With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics algorithms, great progress has been made in the field of noncoding RNA(ncRNA) in the last decade. RNA molecules have been regarded...With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics algorithms, great progress has been made in the field of noncoding RNA(ncRNA) in the last decade. RNA molecules have been regarded only as a messenger between DNA and protein for decades, but now they have new roles in the biological process as ncRNAs. A growing number of ncRNAs have been identified in insects from the RNA-Seq data of small RNA libraries or transcriptomes. ncRNAs have varied regulatory functions at the epigenetic, transcriptional, or post-transcriptional levels, and participate in almost all types of biological processes. Here, we review the research progress of four kinds of ncRNAs, including microRNA(miRNA), Piwiinteracting RNA(piRNA), circular RNA(circRNA), and long noncoding RNA(lncRNA) in insects. The discovery, biogenesis mechanisms, and regulatory functions of these ncRNAs are presented here to provide a comprehensive understanding of insect ncRNAs and to promote the application of ncRNAs in insect pest control.展开更多
The lack of immune response to an antigen, a process known as immune tolerance, is essential for the preservation of immune homeostasis. To date, two mechanisms that drive immune tolerance have been described extensiv...The lack of immune response to an antigen, a process known as immune tolerance, is essential for the preservation of immune homeostasis. To date, two mechanisms that drive immune tolerance have been described extensively： central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Under the new nomenclature, thymus-derived regulatory T （tTreg） ceils are the major mediators of central immune tolerance, whereas peripherally derived regulatory T （PTreg） cells function to regulate peripheral immune tolerance. A third type of Treg ceils, termed iTreg, represents only the in vitro-induced Treg cellsz. Depending on whether the cells stably express Foxp3, pTreg, and iTreg cells may be divided into two subsets： the classical CD4＋Foxp3＋ Treg cells and the CD4＋Foxp3- type 1 regulatory T （Trl） cells2. This review focuses on the discovery, associated biomarkers, regulatory functions, methods of induction, association with disease, and clinical trials of Trl cells.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFD0200900,2017YFD0200904,2017YFC1200602 and 2016YFC1200600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772238,31760514 and 31701785)
文摘With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics algorithms, great progress has been made in the field of noncoding RNA(ncRNA) in the last decade. RNA molecules have been regarded only as a messenger between DNA and protein for decades, but now they have new roles in the biological process as ncRNAs. A growing number of ncRNAs have been identified in insects from the RNA-Seq data of small RNA libraries or transcriptomes. ncRNAs have varied regulatory functions at the epigenetic, transcriptional, or post-transcriptional levels, and participate in almost all types of biological processes. Here, we review the research progress of four kinds of ncRNAs, including microRNA(miRNA), Piwiinteracting RNA(piRNA), circular RNA(circRNA), and long noncoding RNA(lncRNA) in insects. The discovery, biogenesis mechanisms, and regulatory functions of these ncRNAs are presented here to provide a comprehensive understanding of insect ncRNAs and to promote the application of ncRNAs in insect pest control.
文摘The lack of immune response to an antigen, a process known as immune tolerance, is essential for the preservation of immune homeostasis. To date, two mechanisms that drive immune tolerance have been described extensively： central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Under the new nomenclature, thymus-derived regulatory T （tTreg） ceils are the major mediators of central immune tolerance, whereas peripherally derived regulatory T （PTreg） cells function to regulate peripheral immune tolerance. A third type of Treg ceils, termed iTreg, represents only the in vitro-induced Treg cellsz. Depending on whether the cells stably express Foxp3, pTreg, and iTreg cells may be divided into two subsets： the classical CD4＋Foxp3＋ Treg cells and the CD4＋Foxp3- type 1 regulatory T （Trl） cells2. This review focuses on the discovery, associated biomarkers, regulatory functions, methods of induction, association with disease, and clinical trials of Trl cells.
