Research on dynamic characteristics of arc under electrode relative motion

The relative motion of the electrodes is a typical feature of sliding electrical contact systems.The system fault caused by the arc is the key problem that restricts the service life of the sliding electrical contact system.In this paper,an arcing experimental platform that can accurately control the relative speed and distance of electrodes is built,and the influence of different electrode speeds and electrode distances on arc motion characteristics is explored.It is found that there are three different modes of arc root motion:single arc root motion mode,single and double arc roots alternating motion mode,and multiple arc roots motion mode.The physical process and influence mechanism of different arc root motion modes are further studied,and the corresponding relationship between arc root motion modes and electrode speed is revealed.In addition,to further explore the distribution characteristics of arc temperature and its influencing factors,an arc magnetohydrodynamic model under the relative motion of electrodes is established,and the variation law of arc temperature under the effect of different electrode speeds and electrode distances is summarized.Finally,the influence mechanism of electrode speed and electrode distance on arc temperature,arc root distance,and arc root speed is clarified.The research results enrich the research system of arc dynamic characteristics in the field of sliding electrical contact,and provide theoretical support for restraining arc erosion and improving the service life of the sliding electrical contact system.

Changes in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide and serum neuron specific enolase in rats with acute cerebral ischemia after low-frequency electrical stimulation with different waveforms and intensities

Following acute cerebral ischemia in rats, plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide decreased and the level of serum neuron specific enolase and the volume of the infarction increased. Square-wave and triangular-wave electrical stimulation with low or high intensities could increase the plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide, decrease the serum neuron specific enolase and reduce the infarction volume in the brain in rats with cerebral ischemia. There was no significant difference between different wave forms and intensities. The experimental findings indicate that low-frequency electrical stimulation with varying waveforms and intensities can treat acute cerebral ischemia in rats.

Electrical Conductivity of Spark Plasma Sintered W-Cu and Mo-Cu Composites for Electrical Contact Applications

Tungsten copper and molybdenum copper composites, with weight percent copper in the range of 20% - 40%, have been produced using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Other specimens having similar compositions were also developed using the conventional techniques of Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) and Infiltration. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that the specimens produced by the SPS process had substantially higher levels of electrical conductivity than those produced by the other methods. Relative density measurements showed that the SPS specimens achieved very high densification, with relative densities in the range of 99.1% - 100%. On the other hand, the specimens produced by LPS and infiltration had relative densities in the range of 88% - 92% and 96% - 98% respectively. The superior conductivity of the SPS specimens has been attributed to the virtually full densification achieved by the process. The effect of porosity on electrical conductivity has been discussed and three standard models were assessed using results from porous sintered skeletons of pure tungsten and pure molybdenum.

Analyses of temperature-dependent interface states,series resistances,and AC electrical conductivities of Al/p Si and Al/Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)/p Si structures by using the admittance spectroscopy method

In this study, Al/p-Si and Al/Bi4Ti3O12/p-Si structures are fabricated and their interface states （Nss）, the values of series resistance （Rs）, and AC electrical conductivity （σac） are obtained each as a function of temperature using admit- tance spectroscopy method which includes capacitance-voltage （C-V） and conductance-voltage （G-V） measurements. In addition, the effect of interfacial Bi4Ti3012 （BTO） layer on the performance of the structure is investigated. The voltage- dependent profiles of Nss and Rs are obtained from the high-low frequency capacitance method and the Nicollian method, respectively. Experimental results show that Nss and Rs, as strong functions of temperature and applied bias voltage, each exhibit a peak, whose position shifts towards the reverse bias region, in the depletion region. Such a peak behavior is attributed to the particular distribution of Nss and the reordering and restructuring of Nss under the effect of temperature. The values of activation energy （Ea）, obtained from the slope of the Arrhenius plot, of both structures are obtained to be bias voltage-independent, and the Ea of the metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor （MFS） structure is found to be half that of the metal-semiconductor （MS） structure. Furthermore, other main electrical parameters, such as carrier concentration of acceptor atoms （NA）, built-in potential （Vbi）, Fermi energy （EF）, image force barrier lowering （△φb）, and barrier height （φb）, are extracted using reverse bias C 2-V characteristics as a function of temperature.

Residential Electricity Consumption Behavior Mining Based on System Cluster and Grey Relational Degree

In order to improve the utilization of the residential electricity consumption data which contains the information on the user’s electricity consumption habits, a residential electricity consumption behaviors mining algorithm model is constructed. Firstly, according to the attribute, the collected data can be divided into the global data and the phase data, then the appropriate global variables are selected to mine the user’s electricity consumption patterns in the near future on the system clustering algorithm. Based on the theory of grey relational analysis, combing phase data with the power modes to analyze the potential characteristics of residential electricity consumption behaviors deeply that verify the ability of latest power mode to predict household electricity consumption situation in the coming few days and the effect of dominant phase variables on the peak load shifting. Finally, from the actual data of a certain family, the proposed data mining algorithm is testified that it can effectively explore the electricity consumption behavior habits and characteristics of the family.

Electrical analysis of inter-growth structured Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)-Na_(0.5)Bi_(4.5)Ti_4O_(15) ceramics

Inter-growth bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics（BLSFs）, Bi_4Ti_3O_（12）-Na_（0.5）Bi_（4.5）Ti_4O_（15）（BIT-NBT）, were successfully synthesized using the traditional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction（XRD） Rietveld refinements were conducted using GSAS software. Good agreement and low residual are obtained. The XRD diffraction peaks can be well indexed into I2 cm space group. The inter-growth structure was further observed in the high-resolution TEM image. Dielectric and impedance properties were measured and systematically analyzed. At the temperature range 763-923 K（below T_c）, doubly ionized oxygen vacancies（OVs） are localized and the short-range hopping leads to the relaxation processes with an activation energy of 0.79-1.01 eV. Above T_c, the doubly charged OVs are delocalized and become free ones, which contribute to the long-range dc conduction. The reduction in relaxation species gives rise to a higher relaxation activation energy ~ 1.6 eV.

Nonlinear analysis on electrical properties in a bended composite piezoelectric semiconductor beam

In this paper,the interactions between the transverse loads and the electrical field quantities are investigated based on the nonlinear constitutive relation.By considering a composite beam consisting of a piezoelectric semiconductor and elastic layers,the nonlinear model is established based on the phenomenological theory and Euler’s beam theory.Furthermore,an iteration procedure based on the differential quadrature method(DQM)is developed to solve the nonlinear governing equations.Before analysis,the convergence and correctness are surveyed.It is found that the convergence of the proposed iteration is fast.Then,the transverse pressure induced electrical field quantities are investigated in detail.From the calculated results,it can be found that the consideration of nonlinear constitutive relation is necessary for a beam undergoing a large load.Compared with the linear results,the consideration of the nonlinear constitutive relation breaks the symmetry for the electric potential,the electric field,and the perturbation carrier density,and has little influence on the electric displacement.Furthermore,the non-uniform pressures are considered.The results show that the distributions of the electric field quantities are sensitively altered.It indicates that the electrical properties can be manipulated with the design of different transverse loads.The conclusions in this paper could be the guidance on designing and manufacturing electronic devices accurately.

Electrical responses and classification of complex waterflooded layers in carbonate reservoirs: A case study of Zananor Oilfield, Kazakhstan

Experiments of electrical responses of waterflooded layers were carried out on porous,fractured,porous-fractured and composite cores taken from carbonate reservoirs in the Zananor Oilfield,Kazakhstan to find out the effects of injected water salinity on electrical responses of carbonate reservoirs.On the basis of the experimental results and the mathematical model of calculating oil-water relative permeability of porous reservoirs by resistivity and the relative permeability model of two-phase flow in fractured reservoirs,the classification standards of water-flooded layers suitable for carbonate reservoirs with complex pore structure were established.The results show that the salinity of injected water is the main factor affecting the resistivity of carbonate reservoir.When low salinity water(fresh water)is injected,the relationship curve between resistivity and water saturation is U-shaped.When high salinity water(salt water)is injected,the curve is L-shaped.The classification criteria of water-flooded layers for carbonate reservoirs are as follows:(1)In porous reservoirs,the water cut(fw)is less than or equal to 5%in oil layers,5%–20%in weak water-flooded layers,20%–50%in moderately water-flooded layers,and greater than 50%in strong water-flooded layers.(2)For fractured,porous-fractured and composite reservoirs,the oil layers,weakly water-flooded layers,moderately water-flooded layers,and severely water-flooded layers have a water content of less than or equal to 5%,5%and 10%,10%to 50%,and larger than 50%respectively.

Discussion on several important problems in earthquake-related electromagnetic disturbance monitoring in China

Earthquake-related electromagnetic observation aims at finding abnormal electromagnetic variation associated with earthquake possibly. The existing studies have proved that this method is, to a large extent, effective in short-term and impending earthquake predication. This paper summarizes progress and discusses some related problems in this field. Some requirements for observation system have been proposed to improve monitoring level. As a case observation using the reformed observation system in Jinghai seismologie station, Tianjin, some results are given.

Power Stripping of Asbestos-Containing Insulation from Electrical Cable

Efforts to recycle copper from electrical conductors have led to the development of specialized machines, which automatically remove insulating covers from wires and cable products. In the past, certain wire and cable products were insulated using chrysotile asbestos. This research was undertaken to determine the asbestos fiber exposure risks associated with power stripping machinery to remove asbestos-containing insulation materials from electrical wire or cable. A Rigby Machinery, Inc., Model 4H electric powered wire/cable insulation stripping machine was acquired along with approximately 42 m of asbestos insulated cable. During two separate, but nearly identical, test sessions, a laborer used the wire stripper to remove the asbestos-containing insulation from the subject cable. This work took place within a closed metal building with a total interior volume of 2500 m3. Industrial hygiene personal and area air samples were collected for airborne fibers throughout all wire stripping periods. Collected air samples were analyzed using phase contract microscopy (PCM) and transmission microscopy (TEM). The results of analysis using PCM for personal samples (n = 3) taken during periods of continuous cable stripping activity showed test period airborne fiber exposures ranging from 0.034 to 0.068 (mean 0.056 f/cc). Follow-up analysis of these personal samples using TEM indicated asbestos adjusted PCM exposures ranging from 0.017 to 0.045 (mean 0.033 f/cc). Area air samples taken at distances ranging from 2 to 9 meters from the wire stripper (n = 16) showed asbestos adjusted PCM concentrations ranging from less than 0.0001 to 0.041 f/cc (mean 0.007 f/cc). The process of power stripping asbestos-containing insulation from electrical wires and cables can cause exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. However, the levels of such exposure are not expected to exceed the current occupational exposure limits for asbestos of 0.1 f/cc as an 8-hr TWA or 1.0 f/cc averaged over a 30-minute exposure period.

工程建设项目评标决策ELECTRE优选模型及其应用研究

工程建设项目评标决策是一个多目标决策问题,其质量直接影响项目实现的程度,为进一步提高工程建设项目评标的科学性和准确性,将排除选择法(ELECTRE)引入到工程项目评标决策中,建立了基于ELECTRE的工程项目优选模型。该优选模型首先将相关信息转换成决策矩阵,并通过净优势值和净劣势值两个变量构造"级别高于关系",进而对各投标单位的优劣进行排序。实例应用结果表明,该优选模型能够降低指标间的互补性,有良好的交互性并且计算相对简单,可为业主择优选择投标单位提供定量决策依据。

基于区间犹豫模糊ELECTRE Ⅱ的推荐系统研究

近几年,区间犹豫模糊集已经被广泛地运用于各种多属性决策问题中。本文在传统的ELECTRE Ⅱ的基础上做了一些改进,提出了区间犹豫模糊选择淘汰法(IVHF ELECTRE II)解决生活中的多属性决策问题。首先构造规范化区间犹豫模糊决策矩阵,引入区间犹豫模糊元的得分函数和区间数的可能度构造级别高于关系;为了对方案进行排序,计算各个方案的净和谐指标与净不和谐指标,通过各个方案的综合占优指标进行排序;最后以推荐系统说明区间犹豫模ELECTRE Ⅱ决策方法的具体步骤以及证明其解决区间犹豫模糊多属性决策问题的有效性与合理性。

Efect of Ball Scribing on Relative Permeability of Grain-oriented Electrical Steel

Efect of ball scribing on relative permeability of conventional grain-oriented（CGO） and high permeability grain-oriented（HGO） electrical steel was investigated. The samples were scribed with spacing of 2 mm, 4 mm, 8 mm and 16 mm. The results show that after ball scribing with 16 mm width at 1.0 T, relative permeability of both℃GO and HGO steels was increased by 109% and 80%, respectively. Relative permeability rises as the scribing space increases, with the movement of the peak value of relative permeability to a higher flux density. Relational models describing relative permeability and flux density were constructed with high accuracy based on experimental data. The experimental data curves were analyzed during the magnetizing process.

Analysis and Prediction of Regional Electricity Consumption Based on BP Neural Network

Electricity consumption forecasting is one of the most important tasks for power system workers,and plays an important role in regional power systems.Due to the difference in the trend of power load and the past in the new normal,the influencing factors are more diversified,which makes it more difficult to predict the current electricity consumption.In this paper,the grey system theory and BP neural network are combined to predict the annual electricity consumption in Jiangsu.According to the historical data of annual electricity consumption and the six factors affecting electricity consumption,the gray correlation analysis method is used to screen the important factors,and three factors with large correlation degree are selected as the input parameters of BP neural network.The power forecasting model uses nearly 18 years of data to train and validate the model.The results show that the gray correlation analysis and BP neural network method have higher accuracy in power consumption prediction,and the calculation is more convenient than traditional methods.

Research on the Static Magnetic Field of Ships with Corrosion and Anticorrosion Efficacy Using Electric Dipole Model

In the case of three-layered(air-seawater-seabed)model,the analytical expressions of the static electric and static magnetic field produced by the static electric dipole located in seawater were derived by using the mirror image theory.Combined with the distribution of the underwater electric potential measured in laboratory,an electric dipole model for physical scale of ship was established and the distribution characteristics of an actual ship' s corrosion related magnetic field were obtained.Based on established models,theoretical analysis and calculation were made to catch out the distribution characteristics of static magnetic field related with corrosion and anticorrosion,which can not be measured directly in seawater.The results show that the static magnetic field related with corrosion and anticorrosion is a kind of noteworthy obstacle signal for degaussed ships.

Three-dimensional electric potential induced by a point singularity in a multilayered dielectric medium

A simple and effective method is proposed to derive the three-dimensional electric potential induced by a point singularity of any type in an N-phase dielectric medium composed of N-2 intermediate dielectric layers of equal thickness encased in two semi-infinite dielectric media. The point singularity can include a point charge or a point electric dipole. The original boundary value problem for the N-phase medium is reduced to the determination of a single unknown three-dimensional harmonic function through satisfaction of the continuity conditions across all of the N-1 perfect planar interfaces. The single harmonic function can be completely determined after analytically solving the resulting linear recurrence relations, which are independent of the type and the specific location of the singularity. When the singularity is a point charge, we obtain the self-energy of the point charge expressed in terms of a single function and the Coulomb force on the point charge expressed in terms of the negative derivative of this function.

Transport of Electrons in Donor-Doped Silicon at Any Degree of Degeneracy of Electron Gas

The general expressions, based on the Fermi distribution of the free electrons, are applied for calculation of the kinetic coefficients in donor-doped silicon at arbitrary degree of the degeneracy of electron gas under equilibrium conditions. The classical statistics lead to large errors in estimation of the transport parameters for the materials where Fermi level is located high above the conduction band edge unless the effective density of randomly moving electrons is introduced. The obtained results for the diffusion coefficient and drift mobility are discussed together with practical approximations applicable for non-degenerate electron gas and materials with arbitrary degree of degeneracy. In particular, the drift mobility of randomly moving electrons is found to depend on the degree of degeneracy and can exceed the Hall mobility considerably. When the effective density is introduced, the traditional Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient and the drift mobility of randomly moving electrons is conserved at any level of degeneracy. The main conclusions and formulae can be applicable for holes in acceptor-doped silicon as well.

Energy Sources Driven Electricity Production: A Global Tactical and Strategical Paradigm

Energy forecasting for electricity productivity is the process of applying statistics with possible Quantum or Classical Computing with help from new innovative techniques offered by artificial intelligence to make predictions about consumption levels.This kind of computation presents corresponding utility costs in both the tactical and strategical or short term and long term.Energy forecasting models take into account historical data,trends,weather inputs,tariff structures,and occupancy schedules in the urban city due to population growth,etc.to make predictions.Additionally,energy forecasting as future paradigm is driven by electricity production demand and it is a cost-effective technique to predict future energy needs,which is a paradigm to achieve demand and supply chain equilibrium based on available energy both renewable and non-renewable sources.

电阻抗断层成像技术的心肺信号降维集合经验模态分解方法研究

心脏射血与肺通气活动信息的实时获取具有重要临床意义。本研究提出了一种基于胸部电阻抗断层成像(EIT)的心肺信号降维集合经验模态分解方法,以同时分离胸部EIT数据中的心脏射血和肺通气活动信号。招募9名志愿者进行了EIT胸部数据采集。首先,根据屏息状态下胸部EIT数据中心脏活动信号的强弱对测量通道分类;随后,使用集合经验模态分解方法对自主呼吸状态下的EIT数据进行分解,并根据频谱特性对分解出的各分量归类,以得到肺通气EIT信号;然后,结合带通滤波方法,同时依据前述通道分类对心脏活动信号降维,得到心脏活动EIT信号;最后,重构得到通气相和心搏相EIT图像序列。结果表明,该方法可在通气相图像的肺区能够获得最高的肺通气功率谱峰(52.71±1.39)dB,在心搏相图像的心脏区域能够获得最高的心脏活动功率谱峰(43.05±3.26)dB,表明保留的通气信息和心脏活动信息非常丰富,同时在通气相图像心脏区域获得了最低心脏活动相关功率谱峰(10.02±2.65)dB,表明心脏活动的抑制效果更佳,相较于参考方法均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。研究表明,该方法可以有效分离肺通气与心脏活动相关信号,分别保留各自活动信息并抑制心脏对肺区成像的影响,同时实现对干扰信号的有效抑制,为临床上提供更加准确的治疗策略指导奠定基础。

原发失眠病人脑电波及脑电频带功率与事件相关电位P300的相关性

目的探讨原发失眠病人脑电波、脑电频带功率与事件相关电位P300的相关性,为评估原发失眠对大脑功能及认知功能的影响提供客观依据。方法选取原发性失眠病人31例为研究对象(失眠组),以正常成人31例为对照(正常组),分别进行常规脑电监测、事件相关电位P300(P3a及P3b)检查,分析脑电波占比、脑电频带功率及P3a和P3b潜伏期、波幅等数据及其相关性。结果失眠组与正常组P3a和P3b潜伏期及波幅、脑电α波及β波占比、FTT-β频带功率、FTT-总频带功率差异均具有统计学意义(Z=-6.84~-1.99,P<0.05)。脑电β波占比及FTT-β频带功率与P3b潜伏期呈正相关(r=0.483、0.517,P<0.05);脑电β波占比及FTT-β频带功率与P3b波幅呈负相关(r=-0.540、-0.691,P<0.01)。结论失眠病人脑电β波及FTT-β频带功率增加,事件相关电位P300改变,这可为评估失眠引起脑功能改变及认知功能障碍提供客观依据。