Artificial intelligence and machine learning in motor recovery: A rehabilitation medicine perspective

Artificial intelligence(AI)and machine learning(ML)are powerful technologies with the potential to revolutionize motor recovery in rehabilitation medicine.This perspective explores how AI and ML are harnessed to assess,diagnose,and design personalized treatment plans for patients with motor impairments.The integration of wearable sensors,virtual reality,augmented reality,and robotic devices allows for precise movement analysis and adaptive neurorehabilitation approaches.Moreover,AI-driven telerehabilitation enables remote monitoring and consultation.Although these applications show promise,healthcare professionals must interpret AI-generated insights and ensure patient safety.While AI and ML are in their early stages,ongoing research will determine their effectiveness in rehabilitation medicine.

Effect of cardiac rehabilitation care after coronary intervention on cardiac function recovery and negative mood in patients with myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease,particularly myocardial infarction(MI)profound impact on patients'quality of life and places a substantial burden on the healthcare and economy systems.Developments in medical technology have led to the emer-gence of coronary intervention as an essential method for treating MI.AIM To assess the effects of cardiac rehabilitation care on cardiac function recovery and negative emotions in MI after coronary intervention.METHODS This study included a total of 180 patients with MI during the period from June 2022 to July 2023.Selected patients were divided into two groups:An observation group,which receiving cardiac rehabilitation care;a control group,which re-ceiving conventional care.By comparing multiple observation indicators such as cardiac function indicators,blood pressure,exercise tolerance,occurrence of adverse cardiac events,and negative emotion scores between the two groups of patients.All the data were analyzed and compared between two groups.RESULTS There were 44 males and 46 females in the observation group with an average age of 36.26±9.88 yr;there were 43 males and 47 females in the control group,with an average age of 40.87±10.5 yr.After receiving the appropriate postoperative nursing measures,the results of the observation group showed significant improvement in several indicators compared with the control group.Indicators of cardiac function,such as left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were significantly better in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).Exercise endurance assessment showed that the 6-minute walking test distance was significantly increased in the patients of the observation group(P<0.01).In addition,the incidence of adverse cardiac events was significantly lower in the observation group,and negative mood scores were significantly reduced(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Cardiac rehabilitation care after coronary intervention has a significant positive impact on functional recovery.This emphasizes the importance of cardiac rehabilitation care to improve patient recovery.

Myelotomy promotes locomotor recovery in rats subjected to spinal cord injury： a meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of myelotomy on locomotor recovery in rats subjected to spinal cord injury. DATA SOURCES： Electronic databases including Pub Med, Science Citation Index, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Journals Full-text Database, China Biology Medicine disc, and Wanfang Database were searched to retrieve related studies published before September 2017. The Me SH terms（the Medical Subject Headings） such as ＂myelotomy＂, ＂spinal cord injuries＂, ＂rats＂, ＂randomized controlled trial＂ and all related entry terms were searched. DATA SELECTION： Randomized controlled trials using myelotomy for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury in rats were included. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were adopted as the evaluation method. Rev Man Software（version 5.3） was used for data processing. The χ^2 and I^2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity. Using a random-effects model, a subgroup analysis was conducted to analyze the source of the heterogeneity. OUTCOME MEASURES： Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were observed 1–6 weeks after spinal cord injury.RESULTS： Six animal trials were included, using a total of 143 lab rats. The included trials were divided into two subgroups by injury degrees（moderate or severe）. The pooled results showed that, 1–6 weeks after spinal cord injury, the overall Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score was significantly higher in the myelotomy group than in the contusion group（weighted mean difference（WMD） = 0.60; 95% confidence interval（CI）： 0.23–0.97; P = 0.001; WMD = 2.10; 95% CI： 1.56–2.64; P 〈 0.001; WMD = 2.65; 95% CI： 1.73–3.57; P 〈 0.001; WMD = 1.66; 95% CI： 0.80–2.52; P 〈 0.001; WMD = 2.09; 95% CI： 0.92–3.26, P 〈 0.001; WMD = 2.25; 95% CI： 1.06–3.44, P 〈 0.001）. The overall heterogeneity was high（I^2 = 85%; I^2 = 95%; I^2 = 94%; I^2 = 88%; I^2 = 91%; I^2 = 89%）. The results in the moderate injury subgroup showed that Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores were significantly higher in the myelotomy group than in the contusion group（WMD = 0.91, 95% CI： 0.52–1.3, P 〈 0.001; WMD = 2.10; 95% CI： 1.56–2.64, P 〈 0.001; WMD = 2.65; 95% CI： 1.73–3.57, P 〈 0.001; WMD = 2.50, 95% CI： 1.72–3.28, P 〈 0.001; WMD = 3.29, 95% CI： 2.21–4.38, P 〈 0.001; WMD = 3.27; 95% CI： 2.31–4.23, P 〈 0.001）. The relevant heterogeneity was low. However, there were no significant differences in Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores between the myelotomy and contusion groups in the severe injury subgroup at 2 and 3 weeks after the injury（P = 0.75; P = 0.92）. CONCLUSION： To date, this is the first attempt to summarize the potential effect of myelotomy on locomotor recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. Our findings conclude that myelotomy promotes locomotor recovery in rats with spinal cord injury, especially in those with moderate injury.

Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Neuromuscular Disease Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Review and Algorithmic Approach

Neuromuscular diseases present profound challenges to individuals and healthcare systems worldwide, profoundly impacting motor functions. This research provides a comprehensive exploration of how artificial intelligence (AI) technology is revolutionizing rehabilitation for individuals with neuromuscular disorders. Through an extensive review, this paper elucidates a wide array of AI-driven interventions spanning robotic-assisted therapy, virtual reality rehabilitation, and intricately tailored machine learning algorithms. The aim is to delve into the nuanced applications of AI, unlocking its transformative potential in optimizing personalized treatment plans for those grappling with the complexities of neuromuscular diseases. By examining the multifaceted intersection of AI and rehabilitation, this paper not only contributes to our understanding of cutting-edge advancements but also envisions a future where technological innovations play a pivotal role in alleviating the challenges posed by neuromuscular diseases. From employing neural-fuzzy adaptive controllers for precise trajectory tracking amidst uncertainties to utilizing machine learning algorithms for recognizing patient motor intentions and adapting training accordingly, this research encompasses a holistic approach towards harnessing AI for enhanced rehabilitation outcomes. By embracing the synergy between AI and rehabilitation, we pave the way for a future where individuals with neuromuscular disorders can access tailored, effective, and technologically-driven interventions to improve their quality of life and functional independence.

Motor function outcomes of pediatric patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy after rehabilitation treatment:a diffusion tensor imaging study

Previous diffusion tensor imaging （DTI） studies regarding pediatric patients with motor dys-function have conifrmed the correlation between DTI parameters of the injured corticospinal tract and the severity of motor dysfunction. There is also evidence that DTI parameters can help predict the prognosis of motor function of patients with cerebral palsy. But few studies are re-ported on the DTI parameters that can relfect the motor function outcomes of pediatric patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy after rehabilitation treatment. In the present study, 36 pediatric patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy were included. Before and after rehabilitation treatment, DTI was used to measure the ifber number （FN）, fractional anisotropy （FA） and apparent dif-fusion coefifcient （ADC） of bilateral corticospinal tracts. Functional Level of Hemiplegia scale （FxL） was used to assess the therapeutic effect of rehabilitative therapy on clinical hemiplegia. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the statistical interrelationship between the change amount of DTI parameters and FxL. DTI ifndings obtained at the initial and follow-up evalua-tions demonstrated that more affected corticospinal tract yielded signiifcantly decreased FN and FA values and signiifcantly increased ADC value compared to the less affected corticospinal tract. Correlation analysis results showed that the change amount of FxL was positively correlated to FN and FA values, and the correlation to FN was stronger than the correlation to FA. The results suggest that FN and FA values can be used to evaluate the motor function outcomes of pediatric patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy after rehabilitation treatment and FN is of more signiif-cance for evaluation.

Reversibility of visual field defects through induction of brain plasticity: vision restoration, recovery and rehabilitation using alternating current stimulation

For decades visual field defects were considered irreversible because it was thought that in the visual system the regeneration potential of the neuronal tissues is low.Nevertheless,there is always some potential for partial recovery of the visual field defect that can be achieved through induction of neuroplasticity.Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change its own functional architecture by modulating synaptic efficacy.It is maintained throughout life and just as neurological rehabilitation can improve motor coordination,visual field defects in glaucoma,diabetic retinopathy or optic neuropathy can be improved by inducing neuroplasticity.In ophthalmology many new treatment paradigms have been tested that can induce neuroplastic changes,including non-invasive alternating current stimulation.Treatment with alternating current stimulation(e.g.,30 minutes,daily for 10 days using transorbital electrodes and^10 Hz)activates the entire retina and parts of the brain.Electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed local activation of the visual cortex,global reorganization of functional brain networks,and enhanced blood flow,which together activate neurons and their networks.The future of low vision is optimistic because vision loss is indeed,partially reversible.

Efficacy of short-term multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation in patients with different Parkinson's disease motor subtypes: a prospective pilot study with 3-month follow-up

Parkinson's disease(PD) can be classified into three motor-based subtypes: postural instability/gait difficulty(PIGD), tremor dominant(TD), and indeterminate.The neuropathophysiological mechanisms of the three motor subtypes are different, which may lead to different responses to therapy.Sixty-nine patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease(Hoehn–Yahr stage ≤ 3) were screened from 436 patients with Parkinsonism recruited through outpatient services and the internet.According to the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(MDS-UPDRS) TD/PIGD ratio, the patients were divided into PIGD(TD/PIGD ≤ 0.09;n = 36), TD(TD/PIGD ≥1.15;n = 19), and indeterminate(TD/PIGD = 0.90–1.15;n = 14) groups.All patients received 2 weeks of multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment(MIRT) during hospitalization, as well as a remote home rehabilitation health education class.Compared with the scores at admission, all patients showed significant improvements in their MDS-UPDRS III score, walking ability, balance, and posture control at discharge.Moreover, the MDS-UPDRS III score improvement was greater in the PIGD group than in the TD group.The follow-up data, collected for 3 months after discharge, showed that overall symptom improvement in each group was maintained for 1–3 months.Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the duration or grade effects of symptom improvement among the three groups.These findings suggest that 2 weeks of MIRT is effective for improving motor performance in all three motor subtypes.Patients in the PIGD group had a better response after hospitalization than those in the TD group.This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital of Capital Medical University of China(approval No.2018 bkky022) on May 7, 2018 and registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration No.Chi CTR1900020771) on January 19, 2019.

Does Postoperative Rehabilitation for Radical Cystectomy Call for Enhanced Recovery after Surgery?A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

The aim of this review was to systematically compare the outcomes of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS)with standard care(SC)after radical cystectomy.We performed a systematic search of PubMed,Ovid?Web of Science,and the Cochrane Library to identify studies published until September 2017 which involved a comparison of ERAS and SC.A meta-analysis was performed to assess the outcomes of ERAS versus SC.Sixteen studies including 8 prospective and 8 retrospective trials met the eligibility criteria.A total of 2100 participants were assigned to ERAS(1258 cases)or SC(842 cases).The time to first flatus passage[WMD=-0.95 days,95%Cl(-1.50,-0.41),P=0.0006],time until return to a regular diet[WMD=-2.15 days,95%Cl(-2.86,—1.45),P<0.00001]and the length of hospital stay[WMD=-3.75 days,95%Cl(-5.13,-2.36),P<0.00001]were significantly shorter,and the incidence of postoperative complications[OR=0.60,95%Cl(0.44,0.83),P=0.002],especially postoperative paralytic ileus[OR=0.43,95%Cl(0.30,0.62),P<0.00001]and cardiovascular complications[OR=0.28,95%Cl(0.09,0.90),P=0.03]was significantly lower in the ERAS group than those in the SC group.This meta-analysis demonstrated that ERAS was associated with a shorter time to first flatus passage,return of bowel fimction,and the length of hospital stay than SC in patients undergoing radical cystectomy,as well as a lower rate of postoperative complications,especially paralytic ileus and cardiovascular complications.

Unusual long-term motor recovery in a patient with corona radiata infarct

The majority of motor recovery following stroke occurs within 6 months after onset.The present study examined a patient with a corona radiata infarct,who exhibited an unusual long-term recovery（24 months after onset）.The patient was a 64-year-old female,who presented with severe paralysis of the left extremities resulting from a corona radiate infarct.Motor recovery from the weakness progressed slowly over a 24-month period following onset,even at 6-12 months after onset.Diffusion tensor tractography at 2 weeks from onset showed disruption of the corticospinal tract of the affected hemisphere resulting from the infarct.However,at 12 and 24 months after onset,the corticospinal tract was elongated to the cortex level,as shown by diffusion tensor tractography.A 2-week transcranial magnetic stimulation showed no motor-evoked potential for the affected hemisphere,but a motor-evoked potential of the corticospinal tract was observed at12 and 24 months.These results suggest that motor function recovery in cerebral infarct patients can occur at least up to 24 months after stroke onset.

Application of a hospital–community–family trinity rehabilitation nursing model combined with motor imagery therapy in patients with cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND Rehabilitation nursing is considered an indispensable part of the cerebral infarction treatment system.The hospital–community–family trinity rehabilitation nursing model can provide continuous nursing services across hospitals,communities,and families for patients.AIM To explore the application of a hospital–community–family rehabilitation nursing model combined with motor imagery therapy in patients with cerebral infarction.METHODS From January 2021 to December 2021,88 patients with cerebral infarction were divided into a study(n=44)and a control(n=44)group using a simple random number table.The control group received routine nursing and motor imagery therapy.The study group was given hospital–community–family trinity rehabilitation nursing based on the control group.Motor function(FMA),balance ability(BBS),activities of daily living(BI),quality of life(SS-QOL),activation status of the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortical area to the affected side,and nursing satisfaction were evaluated before and after intervention in both groups.RESULTS Before intervention,FMA and BBS were similar(P>0.05).After 6 months’intervention,FMA and BBS were significantly higher in the study than in the control group(both P<0.05).Before intervention,BI and SS-QOL scores were not different between the study and control group(P>0.05).However,after 6months’intervention,BI and SS-QOL were higher in the study than in the control group(P<0.05).Before intervention,activation frequency and volume were similar between the study and the control group(P>0.05).After 6 months’intervention,the activation frequency and volume were higher in the study than in the control group(P<0.05).The reliability,empathy,reactivity,assurance,and tangibles scores for quality of nursing service were higher in the study than in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Combining a hospital–community–family trinity rehabilitation nursing model and motor imagery therapy enhances the motor function and balance ability of patients with cerebral infarction,improving their quality of life.

Impaired motor control after sport-related concussion could increase risk for musculoskeletal injury:Implications for clinical management and rehabilitation

This review presents a conceptual framework and supporting evidence that links impaired motor control after sport-related concussion(SRC)to increased risk for musculoskeletal injury.Multiple studies have found that athletes who are post-SRC have higher risk for musculoskeletal injury compared to their counterparts.A small body of research suggests that impairments in motor control are associated with musculoskeletal injury risk.Motor control involves the perception and processing of sensory information and subsequent coordination of motor output within the central nervous system to perform a motor task.Motor control is inclusive of motor planning and motor learning.If sensory information is not accurately perceived or there is interference with sensory information processing and cognition,motor function will be altered,and an athlete may become vulnerable to injury during sport participation.Athletes with SRC show neuroanatomic and neurophysiological changes relevant to motor control even after meeting return to sport criteria,including a normal neurological examination,resolution of symptoms,and return to baseline function on traditional concussion testing.In conjunction,altered motor function is demonstrated after SRC in muscle activation and force production,movement patterns,balance/postural stability,and motor task performance,especially performance of a motor task paired with a cognitive task(i.e.,dual-task condition).The clinical implications of this conceptual framework include a need to intentionally address motor control impairments after SRC to mitigate musculoskeletal injury risk and to monitor motor control as the athlete progresses through the return to sport continuum.

Change in connection between corticospinal tract and Broca's area during motor recovery in a patient with an intracerebral hemorrhage

The present study reported a 42-year-old male patient who underwent conservative management for a spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the left corona radiata and the basal ganglia. The patient presented with complete weakness of the right upper and lower extremities at the onset of intracerebral hemorrhage; however, he showed progressive motor recovery to the level that he was able to extent the affected extremities against some resistance at 5 weeks after onset. The corticospinal tract of the affected （left） hemisphere connected to the left Broca＇s area at 3 weeks after onset as shown by diffusion tensor tractography. By contrast, this connection had disappeared at 5 weeks after onset as shown by diffusion tensor tractogaphy. Transcranial magnetic stimulation study showed that no motor evoked potential was elicited from the affected （left） hemisphere at 3 weeks after onset, but motor evoked potentials were elicited at 5 weeks after onset. These findings suggest that the connection between the injured corticospinal tract and Broca＇s area in this patient appears to be a compensation for severe motor weakness; consequently, the connection seems to disappear with motor recovery.

Motor recovery via aberrant pyramidal tract in a patient with a cerebral peduncle infarct

The presence of the aberrant pyramidal tract has been demonstrated by several studies; however, little is known about its role in motor recovery in stroke patients. In the present study, we reported a 69-year-old right-handed female patient with an infarct in the mid to lateral portion of the left cerebra peduncle, who showed an aberrant pyramidal tract by diffusion tensor tractography. The patient presented with severe weakness of the right extremities at stroke onset. The patient showed progressive motor recovery as much as being able to extend the affected extremities against some resistance at 6 months after onset. At 20 months after stroke onset, motor function of the left extremities had recovered to a nearly normal state. Diffusion tensor tractography results showed that the PT was disrupted at the lower midbrain of the affected （left） hemisphere at 3 weeks after stroke onset and this disruption was not changed at 20 months. An aberrant pyramidal tract in the left hemisphere was also observed, which originated from the primary motor cortex and descended through the corona radiata, posterior limb of the internal capsule, thalamus, the medial lemniscus pathway from the midbrain to the pons, and then entered into the pyramidal tract area at the pontomedullary junction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation did not elicit motor evoked potential from the affected hand muscle at 3 weeks, but it elicited motor evoked potential with mildly delayed latency and low amplitude in the affected hand muscle at 20 months. The main motor functions of the affected extremities in this patient appeared to be recovered via this aberrant pyramidal tract.

Astrocytes in the cerebral cortex play a role in the spontaneous motor recovery following experimental striatal hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage （ICH） is a stroke subtype caused by spontaneous rupture of small vessels and bleeding into the brain paren- chyma, resulting in cell death and sensorimotor deficits. Despite the greater prevalence of the ischemic form of stroke （87%）, ICH has the highest mortality rate of all stroke subtypes. The striatum is the most affected structure in hemorrhagic stroke （35-70%）, followed by cere- bral cortex （15-30%）, brain stem and cerebellum （5-10%）; patients suffering striatal and/or cortical ICH bear persistent sensorimotor disabilities. Although chronic sensorimotor impairment is established, a considerable amount of patients experience some degree of spontaneous recovery during the first six months after stroke （Qureshi et al., 2009）, and the neurobiological basis of this process is not understood.

Correlation study between motor rehabilitation level and psychological state in patients with limb movement disorders after stroke

BACKGROUND The psychological state of patients with post stroke limb movement disorders undergoes a series of changes that affect rehabilitation training and recovery of limb motor function.AIM To determine the correlation between motor rehabilitation and the psychological state of patients with limb movement disorders after stroke.METHODS Eighty patients with upper and lower limb dysfunction post stroke were retrospectively enrolled in our study.Based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS)scores measured before rehabilitation,patients with HADS scores≥8 were divided into the psychological group;otherwise,the patients were included in the normal group.Motor function and daily living abilities were compared between the normal and psychological groups.Correlations between the motor function and psychological status of patients,and between daily living ability and psychological status of patients were analyzed.RESULTS After 1,2,and 3 wk of rehabilitation,both the Fugl-Meyer assessment and Barthel index scores improved compared to their respective baseline scores(P<0.05).A greater degree of improvement was observed in the normal group compared to the psychological group(P<0.05).There was a negative correlation between negative emotions and limb rehabilitation(-0.592≤r≤-0.233,P<0.05),and between negative emotions and daily living ability(-0.395≤r≤-0.199,P<0.05).CONCLUSION There is a strong correlation between motor rehabilitation and the psychological state of patients with post stroke limb movement disorders.The higher the negative emotions,the worse the rehabilitation effect.

Neurological rehabilitation of stroke patients via motor imaginary-based brain-computer interface technology

The present study utilized motor imaginary-based brain-computer interface technology combined with rehabilitation training in 20 stroke patients. Results from the Berg Balance Scale and the Holden Walking Classification were significantly greater at 4 weeks after treatment （P 〈 0.01）, which suggested that motor imaginary-based brain-computer interface technology improved balance and walking in stroke patients.

Effect of early rehabilitation training on the serum NGF, NSE, BDNF, and motor function in patients with acute cerebral infarction

Objective:To explore the effect of early rehabilitation training on the serum NGF, NSE, BDNF, and motor function in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI).Methods: A total of 150 patients with ACI who were admitted in our hospital from October, 2015 to October, 2016 were included in the study and randomized into the observation group and the control group. The patients in the two groups were given anti-coagulation, anti-platelet aggregation, cerebral circulation improving, and brain cell activators. The patients in the control group were given routine neurological nursing, while the patients in the observation group were given early comprehensive rehabilitation training on the basis of stable vital signs and no disease progression within 48 h. The morning fasting peripheral venous blood before treatment, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment in the two groups was collected. The serum NGF, NSE, BDNF, IL-6, hs-CRP, and TNF-α were detected. The activities of daily living and motor function before treatment, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment in the two groups were evaluated.Results:IL-6, hs-CRP, and TNF-α levels 2 and 4 weeks after treatment in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). NGF and BDNF levels 2 and 4 weeks after treatment in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), while NSE level was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). MBI and FMA scores 2 and 4 weeks after treatment in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusions: The early rehabilitation training can effectively reduce the inflammatory reaction of nervous system in patients with ACI, regulate NGF, BDNF, and NSE levels, and play the cerebral function remodeling in order to promote the neural function recovery, and improve the motor function.

Nicotinic acetylcholine signaling is required for motor learning but not for rehabilitation from spinal cord injury

Therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury is limited,with many approaches relying on strengthening the remaining substrate and driving recovery through rehabilitative training.As compared with learning novel compensatory strategies,rehabilitation focuses on resto ring movements lost to injury.Whether rehabilitation of previously learned movements after spinal cord injury requires the molecular mechanisms of motor learning,or if it engages previously trained motor circuits without requiring novel learning remains an open question.In this study,mice we re randomly assigned to receive intrape ritoneal injection with the pan-nicotinic,non-competitive antagonist mecamylamine and the nicotinicα7 subunit selective antagonist methyllycaconitine citrate salt or vehicle(normal saline)prior to motor learning assays,then randomly reassigned after motor learning for rehabilitation study post-injury.Ce rvical spinal co rd dorsal column lesion was used as a model of in complete injury.Results of this study showed that nicotinic acetylcholine signaling was required for motor learning of the single pellet-reaching task but it was dispensable for the rehabilitation of the same task after injury.Our findings indicate that critical diffe rences exist between the molecular mechanisms supporting compensatory motor learning strategies and the restoration of behavior lost to spinal cord injury.

New trends in treatment of muscle fatigue throughout rehabilitation of elderlies with motor neuron diseases

Muscle fatigue is a problem in rehabilitation,particularly in elderlies and patients with motor neuron diseases.There are high contradictions in the effectiveness of the used methods to decrease muscle fatigue during rehabilitation.They mainly concentrate on increasing rest periods,decreasing training load,or using an ascending intensity of manner of exercise.The training should focus on the newly discovered sensory system of muscle fatigue because of the important role of the sensory system in driving the motor system.Thus,this editorial provides insight on using proprioceptive training to enhance the sensory system of muscle fatigue.

BCI+VR Rehabilitation Design of Closed-Loop Motor Imagery Based on the Degree of Drug Addiction

After abusing drugs for long,drug users will experience deteriorated self-control cognitive ability,and poor emotional regulation.This paper designs a closed-loop virtual-reality(VR),motorimagery(MI)rehabilitation training system based on brain-computer interface(BCI)(MI-BCI+VR),aiming to enhance the self-control,cognition,and emotional regulation of drug addicts via personalized rehabilitation schemes.This paper is composed of two parts.In the first part,data of 45 drug addicts(mild:15;moderate:15;and severe:15)is tested with electroencephalogram(EEG)and near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)equipment(EEG-NIRS)under the dual-mode,synchronous signal collection paradigm.Using these data sets,a dual-modal signal convolutional neural network(CNN)algorithm is then designed based on decision fusion to detect and classify the addiction degree.In the second part,the MIBCI+VR rehabilitation system is designed,optimizing the Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern(FBCSP)algorithm used in MI,and realizing MI-EEG intention recognition.Eight VR rehabilitation scenes are devised,achieving the communication between MI-BCI and VR scene models.Ten subjects are selected to test the rehabilitation system offline and online,and the test accuracy verifies the feasibility of the system.In future,it is suggested to develop personalized rehabilitation programs and treatment cycles based on the addiction degree.