发育和土壤质量的影响。【方法】采用随机区组试验设计,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、有机肥替代25%化肥(CF+M25)、有机肥替代50%化肥(CF+M50)、有机肥替代75%化肥(CF+M75)、单施有机肥(M)6个处理,在小麦返青、拔节、开花、灌浆期采集0~20 cm耕层土壤,分析小麦各生育时期有机无机肥配施条件下土壤酶活性与小麦产量、土壤养分的内在关系。【结果】与常规施肥处理相比,CF+M25和CF+M50处理使小麦单位面积穗数、穗粒数增加;单施有机肥处理使冬小麦产量降低,比25%、50%、75%有机肥替代处理分别降低16.2%、15.9%和16.8%;CF+M25处理和CF+M50处理全氮含量呈持续增加的趋势,在成熟期达到最大值。小麦各生育时期速效钾含量以单施有机肥处理最高,与其他处理差异显著,并在拔节期达到最大值297.5 mg/kg,比常规施肥处理显著提高50.5%;土壤酶活性均与有效磷含量达极显著相关水平,与速效钾之间未达显著相关水平。【结论】土壤养分、酶活性和冬小麦产量之间密切相关,有机肥配施30%左右产量最高。

不同有机肥对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究等养分投入条件下,施用化肥与不同有机肥(猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥)对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响。结果表明,与化肥相比,施用有机肥脲酶活性提高6.2%～22.1%,磷酸酶活性提高7.9%～27.9%,过氧化氢酶活性提高45.1%～65.2%,分别以猪粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥最高,而转化酶活性各处理表现不一。施用有机肥较化肥促进了N、P、K养分向花生果仁转移累积,果仁吸N量、吸P量、吸K量、吸S量分别较化肥提高22.7%～78.0%、47.1%～74.5%、65.2%～91.6%、5.6%～61.2%,其NPK养分总吸收量以麸酸有机无机复混肥最高。施肥均提高了种植花生后的土壤N、P、K速效养分含量,施用麸酸有机无机复混肥还明显改善了土壤S素营养。

长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤有效养分影响

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站开始于1982年的水稻长期定位试验,研究长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的动态变化(1982—2011年)特征。29年研究结果表明:长期有机无机肥配施(NPKM)能提高水稻产量,培肥地力。长期施用化肥(NPK)导致水稻产量降低。稻谷产量随着施肥量的增加而增加。在等氮投入情况下,增施化学磷肥的增产效应要高于化学钾肥,且早稻表现尤为明显;长期单施有机肥和单施化肥对稻谷产量的影响没有显著差异。随着施肥时间的延长,各处理水稻产量差异越显著。各施肥处理土壤碱解氮增加速率表现为慢-快-慢三个阶段,有机肥的施用相较单施化肥,能够显著提高土壤碱解氮含量(p<0.05)。土壤有效磷的累积主要与化学磷肥的施用有关,各施肥处理土壤有效磷历年平均含量变化趋势为:NPKM、NPM、PKM>NPK>M、NKM(p<0.01);土壤速效钾以有机肥和化学钾肥配施的处理(NPKM、NKM、PKM)增加最快,单施化学肥料的处理(NPK)增加最慢。随着氮、磷施用量的增加,土壤中氮、磷素出现盈余,但NPKM处理相比其他处理能够有效降低盈余量;各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺状态,红壤性水稻田至少每年应补充投入钾素200 kg hm-2才能基本维持土壤钾素平衡。

有机、无机复合肥及调节剂对玉米根系生长和根际效应的影响

通过根袋试验,在玉米拔节期和成熟期研究了微生物菌剂(J2)、腐植酸(HA)、有机、无机复合肥(FHF)、4号生根粉(ABT)浸种对根系生长的影响。结果表明:在拔节期,HA处理的玉米根系长度和吸收面积比对照(NPK)分别增加49.2％和38.1％,HA和ABT处理玉米根际酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性都显著高于非根际。腐植酸和ABT浸种的应用,能加大玉米根系体积,增加根系长度,提高根系吸收表面积,有利于根系的生长发育,为提高磷素利用率奠定了基础。

不同肥料对矮脚奶白菜产量及养分吸收效果的影响

施用不同肥料种植矮脚奶白菜的田间试验结果表明,与不施肥的对照相比,有机无机混合肥增产效果最为显著,比不施肥对照增产188%;检测矮脚奶白菜植株N、P2O5、K2O含量结果表明,蔬菜专用肥促进植株吸收养分的能力显著高于其他肥料,植株每667 m2吸收N 4.05 kg、P2O5 1.85 kg、K2O 8.55 kg;分析奶白菜收获后3种肥料处理对土壤养分含量的影响结果发现,单独施用有机肥处理显著增加土壤中各种养分含量,并提高土壤pH水平。

有机无机专用复合肥对葡萄产量、品质和养分利用的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了有机无机专用复合肥对葡萄产量、品质、养分吸收及累积量的影响。结果表明：施用推荐量专用肥,葡萄产量比不施肥和习惯施肥分别增加了25.8%和5.1%;葡萄果实可滴定酸比不施肥、习惯施肥和等量专用肥显著降低,减幅为10.7%～42.9%;施用推荐量专用肥提高了葡萄果实可溶性固形物1.8%～8.2%、Vc 6.4%～77.7%以及固酸比10.2%～60.4%;施用专用肥显著提高葡萄叶片Fe、Cu及果实Fe含量;而施用推荐量专用肥比习惯施肥、等量专用肥处理减少氮磷钾施用总量42.5%。因此,施用推荐量有机无机专用复合肥,既保证葡萄产量、改善果实品质,又减少氮磷钾施用总量,节约成本。

有机无机肥配施对旱地作物养分利用率及氮磷流失的影响

采用2年的田间小区试验,研究猪粪、猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施对春玉米-小白菜轮作地氮磷径流损失与肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施可明显减少旱地氮素流失,NH4+-N和NO3--N流失量占总氮流失的比例为49.08%～52.02%,且地表氮素径流损失量随着猪粪堆肥用量的增加而降低;与施纯化肥相比,以20%的猪粪堆肥N与80%化肥N配施可分别降低氮素径流损失28.95%,2年总氮肥利用率提高8.13%。以猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施可明显降低磷素径流损失,并提高磷、钾肥利用率;与施纯化肥相比,以20%的猪粪堆肥氮或沼渣沼液氮与80%的化肥氮配施可分别减少磷素流失4.74%和2.76%,2年总磷肥利用率分别提高1.06%和2.75%,2年总钾肥利用率分别提高2.62%和11.48%。